吸湿凝结水对荒漠地区生物土壤结皮生态功能的影响综述

生物土壤结皮可以作为一种模式系统来研究复杂的生态学问题,而吸湿凝结水是生物土壤结皮在干旱期维持功能活性的基础,吸湿凝结水输入期间生物土壤结皮的生理活动会影响土壤中的碳交换和许多生物地球化学过程,因此,在荒漠生态系统中,地表吸湿凝结水与生物土壤结皮的关系研究显得尤为重要。但由于吸湿凝结水的形成过程受下垫面特征以及诸多热力及气象环境要素的影响,需要基于土壤学、生物学、气象学、物理学和表面科学等学科的交叉集成研究。在综述国内外研究动态的基础上,根据吸湿凝结水形成的物理基础,对比分析了不同原理测量方法的优缺点及发展趋势,从吸湿凝结水对生物土壤结皮的作用机制和生物土壤结皮发育对吸湿凝结水形成的影响两方面总结和讨论了目前吸湿凝结水形成与生物土壤结皮关系研究的进展和不足,根据现有研究结果,阐述了在未来全球变化背景下,非降雨水输入特征的改变及对生物土壤结皮发育和荒漠生态系统功能的生态作用,并提出了当前研究中存在的问题及未来的研究重点,这些问题的解决将提高我们对荒漠生态系统稳定性和可持续性的科学认知水平。     

干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层研究进展

干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层不仅与气候、生态、水资源密切相关,而且影响我国气候格局和东亚大气环流,是一个十分重要的研究领域,近20多年已取得了比较系统的研究进展.从干旱区陆面热力和水分过程特征、干旱区大气边界层结构特征、干旱区陆面过程参数及其参数化公式、非均匀下垫面大气边界层理论、干旱城市大气边界层特征与污染机理等方面归纳总结了干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层领域取得的部分研究进展.并且,认为科学试验的代表性、复杂下垫面的影响、尺度转化、地表能量不平衡、极端天气过程的相互作用、水分过程的复杂性等问题是干旱区陆面过程和大气边界层研究领域的突出问题和未来研究重点.     

荒漠地区生物土壤结皮的水文物理特征分析

通过室内压力陶土板系统测定土壤含水率与基质势的关系与Star-1土壤水分物理特征测定系统确定非饱和土壤水力传导度的方法,结合应用van Genuchten公式模拟,分析了位于腾格里沙漠东南缘包兰铁路沙坡头段人工生态防护体系生物土壤结皮的水文物理特征,确定了其水分特征曲线、非饱和土壤水力传导度、非饱和弥散系数,并与原始沙丘沙进行比较。结果表明,生物土壤结皮的持水能力是沙丘沙的3~9倍。当土壤基质势在-1~-3 000 cm的较高范围变化时,生物土壤结皮平均非饱和水力传导度低于沙丘沙(约为12%);而当土壤基质势在-3 000~-15 000 cm的较低范围变化时,沙丘沙的平均非饱和水力传导度又大大低于生物土壤结皮(约为91.0%)。正是由于生物土壤结皮特殊的质地与结构,使其非饱和水力传导度随着土壤基质势的降低,以及土壤含水量的减少,而趋于增大。与原始沙丘沙比较,生物土壤结皮独特的水文物理特点决定了它对荒漠地区土壤微生境的改善与促进作用,特别是通常情况下的高持水能力与低土壤基质势条件下的较高非饱和水力传导度,能够提高浅层土壤水分的有效性,有利于人工生态防护体系主要组分浅根系灌木、草本植物与小型土壤动物的生存繁衍。     

生物地理模型研究进展及在干旱半干旱区的应用

生物地理模型是实现生态保护计划的重要工具.从生物地理模型研究的背景出发,论述了它的发展是科学和实践的需求,分析了基于生态位理论的生物地理模型发展所面临的挑战,特别是数据的获取和关键变量的选择,展望了生物地理模型的发展前景,并对其在干旱半干旱区的应用进行了综述,旨在理解生物地理模型在陆面过程研究和生态恢复中的重要性,以期推动生物地理过程与之相关过程的耦合模拟研究.     

