快速加固吹填泥浆的试验研究与分析

为了研究利用外掺剂加快吹填泥浆的沉积落淤问题,找到能够使吹填土尽快地从泥浆状态转变为具有一定承载力的地基方法,将吹填泥浆中分别加入水泥、生石灰、水泥和生石灰混合剂,通过沉降柱试验模拟了外掺剂作用下吹填泥浆的落淤、自重固结、预压下强度增长等过程,并从粒度成分、矿物成分、和微观结构方面进行了加固机理的分析,从而在吹填的同时对吹填泥浆进行加固。结合处理前后相关试验结果的对比分析发现,外掺剂能够加速吹填泥浆的落淤、固结及强度增长。     

吹填土室内模拟试验研究

通过在室内对吹填土进行模拟加固方法的模型试验和快速结壳试验,即模拟现场吹填土沉积情况的量筒沉积试验和沉降柱试验,测定了吹填土在不同土水比及不同添加剂作用下沉降后的容重、孔隙比及含水量等物理指标。由此得出吹填泥浆在静水中的沉降过程可以划分为两个阶段,即细颗粒絮凝下沉为主的沉积阶段和泥浆自重固结阶段,为进一步研究吹填土的沉积特性奠定了基础。     

钙质粉土的固结特性试验研究

由于水力吹填的分选作用,南海吹填珊瑚礁地基中含有厚度不均的细颗粒钙质粉土夹层。相比粗颗粒礁砂而言,钙质粉土的压缩性高、承载力低、沉降变形大,对建筑物安全造成不利影响。通过室内固结试验,查明了钙质粉土的压缩特性,揭示了钙质粉土的主固结沉降量、次固结沉降量、固结时间和固结速率特征,为更好地了解钙质粉土的工程性质和珊瑚礁地基沉降计算提供科学依据。试验结果表明:钙质粉土压缩系数在0.03～0.37 MPa~(-1)之间,压缩模量在6.67～54.79 MPa之间;压缩系数与含水率成正比,与干密度成反比。其中,含水率小于15%的中密和密实钙质粉土的压缩系数小于0.1MPa~(-1),压缩模量大于20.0 MPa,属于低压缩性土;松散的钙质粉土均属于中压缩性土。与相同干密度和含水率的石英砂相比,石英砂的压缩系数比钙质粉土大,即钙质粉土比石英砂压缩性更低;与相同干密度和含水率的杭州湾粉土相比,两者均属于中压缩性土,但钙质粉土的压缩模量比杭州湾粉土略大,压缩系数略小;当荷载大于200 k Pa时,钙质粉土在固结试验前5 h固结度达到了0.95,因此,建议钙质粉土的固结试验在荷载小于200 kPa时固结时间仍取24 h,当荷载大于200 kPa时取5 h,此举将大大节省测试时间,提高测试效率。     

深厚吹填砂港区堆场地基沉降预估方法

根据大面积深厚吹填砂工程的特点,分析太沙基一维固结理论在分层地基,分级加载等复杂工程条件下应用的可行性,提出了相应的简化计算模型,并编制一维固结计算程序。结合上海某围海成陆港区堆场工程,对其吹填砂层及软弱下卧层的固结沉降进行了计算分析,通过计算结果和离心机模型试验结果的对比分析,对计算模型进行修正,提出了大面积吹填砂工程地基沉降预估方法。     

浅水湖泊水体中不同颗粒悬浮物静沉降规律研究

为了解浅水湖泊水体中颗粒悬浮物的静沉降规律,以太湖为例,采用重复深度吸管法计算了2005年4月、5月间在太湖进行的4次静沉降模拟实验中的沉降速度。结果表明:①在悬浮物沉降过程内,3种颗粒物的沉速关系为颗粒无机物(PIM)>悬浮物(SS)>颗粒有机物(POM)。在相同的沉降时间内,PIM的沉速为SS沉速的1.6~2.0倍,POM的沉速为SS沉速的0.3~0.7倍,PIM的沉速为POM沉速的2.5~5.5倍;②水体中悬浮物浓度与沉降时间均呈现出明显的指数衰减规律,悬浮物中无机物含量较高时这种规律更为明显;③悬浮物浓度较低时,太湖悬浮物的沉降速率与水体中的悬浮物浓度无明显的相关关系;而悬浮物浓度较高时,沉降速率随悬浮物浓度升高而增大。     

