沟谷地形对高填方拱涵涵周土压力影响研究

沟谷地形下高填方涵洞土压力分布规律较为复杂,不同沟谷地形下涵周土压力分布规律与上埋式涵洞差异显著。为探明沟谷地形对高填方拱涵涵周土压力的影响,采用离心模型试验与数值模拟方法,建立了地形-涵洞-填土的相互作用模型,分析了不同沟谷宽度B、沟谷坡度α下的拱涵涵周土压力及涵顶土压集中系数Ks的分布规律,并与最新涵洞设计规范进行了对比,阐述了沟谷地形下高填方拱涵土压力形成机制。研究表明：（1）沟谷宽度B对涵顶土压力集中系数Ks影响显著,沟谷宽度B为4D～6D,D为拱涵的净跨径,涵顶土压力集中系数Ks增幅较大;（2）沟谷宽度B小于4D时,可发挥沟谷地形对涵洞的减载作用;（3）沟谷坡度α在45°～60°时,涵顶土压力及其Ks变化最显著;（4）填土高度为20m,α>70°时,Ks≤1。填土高度为40m,α>50°时,Ks≤1;(5)我国最新涵洞设计规范推荐的Ks与离心模型试验、数值模拟规律存在一定差异,当α=45°时,沟谷宽度B较小时,规范的涵顶土压力集中系数Ks较为保守;（6）沟谷地形下高填方拱涵Ks与拱顶压密区、等压面的形成有关。拱顶压密区可引起拱涵涵顶土压力集中,并引起压密区周边土体...     

上埋式盖板涵受力特性及影响因素研究

现行公路桥涵设计通用规范中的土压力计算方法不能准确反映上埋式盖板涵的实际受力状态。结合现场测试和有限元数值模拟方法,分析了上埋式盖板涵在路堤填土荷载作用下的变形规律和受力特性,讨论了填土高度、填土性质、涵洞几何尺寸及地基弹性模量等因素对结构变形和受力状态的影响。研究结果表明：在填土荷载作用下,涵洞顶板、底板和侧墙均产生弯曲卸载现象,涵洞顶板、底板垂直土压力以及侧墙的水平土压力呈非线性分布,其实际受力状态与规范方法计算的结果存在较大差异。随着填土高度的增加,涵洞顶板和底板跨中及侧墙7h/8附近（h为涵洞侧墙高度）受到的土压力增长较慢,而在其他位置处土压力增长迅速。上埋式盖板涵设计和施工应综合考虑各种因素对结构受力状态的影响。     

上埋式钢筋混凝土拱涵受力特性及地基处理研究

涵洞属于填埋式构造物,其受力状态不同于普通建筑物。对涵-土体系作用机制认识不足和涵洞地基处理不当可能导致涵洞出现各种各样的病害,甚至影响道路运营。通过现场测试和数值模拟分析了上埋式钢筋混凝土拱涵结构与土体的作用机制,得出了涵-土体系的受力状态和变形特性。在此基础上对涵洞地基处理进行了研究,分析了地基处理的宽度、深度以及处理后的地基刚度对涵洞受力状态和变形特性的影响。研究结果表明,涵顶存在明显的应力集中现象,该效应的影响范围为涵洞两侧约3b（b为涵洞宽度）;涵顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大而增大,并逐渐趋于稳定;涵顶土压力、基底压力和涵洞结构内力随地基处理宽度的增大而减小,并逐渐趋于稳定,随地基处理深度和地基弹性模量的增加呈非线性增大。实际工程中,涵洞地基处理宽度宜取b+2h（h为涵洞高度）左右,地基处理的深度和处理后的刚度应以允许沉降或差异沉降为控制指标,不应额外增加地基处理深度和提高地基刚度     

矩形沟埋涵洞顶部垂直土压力试验和理论研究

针对无黏性填土,通过模型试验和理论分析的方法研究矩形沟埋刚性涵洞顶部的垂直土压力。考虑胸腔土体的作用,建立了沟埋涵洞土压力的计算模型和计算公式,结果表明,计算值与试验值相吻合。沟槽宽度等于涵洞外径时,洞顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大呈单调减小的变化规律;沟槽宽度大于涵洞外径时,洞顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大呈先增后减的变化规律;洞顶填土厚度等于初始等沉面高度时,土压力系数最大。槽洞宽比加大时,土压力系数、等沉面高度按双曲线规律增大,7倍洞径的沟槽宽度近似为沟埋式涵洞和上埋式涵洞的临界槽宽。填土内摩角增大时,土压力系数增大。洞顶填土厚度增大,等沉面高度减小。     

