兰州盆地渐新统化石山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）数据化初探

本文试用平台式扫描仪和GetData Graph Digitizer软件相结合的方法,对产于兰州盆地渐新统二维形态的化石山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）叶片进行数字化,获得其叶相的主要基本参数数据。然后用Golden Software Grapher软件对数据进行检验,重建的化石形态与原叶片宏观特征吻合程度很好。这表明：对于二维形态的叶化石,利用相关软件获取图形数据是一种可行的方法,这也可为叶片化石形态定量化分析和重建3D化石图像用于博物馆展览和科普宣传提供基础的数据。     

叶缘—年均温中国模型在定量重建中国新生代植物群古年均温中的应用

叶缘分析法是一种利用现代植被木本双子叶植物全缘叶物种百分比与年均温的函数关系,定量重建化石植物群古年均温的方法。该方法在新生代植物群的古年均温定量重建研究中得到了广泛的应用。目前基于世界不同地区现代植被的研究表明,尽管全缘叶物种百分比与年均温存在很好的相关性,但其相关性具有地区差异性。本文旨在总结叶缘分析法的研究进展,并介绍基于中国植被建立的叶缘—年均温中国模型;同时,采用该模型重建了中国新生代不同时期植物群的古年均温,且与前人采用其它模型得到的年均温重建值相比较。结果表明,叶缘—年均温中国模型能够有效地重建中国新生代植物群的古年均温值。     

新疆吐哈盆地东北缘早二叠世安加拉植物群及古气候条件

地处吐哈盆地东北缘的哈密天山乡二道沟一带下二叠统依尔希土组产出大量植物化石,经鉴定有5属13种。该植物群以科达类为主,几乎全为安加拉植物区的常见分子,建立了Angaropteridium-Noeggerathiopsis-Nephropsis组合,经对比确定其时代为早二叠世。利用植物群组成及植物化石叶相统计分析,推断吐哈盆地早二叠世处于相对温暖湿润、具有明显波动的温带气候,存在着周期性的干-湿转变及年度的季节性变化。     

贵州晴隆大厂锑矿地质及控矿因素

大厂锑矿田主要控矿因素有地层、岩性、玄武岩、构造及古岩溶面特征等;“大厂层”是为主要含矿层位,而古岩溶面控制了“大厂层”的产出特征;构造控制了矿床、矿体的分布;玄武岩与成矿作用有成因联系。     

泰山地区第四纪冰川探讨

简述了泰山地区的地质背景概况,对比分析了国内外学者的研究成果、理论及分歧原因,实地考察了泰山地区角峰、刃脊等冰川地貌,并取样品进行热释光年龄分析显示其年代为（30.54±2.59）kaB.P.,相当于末次冰期主冰期中的Paudorf-Stillfried间冰阶时段。并从地貌特征与遥感数字2个方面分析研究,发现了一些冰川遗迹的信息,为泰山地区第四纪冰川研究提供了一定的佐证。     

Palaeoclimate estimates for the Middle Miocene Schrotzburg flora (S Germany): a multi-method approach

We present a detailed palaeoclimate analysis of the Middle Miocene (uppermost Badenian–lowermost Sarmatian) Schrotzburg locality in S Germany, based on the fossil macro- and micro-flora, using four different methods for the estimation of palaeoclimate parameters: the coexistence approach (CA), leaf margin analysis (LMA), the Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), as well as a recently developed multivariate leaf physiognomic approach based on an European calibration dataset (ELPA). Considering results of all methods used, the following palaeoclimate estimates seem to be most likely: mean annual temperature ∼15–16°C (MAT), coldest month mean temperature ∼7°C (CMMT), warmest month mean temperature between 25 and 26°C, and mean annual precipiation ∼1,300 mm, although CMMT values may have been colder as indicated by the disappearance of the crocodile Diplocynodon and the temperature thresholds derived from modern alligators. For most palaeoclimatic parameters, estimates derived by CLAMP significantly differ from those derived by most other methods. With respect to the consistency of the results obtained by CA, LMA and ELPA, it is suggested that for the Schrotzburg locality CLAMP is probably less reliable than most other methods. A possible explanation may be attributed to the correlation between leaf physiognomy and climate as represented by the CLAMP calibration data set which is largely based on extant floras from N America and E Asia and which may be not suitable for application to the European Neogene. All physiognomic methods used here were affected by taphonomic biasses. Especially the number of taxa had a great influence on the reliability of the palaeoclimate estimates. Both multivariate leaf physiognomic approaches are less influenced by such biasses than the univariate LMA. In combination with previously published results from the European and Asian Neogene, our data suggest that during the Neogene in Eurasia CLAMP may produce temperature estimates, which are systematically too cold as compared to other evidence. This pattern, however, has to be further investigated using additional palaeofloras.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Harald Walther, Dresden, on the occasion of his 75th birthday.     