堆载预压下天津滨海吹填土的固结特性

吹填造陆已成为沿海地区解决土地匮乏的有效方法。为使吹填土迅速排水固结以缩短工期,以天津滨海新区的吹填土为研究对象,在无外力自重固结下,通过静水沉降以及室内试验等方法研究吹填土的基本性质和沉降特征,并对固结度、沉降速率进行定量分析,评价吹填土的固结程度,得出天津吹填土的固结和沉降特性。结果表明: 等幅水头逐级加压在一定程度上有效地抑制了低渗透性土体即“泥皮”的形成; 当水头高度为45 cm 时,土体固结度接近100%; 距离排水管越近,固结情况愈好; 堆积荷载增大,渗流速率变小,土体趋向固结。     

高粘性高盐量吹填土固结过程孔隙分维特征

真空预压处理吹填土地基的方法应用广泛,但塑料排水管经常会被吹填土细颗粒堵塞。为提高吹填土造陆效率,通过室内试验,研究了高粘性高盐量吹填土在自重沉淤和加负压联合作用下的固结规律,分析了吹填土取土点的工程地质特征。用易溶盐试验和X射线衍射分析方法确定吹填土中晶体的类型,并结合自重固结不同阶段的扫描电子显微镜微观结构照片,研究吹填土含盐量对排水效果的影响,总结高粘性高盐量吹填土固结排水时渗流通道变化规律。研究发现,随着吹填土含水量降低,晶体颗粒随水流失,渗流通道则处于不断变化的非稳定状态。同时,将分维数作为研究高粘性高盐量吹填土的微观结构指标,发现随着自重固结程度的增加,高粘性高盐量吹填土含水量减少,颗粒表面吸附能力下降,晶体颗粒逐渐脱离土颗粒表面,使土体孔隙和结构单元体颗粒发生规律性变化。     

吹填土自重沉淤阶段孔隙水压力消散的试验研究

利用真空预压法处理吹填土时,细颗粒常堵塞排水管,导致土体排水不畅。为提高吹填土固结效率,采用自重沉淤排水与加负压排水固结相结合的方式在室内进行吹填土固结试验。试验第一阶段用排水管作为吹填土自重沉淤的竖向排水通道;第二阶段以装入中粗砂的排水管作吹填土排水通道,同时也是压力传递通道。试验监测到吹填土固结过程中不同位置孔隙水压力的变化,通过监测数据着重研究自重沉淤排水阶段吹填土的固结规律。借助渗流平衡方程确定吹填土在自重沉淤阶段孔隙水压力变化主要由排水管中水位、单位土面积控制,解释自重沉淤阶段孔隙水压力变化机理。同时,为了减小由于排水距离远近造成的固结不均,利用自重沉淤与加压固结结合的方法使吹填土达到较为理想的固结效果,将砂井设计理论与孔隙水压力变化曲线相结合确定排水管有效排水范围等效直径,为实际工程提供排水管间距的设计参数。     

新近吹填土固结系数为变量的固结方程研究

围海造陆吹填区内吹填土加固前为泥浆状态,含水量高达80%以上,初始孔隙比较大。通过室内试验得出吹填泥孔隙比随固结应力的变化关系以及渗透系数与空隙比的关系,最终建立渗透系数随固结应力的变化关系; 考虑加固过程中渗透系数随加固时间是变化的,对巴隆固结理论进行改进; 利用改进后的固结理论对吹填土真空预压模型试验进行计算,计算结果与试验基本吻合,表明采用本文提出的变参数固结理论计算能取得很好的计算效果。     