减载条件下高填方涵洞受力机制及基底压力

针对现有的理论方法主要关注涵顶土压力而未能考虑涵洞侧墙摩擦阻力对高填方涵洞结构受力状态的影响,提出了完整的减载条件下涵?土作用机制模型,推得涵洞侧墙摩擦力及基底压力的计算式。并将该理论方法的计算结果与数值模拟结果进行了比对,验证了该理论方法的正确性。研究结果表明,侧墙摩擦力沿墙身深度近似呈线性增加,并随填土高度的增加而增大;相同填土高度时,减载条件下的侧墙摩擦力大于非减载条件下侧墙摩擦力;采用减载措施虽然降低了涵顶垂直土压力,但是增大了涵测水平土压力,基底压力并未减小,现有的减载理论方法中不考虑侧墙摩擦力的影响是不合理的。     

高填方涵洞加筋减载的现场试验研究

在涵洞-填土相互作用机制基础上,分析了加筋桥减载法的减载机制。通过对高填方涵洞采用加筋桥减载措施的现场试验,研究了涵顶及格栅上、下垂直土压力的变化规律,分析了涵顶平面及格栅上、下土压力的分布和土压力系数随填土高度的变化规律。研究结果表明,加筋桥减载法通过涵顶内外土柱之间的摩擦和格栅的提兜效应将涵顶上方填土荷载向减载孔两侧填土上转移,可有效减小涵顶土压力,其减载效果与减载孔高度密切相关,减载孔高度越高,减载效果越显著。     

高填方涵洞减载机制与数值分析

高填方引起的涵顶土压力集中往往造成涵顶纵向开裂,通过涵洞-填土-地基共同工作机制的研究,分析了涵洞减载的原理。通过数值模拟分析了中松侧实、柔性填料、先填后挖法以及地基处理措施对涵顶的土压力集中系数的影响。结果表明：上述方法和措施可以有效减小涵顶土压力,先填后挖法宜采用竖直边坡,开挖沟槽的宽度宜与涵洞宽度相当;涵洞地基应采用柔性处理措施,并延伸至基底以外一定的范围。研究结果可为高填方涵洞减载措施的选取以及涵洞地基设计提供参考。     

高填方减载式刚性涵洞受力特性模型试验研究

为了研究高填方减载式刚性涵洞结构的减载效果,利用模型试验分别对减载式刚性涵洞、采用一般减载方法的涵洞和未减载涵洞的涵顶垂直土压力和侧墙水平土压力进行对比分析。在此基础之上,建立了减载式刚性涵洞涵顶垂直土压力理论模型,推得了减载式刚性涵洞涵顶垂直土压力计算式,并将模型试验结果与理论分析结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,减载式刚性涵洞不仅能够有效缓解涵顶应力集中,而且与一般减载涵洞相比还能有效减小涵洞侧墙水平土压力;对于减载式涵洞涵顶垂直土压力,理论计算结果与模型试验结果一致且两者相差较小,从而验证了理论模型的适用性和正确性。     

高填方减载式刚性涵洞受力特性模型试验研究

为了研究高填方减载式刚性涵洞结构的减载效果，利用模型试验分别对减载式刚性涵洞、采用一般减载方法的涵洞和未减载涵洞的涵顶垂直土压力和侧墙水平土压力进行对比分析。在此基础之上，建立了减载式刚性涵洞涵顶垂直土压力理论模型，推得了减载式刚性涵洞涵顶垂直土压力计算式，并将模型试验结果与理论分析结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明，减载式刚性涵洞不仅能够有效缓解涵顶应力集中，而且与一般减载涵洞相比还能有效减小涵洞侧墙水平土压力；对于减载式涵洞涵顶垂直土压力，理论计算结果与模型试验结果一致且两者相差较小，从而验证了理论模型的适用性和正确性。     

静动荷载下桩网结构路基模型试验研究

通过室内模型试验测试了桩网结构路基各部分在动静两种荷载下的桩-土应力、格栅拉力,研究了土拱效应的发展演化机制以及土工格栅拉膜效应的发展特点。试验结果表明：桩-土应力以及格栅拉力的分布都是路基横截面方向上大于其纵向延伸方向,这与路基的梯形截面设计相关;空间土拱效应要强于平面土拱效应,空间土拱效应的极限状态出现在桩-土应力比为3.8时,平面土拱效应的极限状态出现在桩-土应力比为2.2时;动荷载下土拱效应较静载有一定的衰减,且静载下土拱效应越强的部位在动载的下衰减程度越大,桩间土压力随振次的发展趋势类似N型,与桩顶土压力的变化趋势正好相反。     

Effects of frictional forces acting on sidewalls of buried box culverts

The effects of frictional forces acting on the sidewalls of buried box culverts are presented as determined with finite element method (FEM) and detailed soil modelling. The possibility of reducing earth pressure on deeply buried concrete box culverts by the imperfect trench installation (ITI) method has been contemplated during the last several decades. There have been limited research results published primarily regarding the qualitative aspect of load reduction in ITIs. It was found during the course of this study that significant frictional forces develop along the sidewalls of box culverts and adjacent sidefills in ITIs. Current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials provisions do not consider these frictional forces, but they cannot be neglected in ITIs, as their effect is dominant. An optimum geometry for the soft zone in ITIs is presented to maximize earth load reductions. The soil–structure interaction at the box culvert–soil interface was found to have a significant effect on total earth pressure acting on the bottom slab. Predictor equations for earth load reduction rates were formulated for ITIs incorporating the optimum soft zone geometry based on the FEM. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of steel-reinforced high-density polyethylene pipes in soil during installation: a numerical study