小西弓金矿区地球化学勘查方法对比

小西弓金矿是干旱荒漠戈壁残山景观区北山区段重要的金矿床。选择具干旱荒漠景观区典型特征的小西弓金矿床及其外围开展地球化学勘查方法技术的对比,系统研究了土壤测量和水系沉积物测量中风积物的干扰特点、测量的效果和适用性。结果表明,在小西弓金矿区及与其相似的干旱荒漠戈壁残山景观区开展地球化学勘查应首选土壤测量。     

干旱区凝结水研究进展

凝结水是维系干旱、半干旱地区主要食物链的水分来源之一,具有重要的生态意义。较详细地列举了目前国内外在干旱区测定凝结量及其持续时间所采用的研究方法,从凝结水的数量特征以及时间格局两方面阐述了不同地域凝结水的时空差异性,并从气象因素、凝结面的类型及其位置、周边植被对其作用等方面综合分析了影响凝结水发生的主要因素,探讨了干旱区凝结水的生态作用及其意义,展望了干旱区凝结水未来的研究趋势。提出在未来的干旱区凝结水研究中应加强与气象学、生态学等多学科的交叉,从能量平衡角度加强对凝结水量的研究;同时,改进和规范凝结水的测量方法,开展荒漠植被对凝结水的生理响应研究以及凝结水对极端干旱胁迫植物的作用研究。     

新疆东天山地区磁性组分测量有效性研究

经前期试验结果表明,在干旱荒漠景观区斑岩型铜矿勘查中,磁性组分测量具有较常规土壤测量更有效发现异常的能力,其实用性优势初现端倪。为进一步扩大磁性组分测量这一新技术的适用范围,同时也为了更进一步明确我国干旱荒漠景观区有色金属矿地球化学勘查方法,以新疆东天山铜镍硫化物矿为例,对磁性组分测量技术有效性进行试验研究。试验选择EDA数据处理技术对两种测量数据进行处理分析,结果发现,与常规土壤相比,磁性组分测量技术除具有异常下限较高、异常点数更多等特点外,还突显出强化弱小异常、发现新异常等优势,充分体现了该技术在干旱荒漠景观区勘查中独特的优越性。     

荒漠地区土壤初始状况对水平入渗的影响

通过对沙坡头荒漠地区人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮与固沙区外天然沙丘沙以及天然植被红砂、珍珠分布区砂粘土在不同初始含水率（θ_i）条件下土壤水平入渗过程的对比试验研究,探讨土壤质地以及θ i对水平入渗系数（λ_f）、剖面平均含水率（θ_m）状况的影响。生物土壤结皮对降水入渗量的截持作用大于沙丘沙,因而将显著地改变降水入渗过程中土壤水分的再分配格局,减少降水对深层土壤（沙丘沙）的有效补给。通过对土壤剖面平均含水率θ_m与距离湿润锋前缘0～5 cm、5～10 cm处体积含水率θ_fA、θ_fB比较,生物土壤结皮的θ_m、θ_fA和θ_fB分别约为沙丘沙的1．5倍。     

水循环的生态学方面:土壤-植被-大气系统水分能量平衡研究进展

针对中国水循环与土壤-植物-大气水分能量传输生态研究的问题,进行了综述。阐述了水循环研究的需求与水量转化重要机制,包括模式与子系统耦合的界面。评述了水、热平衡研究若干工作,包括农田生态系统,干旱、半干旱区,陆面过程模式,遥感信息的应用以及系统耦合的尺度问题。     

湿地景观格局与生态过程研究进展

20世纪70年代以来，湿地研究成为国际环境科学和生态学研究的热点领域之一。尤其是景观生态学的兴起为湿地研究注入了新的活力,为在区域尺度上开展湿地的综合研究起到了启发和指导作用。空间格局、生态过程与尺度之间的相互关系是景观生态学研究的核心内容。同样，从景观尺度上来研究湿地空间格局与生态过程及其相互关系是当前湿地科学的研究热点。对景观格局与生态过程的研究方法、湿地主要生态过程、湿地景观格局与生态过程相互关系等方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述。最后分析了目前湿地景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究中存在的问题与不足,未来湿地生态过程以及湿地格局与生态过程相互关系的研究热点及发展趋势。     

高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响

生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。     

Influence of vegetation factors on biological soil crust cover on rehabilitated grassland in the hilly Loess Plateau, China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) perform essential ecosystem functions in arid and semi-arid ecosystems worldwide. The formation, development, and distribution of BSCs are influenced by changes in multiple environmental factors, including changes in the vascular plant community. The influence of changes in vegetation factors on BSC cover in 8-, 12-, and 16-year-old rehabilitated grasslands were studied in the hilly area of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The rate of degradation of BSCs underneath litter (P < 0.01) and the degradation cover of BSCs (P < 0.05) differed significantly between the 8- and 16-year-old successions. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that the main vegetation factors influencing the dynamics of BSC cover differed among the 8-, 12-, and 16-year-old rehabilitated grasslands. Basal cover, phytomass, and litter cover were the main vegetation factors influencing the dynamics of BSC cover on 8-year-old rehabilitated grassland. Phytomass, litter thickness, and litter cover were the main factors influencing the dynamics of BSC cover on 12-year-old rehabilitated grassland. On 16-year-old rehabilitated grassland, Pielou evenness index, litter thickness, and litter biomass were the main vegetation factors influencing degradation of BSC cover underneath litter, whereas basal cover, litter thickness, and litter biomass were the main vegetation factors influencing the degradation cover of BSCs. At particular stages of herbaceous succession, vegetation factors can have a large influence on changes in the community’s basal cover and litter, which are key factors influencing changes in BSC cover. The degradation of BSCs underneath litter may be a result of complicated eco-physiological processes.     