吹填场区软黏土地基的次固结特性研究

针对天津中心渔港吹填场区软黏土地基进行了一系列的固结压缩试验,获得应力、应变与时间的关系,对比分析了吹填土层和天然沉积土层的固结和次固结特性,为吹填场区软黏土地基变形模型建立及长期工后沉降预测提供理论依据。研究表明,吹填土和天然沉积土的应变速率与时间双对数曲线具有很好的线性相关性;处理后吹填土含水率和压缩性较低,天然沉积土含水率和压缩性高;随荷载P增大,吹填土的次固结系数Ca?变化不大,天然沉积土的次固结系数Ca先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定;次固结系数Ca与压缩指数Cc具有良好的线性相关性,其随时间的增加均呈对数下降趋势。     

考虑淤堵效应的疏浚淤泥真空固结沉降计算

疏浚淤泥含水率高、强度极低,真空梯度作用下排水板周围会快速形成致密“土柱”,导致排水固结能力迅速下降,即出现淤堵现象。由疏浚淤泥真空固结室内模型试验获得了出水量变化情况和土体含水率、渗透系数的时空分布情况,确定了排水体周围淤堵区的形成时间与范围,提出了考虑时间效应与淤堵效应的真空度传递模式,同时考虑疏浚淤泥土体压缩和渗透的非线性,建立了考虑淤堵效应的固结分析模型,获得了相应的解析解,通过与已有数据和现场试验结果对比验证了该解答的有效性。利用该解析解,分析了真空度传递模式、淤堵系数λ和淤堵比c对沉降的影响。结果表明,淤堵效应明显减缓了沉降速率,也严重降低了疏浚淤泥的最终沉降量。     

非饱和粉质粘土固结压缩特性及体变试验研究

为进一步研究与基质吸力相关联的非饱和土固结压缩特性,扩展非饱和土固结理论在工程实际中的适用性,通过分析非饱和粉质粘土水土特征曲线变化规律,对非饱和土固结变形机理进行研究。试验结果表明：非饱和土的最终沉降量仅与土骨架的压缩模量有关。对于不同饱和度的非饱和土而言,固结速度随初始饱和度的增加而减小,饱和土固结过程所需要的时间比非饱和土固结过程所需要的时间短。由于孔隙流体的压缩性导致高饱和土体的瞬时沉降比低饱和土体的瞬时沉降小,但高饱和土体的后期固结沉降受饱和度和吸力的影响,比低饱和土体要大得多。      

Effect of Shear Deformation on Microfabric of Clay Using XRD Technique

The present paper deals with the impact of shear deformation on the geometric arrangement of particles within the soil specimen, which is termed as the microfabric of soil. A series of compression and extension lubricated end triaxial tests are performed on cylindrical specimens of Kaolinite clay with two extreme microfabrics; dispersed and flocculated, which are obtained using slurry consolidation technique. Flocculated microfabric has random orientation of particles within the soil mass having face-to-edge particle contacts; however, dispersed microfabric has parallel orientation of particles containing face-to-face particle contacts. When the specimen is subjected to large stress levels during its shear deformation, the particle orientation and the geometric arrangement within the soil specimen gets affected due to the force acting on the clay platelets. The variation in microfabric of soil before and after shear deformation process is evaluated by obtaining X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay specimen at three different locations using standard X-ray diffractometer. The discussion includes an analysis of the orientation of soil particles located at shear banding zones of the clay specimens, which may be useful for understanding the strain localization development in clays.     