北京城区周边地区湿地重建与恢复可行性研究

对北京温地演化规律进行了总结,通过对北京城区周边地区湿地现状的调查研究,分析了20世纪50年代以来湿地消失的主要原因,结合对已经恢复成功的典型湿地的剖析,提出了湿地重建与恢复的3处目标区域,并从中选取一处目标涅地作为例子,着重从地质地貌与水源的角度,论证其重建与恢复可行性。     

格萨拉岩溶地质遗迹景观发育特征及保护对策

格萨拉地区地质遗迹景观资源较为丰富,其中以岩溶地貌景观最为典型。其类型主要有落水洞、溶洞、暗河、石林、湿地、盲谷等。本文从格萨拉岩溶地质遗迹景观的空间分布、规模、数量、面积等方面,详细阐述了格萨拉岩溶地质遗迹景观的发育特征。针对该区岩溶地貌的破坏现状,结合其他地质遗迹景观,提出了通过建立地质公园及开发旅游来保护该区的岩溶地质遗迹景观,提出了在开发中应采取的相应保护措施。     

Effects of shoreline modification on a Northern Puget Sound beach: Microclimate and embryo mortality in surt smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus)

Human alteration of Puget Sound shorelines is extensive yet its ecological consequences are largely undocumented. This study evaluates differences between natural and heavily modified beaches in terms of microclimate and one aspect of biological condition. Electronic data laggers were placed at a tidal height of approximately 3.7 m (12 ft) above mean lower low water during July 16–20, 2001, to monitor light intensity, substrate and air temperatures, and humidity. Substrate samples were collected at the end of the monitoring period to evaluate condition and density of eggs from surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus), a forage fish species that spawns on gravel-sand beaches in the upper intertidal zone. The modified beach had significantly higher daily mean light intensity, air temperature and substrate temperature, and significantly lower daily mean relative humidity. Particularly striking were the differences in substrate temperature which, on the natural beach, ranged from 12.1°C to 18.2°C (mean=14.1°C) and on the modified beach ranged from 14.4°C to 29.4°C (mean=18.8°C). In addition to these different means and more extreme values, microclimate conditions on the modified beach were more variable, indicative of a less buffered environment. The proportion of smelt eggs containing live embryos on the altered beach was approximately half that of the natural beach.     

两河口水电站雅砻江主库区滑坡发育规律

两河口水电站雅砻江主库区滑坡的形成与地层岩性、斜坡地质结构、河谷地貌特征密切相关,滑坡主要发生于板岩及板岩与中薄层状砂岩互层的中陡—陡倾反向层状结构斜坡和板岩陡倾顺向层状结构斜坡中,且多发生于峡谷凹岸及三面临空的脊状山体一侧。滑坡变形破坏方式主要为弯曲—拉裂型。     

古岩溶起伏对黔北铝土矿的控制作用

黔北铝土矿含矿岩系地层的厚度在某些地段具有局部加厚的特征，这一特征预示了铝土矿的成矿控制作用存在非正常沉积控制的某些因素。本文通过对道真县池家沟矿点古岩溶起伏剖面的研究，发现岩溶古地貌环境对该矿点铝土矿层的厚度控制明显，其表明在黔北地区铝土矿含矿岩系分布区，下伏地层为碳酸盐岩分布的地段，古岩溶地貌环境是铝土矿含矿岩系地层厚度变化的控制因素之一。     

泉州湾软土分布特征及工程特性

泉州湾软土分布受物源、地形(地貌)和水动力环境影响,自湾内向湾外厚度逐渐减小,由河道及航道向海岸厚度逐渐增厚,具有高含水量、高孔隙度、高压缩性、高灵敏度和渗透性弱、抗剪强度低等工程特性,在工程建设中一般采用挤淤换填法、预压法和水泥土搅拌法进行加固处理。     

Vulnerability,pressures, and protection of karst caves and their speleothems in Ha Long Bay,Vietnam

This paper presents the results of morphological and microclimatic surveys and speleothem analyses of ten karst caves located in different isles in Ha Long Bay, a famous tourist attraction in Vietnam. Characteristically, the caves have enormous entrances, roomy interiors, but short length, typical of karst caves in tropical climates. The cave microclimate was found to be significantly dependent on the outside atmosphere and human activities. There was a clear spatial variation in macro features and fabrics of speleothems from entrance (porous, microcrystalline) to rear (solid, macrocrystalline) of the caves. Microstructure analysis with the use of an environmental scanning electron microscope shows a gradual decrease of biological activity and microclimate instability from outside to the innermost parts of the caves are the causes for this spatial variation. Past and present deterioration of caves and speleothems directly due to tourist activities and vandalism has been observed. On the other hand, there are signs of speleothem regrowth in the caves where tourism has been stopped. This study has proved that caves and their speleothems in Ha Long Bay are highly dynamic and understanding of their environment requires immediate methodological attention. Based on the analytical results, it is recommended that regulation of visitor frequency and removal of lamp-flora are necessary for sustainable development of the show caves and their speleothems.     