Steel-reinforced high-density polyethylene (SRHDPE) pipe combines the advantages of the HDPE and steel pipes with good corrosion resistance and relative high load carrying capacity. However, no widely accepted method is available for design of SRHDPE pipes. The objective of this study is to evaluate effects of several key influence factors on performance of SRHDPE pipes in soil during the installation to facilitate future development of a design method for the SRHDPE pipes. To achieve this objective, a numerical study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil cover thickness, trench width, magnitude of compaction pressure, and friction angle of backfill on the performance of SRHDPE pipes during their installation. Numerical results indicate: (1) pipe peaking deflections increased with an increase in the soil cover thickness, the trench width, and the magnitude of the compaction pressure; (2) the friction angle of the backfill material had an insignificant effect on the pipe deflection; (3) the lateral earth pressure coefficient at the springline of the pipe was approximately 0.65 during the installation; (4) the vertical arching factors at the top of pipes in all cases were greater than 1.0, which means a negative soil arching effect occurring in the soil cover during the pipe installation; and (5) the location and magnitude of the maximum bending moment changed with the elevation of the backfill during the installation.

     

高路堤下涵洞地基处理现场测试与数值模拟研究

山区高速公路高填方涵洞工程应用广泛,由于地基处理不当造成的涵洞病害屡见不鲜。结合现场实测成果和有限元数值模拟结果,分析了涵洞结构物的受力状态及地基受力、变形特性,讨论了地基刚度、不均匀沉降对涵洞受力的影响和埋深效应对地基承载力的影响。研究结果表明：涵洞基底与相同标高下涵洞外侧路基基底土压力相差不大,地基设计时可按二者相等考虑;地基刚度越大,涵洞顶部土压力越大,对涵洞结构物强度要求就越高,地基处理中应尽量避免使用刚性桩复合地基。根据研究结果,提出了高路堤下涵洞地基的设计方法。     

Static soil culvert interaction the effect of box culvert geometric configurations and soil properties

The response of box culverts to static loads is controlled by soil arching. Soil arching is a result of a complex soil culvert interaction (SCI) due to the relative stiffness between the culvert and the surrounding soil, and is a critical consideration in culvert design. The factors that affect soil arching on box culverts include the soil height above the culvert, the geometrical configuration of the box culvert and the properties of the soil around it. Box culverts are typically designed using formulae that assume simplified behaviors and in some cases rely on considerable empiricism. In the present study, small scale centrifuge physical model tests were conducted to investigate SCI considering the height and density of soil above the culvert and the geometry of the culvert. The results of these centrifuge tests were used to calibrate and verify a numerical model that was used to further investigate the response of box culverts to static loads. The results have been evaluated for bending moment and soil culvert interaction factors. The results demonstrated that the soil culvert interaction factors are not only a function of the height of soil column above the culvert, but also a function of the culvert thickness, soil elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Therefore, the results were used to establish charts and equations that can be employed to assess the design values of the static soil pressure and static bending moment for box culverts.     

软土地基上高填方刚性涵洞地基承载力分析

山区沟谷软土地基上高填方刚性涵洞的应用较为广泛,然而,现有的计算理论对该类条件下涵洞地基承载力的认识还不够充分,对地基承载力提出过高的要求,反而为结构带来了不利影响。通过数值模拟和试验手段对涵洞的地基承载力进行深入分析。探讨基础埋深、宽度及软土固结对涵洞地基承载力的影响。研究表明,当基础埋深系数 5时,涵洞地基承载力特征值随着基础埋深的增大近似线性增加,当 5时,基础埋深对地基承载力特征值影响逐渐减小;但基础宽度对软土地基上刚性涵洞地基承载力特征值的影响甚小,实际工程中可不予考虑。此外,试验结果表明,固结度和固结压力对软土的黏聚力和内摩擦角有复合影响,固结度较大时,黏聚力和内摩擦角随固结压力的增大而明显增大。固结度和固结压力对内摩擦角的影响比对黏聚力的影响要大。高填方涵洞地基极限承载力随着软土固结度的增大而提高,当固结度达到90%时,地基极限承载力通常可提高36%以上;地基极限承载力随固结压力的增加呈非线性增大,其提高的幅度逐渐减小。     

涵洞顶填土压力的计算分析

简要介绍了圆管涵破裂的原因，论述了根据公路规范、铁路规范计算涵洞顶场土压力的方法及其缺陷，提出了种新的涵洞顶场土压力计算方法。计算结果表明，该方法克服了上述两种规范中计算方法的不足。