Consolidation of sensitive clays: a numerical investigation

Consolidation of sensitive clay layers, which have significant compressibility at different stress states, is investigated via a nonlinear one-dimensional consolidation approach with a piecewise linear e ~ log₁₀σ′ model. The behaviour of sensitive clays during consolidation and the limitations of conventional consolidation theory are addressed. It is shown that (1) the sensitive clay layer can be divided by the preconsolidation pressure into two zones, that is, high- and low-compressibility zones. The progressive destruction of particle cementation bonding through the soil layer is shown by the moving front of the interface between these two zones; (2) the excess pore pressure dissipation primarily takes place in the low-compressibility zone, which results in a small settlement during the early stages of consolidation; (3) conventional consolidation theory highly overestimates the settlement and gives a poor prediction of effective stress distribution.     

Conceptual data model and method of settlement calculation for deformation and water release from saturated soft soil

Research on the seepage deformation of saturated soft soil has resulted in many achievements based, mainly, on existing seepage-deformation control equations. In reality, however, these control equations and related parameters suffer from many problems. The conductivity coefficient in the seepage control equation and the consolidation coefficient in the consolidation equation clearly resemble each other in form. However, in existing regulations and practice, soil deformation is rarely calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient obtained from field hydrogeological experiments for the consolidation coefficient. Similarly, seepage is seldom calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient with the consolidation coefficient obtained from consolidation experiments. This can be attributed to the fact that the two coefficients have some obvious differences. Moreover, the settlement deformation of soil calculated using the existing seepage and consolidation models does not agree very well with the measured deformation. Also, the values calculated using different models usually deviate markedly. Research indicates that these problems derive from the fact that the seepage and consolidation equations are based on different concepts of elementary volume. This study proposes using two separate elementary volume concepts: deformation elementary volume and control elementary volume. The concepts are adopted for saturated soft soil and the results used to analyze the relationships and differences between the two concepts. Moreover, we developed a conceptual data model (CDM) for the water released from and the deformation of the saturated soil. The model discloses the differences between the consolidation and conductivity coefficients both in their physical significances and magnitudes. The inter-relationship between the two coefficients is also revealed. An analytical solution for the deformation and water released from saturated soft soil is deduced based on the CDM model and the relationship between the hydrogeological and consolidation deformation parameters is established. A physical test model for saturated soft soil under certain conditions is also designed to verify the analytical solution using a method of curve fitting. Seepage and deformation tests and case studies show that the parameters calculated using the consolidation model are in agreement with those obtained from the CDM seepage model based on the measured data for flux and settlement vs. time. Furthermore, the relationship between conductivity and consolidation coefficients is verified. The method suggested in this paper is generally applicable to problems involving the consolidation coefficient, volume compressibility, conductivity coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and specific storage of saturated soft soil, etc. Thus, its potential applications are numerous.     

高液限土路基的沉降变形规律

高液限土具有高天然含水率、高塑性、高孔隙比和低压实度的特点。明确高液限土路基的沉降变形规律成为其科学合理利用的关键。为此,在明确高液限土路用特性的基础上,铺筑了1条26.5 m高的高液限土高填方路基试验段,并进行了长期的沉降观测。结果表明,高液限土路基填筑期间的压缩变形量很大,填筑完成后自然沉降稳定期的固结变形量较小,路面铺筑后的工后沉降量很小,约为高度的2‰;高液限土路基的沉降量与其竖向填筑厚度基本成正比。采用简化的非饱和土固结理论对高液限土路基的沉降变形进行了模拟计算,计算结果与高液限土路基的实测沉降量基本一致,说明非饱和土固结理论可用于高液限土路基的沉降计算。高液限土路基沉降变形规律的成果说明其工后沉降不会过大,为其在公路工程中的推广应用提供了技术依据。     