偏最小二乘回归法在库岸再造预测中的应用

简述了单因变量偏最小二乘回归法的基本原理和计算步骤.针对水库库岸再造预测的特点,将三峡库区巫山县段的岩质库岸划分为漫滩段、枯-洪水位变幅带、常见洪水位以上段3种类型.建立了坡角与岩体类型、力学性质、地形地貌之间的3个偏最小二乘回归方程.计算结果表明,组成岸坡的岩体类型、性质是决定库岸再造的最主要因素,地形地貌因素次之.应用偏最小二乘回归模型,可提高库岸再造预测的准确度,为土地利用提供决策支持.     

Surface impurities on giant gypsum crystals from “la Cueva de las Espadas” (Cave of Swords), Naica,Mexico

Mineralogy and Petrology - The Cave of Swords was discovered in 1910 at Naica, Chihuahua, México. During the last century, human presence has changed the microclimate conditions inside this...     

A riparian plant community from the upper Maastrichtian of the Pyrenees (Catalonia,NE Spain)

Angiosperms began to colonise riparian habitats very soon in their evolutionary history, probably already in the Aptian, but it is still poorly known when flowering plants finally dominated entirely these kind of communities as they do in the present. A new fossil plant locality (Molí del Baró-1) from the upper Maastrichtian of the Southern Pyrenees is described in which meandering river facies represent one of the first riparian communities formed only by angiosperms. The fossil assemblage consists of abundant leaves, seeds, logs and sporomorphs. Angiosperms remains dominate in all these cases and the leaf sample is mostly composed of a new eudicot willow-like species, Saliciphyllum gaetei sp. nov., the palm Sabalites longirhachis and an helophytic monocot. Pollen remains suggest that the later belonged to Typhaceae. Most of these plant remains were parautochthonous and deposited in a pond formed in the accretional part of a meander loop. The locality of Molí del Baró-1 represents an unique plant fossil assemblage in the uppermost Cretaceous of southern Europe. It clearly differs from those reported in other Maastrichtian localities of the Pyrenees (Fumanya and South Isona) and from the Campanian-Maastrichtian of Austria and Romania. In addition, it reflects a surprisingly modern physiognomy for a Late Cretaceous riverine plant assemblage that was built up with willow-like plants, palms and reeds.     

浅析GIS在岩溶地区公路建设土地利用中的应用

在岩溶地区公路建设中，受复杂地形地貌的影响，将不可避免地产生占用耕地、破坏植被等环境问题，使得岩溶地区本来就脆弱的生态环境日趋恶化。因此，合理利用土地资源，维护生态平衡，将成为岩溶地区公路建设必须考虑的重要议题。在文中结合岩溶地区公路建设的实际情况，利用先进的GIS技术，针对公路建设的不同阶段，分别提出了各种不同的技术手段和工程措施，既指导了岩溶地区的公路建设．也保护了有限的土地资源。     

辽宁北部地区地形分异的生态效应

辽北地区东部低山丘陵区存在植被垂直分异现象,中部平原区和西部沙质草甸草原区存在植被水平分异现象.对它们与生态系统的相互关系进行了研究.区域地形特征直接控制和影响着地方气候和小气候、风化和成土作用、水文地质作用、表生带地球化学过程等生态环境条件,进而控制和影响着植物群落和动物群落类型及其分布.即地形影响和决定生态环境条件,进而影响生物界（植物、动物、微生物和人类）,地形与生物界具有相互影响和制约的密切关系.中小地形影响小气候,而小气候影响生物.     

基于 GIS 的天津市突发性地质灾害预警预报系统设计与实现

基于地质灾害的多样性及其变化的随机性和非稳定性特点,本文综合利用数学算法和GIS技术,设计了地质灾害预警模型,分析了诱发地质灾害的地形、地貌、气象、水文等几方面的因素,应用地质灾害显式统计预警的基本原理,并通过确定性系数模型(CF)综合分析了天津市地质灾害分布与地质环境基础因素的关系,更好的修订了我市地质灾害预警预报模型.实践证明,应用基于GIS 的地质灾害预警预报系统已在我市近几年的地质灾害气象预警预报中不断完善,预警预报精度得到提高,防灾减灾效果明显,对保护人民生命财产安全发挥了重要作用.     

冕宁县、喜德县彝海-小相岭地区地质遗迹景观资源特征及其评价

冕宁县、喜德县彝海-小相岭地区地质遗迹景观资源多样,地域组合良好,其高山断陷湖泊彝海、小相岭第四纪冰川遗迹颇具特色。从地质遗迹景观的地貌特征、景观成因以及类型组合出发,将该区划分为三大片区。通过对各片区地质遗迹景观的类型组合、独特性、科学价值、区位条件等方面的定性和定量评价,认为该区符合省级地质公园的建设条件,建议建立统一的管理机构,联合申报和开发。