短程超载真空预压动力排水固结法加固深厚淤泥软基工法研究

针对沿海地区深厚淤泥软土的特点和工程建设时效性的要求,本文在总结软土排水固结S-T曲线规律的基础上提出应用短程超载真空预压动力排水固结法加固深厚淤泥的方法,发现深厚淤泥软土在真空负压、超载正压和动力冲击三者优化组合的作用下,主固结沉降可在短时间内完成,土体强度提高的同时地表吹填土在动力冲击作用下形成超固结的硬壳层。深厚淤泥软土加固后能够满足地基承载力的要求并且能够有效控制工后沉降和不均匀沉降。并通过工程实例,对地基处理后的效果进行分析评价,证明了该工法的可行性和有效性,为沿海地区广泛分布的深厚淤泥软土地基的加固提供了新的途径。     

A cryo-SEM study of aggregate and floc structure changes during clay settling and raking processes

The destabilization of kaolinite suspension by anionic flocculant addition occurs in three zones; free settling, hindered settling and compression which usually includes a final bed raking process in mineral processing practice. This paper reports changes in the kaolinite aggregate and floc structures in the different settling and raking zones by cryo-vitrification/cryo-SEM techniques with image analysis combining micro- and macro-flocs. Cryo-SEM images indicate that, even during free settling, fine clay particles are bridged predominantly in edge–edge (E–E) with some face–face (F–F) configurations forming single, small flocs and some chain structures. When these small flocs and chains settle into the hindered settling zone, the collision between flocs and chains results in “honeycomb” network structures formed with lateral chain-like extension. The settled bed consists of these honeycomb structures with both inter-aggregate and intra-aggregate trapped water and has relatively low bed density (e.g. < 12 wt.% for a 2 wt.% slurry). The effect of the raking process in dramatically improving thickener underflow solids has been extensively studied but the structural changes in flocs and aggregates in this process are less well defined. Raking the compression zone for 1 h at 3 rpm can release some of the trapped water in the “honeycomb” structure and the bed density for 2 wt.% slurry improves dramatically to more than 36 wt.%. Cryo-SEM illustrates the extensive restructuring of flocs from predominantly E–E to predominantly F–F in many areas. The STructural IMage ANalysis (STIMAN) software is used to combine a series of images at magnifications from 1000× to 8000×, including both macro- and micro-flocs. This structural analysis comparing the un-raked and raked bed samples gives increases in total particle area of 30% and in relative particle area of 6%. The relatively low energy rake action of the shear stress results in the disruption of the E–E chains and the honeycomb structure, partly releasing the trapped water and inducing some E–E to F–F aggregate restructuring are clearly illustrated in these results.     

Hindered settling of sand grains

The sedimentation rate of sand grains in the hindered settling regime has been considered to assess particle shape effects. The behaviour of various particulate systems involving sand has been compared with the widely used Richardson–Zaki expression. The general form of the expression is found to hold, in as much as remaining as a suitable means to describe the hindered settling of irregular particles. The sedimentation exponent n in the Richardson–Zaki expression is found to be significantly larger for natural sand grains than for regular particles. The hindered settling effect is therefore greater, leading to lower concentration gradients than expected. The effect becomes more pronounced with increasing particle irregularity. At concentrations around 0·4, the hindered settling velocity of fine and medium natural sands reduces to about 70% of the value predicted using existing empirical expressions for n. Using appropriate expressions for the fluidization velocity and the clear water settling velocity, a simple method is discussed to evaluate the sedimentation exponent and to determine the hindered settling effect for sands of various shapes.     

真空预压软基处理沉降监测分析

在天津滨海新区某真空预压处理现场进行了地面沉降和分层沉降监测,地面沉降总量80～160mm左右,由工前沉降和施工沉降组成;分层沉降监测资料揭示了沉降量主要产生在吹填土和海相沉积软弱地层中,而且埋设分层沉降观测设施在软弱地层形成的扰动带,会产生难以避免的误差。由于塑料排水带的存在,增加了真空预压场地中软土的渗透性,通过理论推导和具体算例,提出了利用沉降观测资料计算土体固结度需考虑其瞬时沉降,建议计算采用地基处理手册相关公式为宜。