Soil CO2 concentration in biological soil crusts and its driving factors in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,Northern China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are an important cover in arid desert landscapes, and have a profound effect on the CO₂ exchange in the desert system. Although a large number of studies have focused on the CO₂ flux at the soil–air interface, relatively few studies have examined the soil CO₂ concentration in individual layers of the soil profile. In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamics of CO₂ concentration throughout the soil profile under two typical BSCs (algae crusts and moss crusts) and its driving factors were examined in a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert from Mar 2010 to Oct 2012. Our results showed that the mean values of the vertical soil CO₂ concentrations under algal crusts and moss crusts were 600–1,200 μmol/mol at the 0–40 cm soil profiles and increased linearly with soil depth. Daily CO₂ concentrations showed a single-peak curve and often had a 1–2 h time delay after the maximum soil temperature. During the rainy season, the mean soil CO₂ concentration profile was 1,200–2,000 μmol/mol, which was 2–5 times higher as compared to the dry season (400–800 μmol/mol). Annually, soil moisture content was the key limiting factor of the soil CO₂ concentration, but at the daily time scale, soil temperature was the main limiting factor. Combined with infiltration depth of crusted soils, we predicted that precipitation of 10–15 mm was the most effective driving factor in arid desert regions.     

Variation of albedo to soil moisture for sand dunes and biological soil crusts in arid desert ecosystems

Surface albedo plays a crucial role in the energy balance of soils. The surface albedo and surface soil moisture of bare sand and biological soil crusts (BSCs) were concurrently observed on field plots of shifting sand dune and in revegetated desert ecosystems at Shapotou, northwestern China, to study relationships between surface albedo, solar elevation angle, and surface soil moisture. Results indicated that rainfall exerted a remarkable lowering effect on the variation of surface albedo by increasing surface soil moisture. Surface albedo was an exponential function of solar elevation angle, and the normalized surface albedo (solar elevation angle effect was removed) decreased exponentially with the increase of surface soil moisture. Sand surface had a higher albedo (0.266) than BSCs (0.226) when the surfaces were very dry. However, sand surface albedo became increasingly lower than that of BSCs when the surfaces were in wet conditions and when the soil moisture exceeded a critical value. The changes in soil surface albedo from sand dune to BSCs after revegetation in shallow soil profiles associated with the variation of the surface soil moisture can be seen as an indicator of the degree of sand dune stabilization when compared with the original shifting sand dune soil.     

Biological soil crust development and its topsoil properties in the process of dune stabilization, Inner Mongolia, China

This study was undertaken at Horqin Sand Land, Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Field samples of biological soil crusts (BSCs) and underlying topsoil (0–5 cm under BSC) were taken in areas of different dune stabilization stages, and their physicochemical properties were analyzed, including particle size distribution, bulk density, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and CaCO₃ content. The results revealed that semi-mobile dunes, semi-fixed dunes and fixed dunes had developed a physical crust, algae crust and moss crust, respectively. The thickness, hardness, water content, fine fraction and nutrient contents of BSCs were gradually increasing along the dune stabilization gradient. Meanwhile, BSC establishment and development enhanced the bulk density, silt and clay content, and nutrients of the topsoil under it, in an increasing tend from semi-mobile dune to fixed dune. Organic matter concentrations and other nutrients in the 0–5 cm topsoil layer under BSCs were significantly higher compared to unconsolidated soil (control). Moreover, there were strong significant positive correlations between topsoil and BSCs’ organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, CaCO₃, and <0.05 mm particle content, suggesting that BSCs have an influence on some of the properties of the underlying topsoil.     

On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion

Wind erosion is a dominant geomorphological process in arid and semi-arid regions with major impacts on regional climate and desertification. The erosion process occurs when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold value, which depends on a number of factors including surface soil moisture. The understanding and modelling of aeolian erosion requires a better understanding of the soil erodibility associated with different moisture conditions. In arid regions during the dry season, the atmospheric humidity plays an important role in determining the surface moisture content and the threshold shear velocity. By a series of wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses, this dependence of threshold velocity on near surface air humidity is shown for three soils of different textures: sand, sandy loam, and clay loam. The results show that the threshold shear velocity decreases with increasing values of relative humidity for values of relative humidity between about 40% and 65%, while above and below this range the threshold shear velocity increases with air humidity. A theoretical framework is developed to explain these dependencies assuming an equilibrium between the surface soil moisture and the humidity of the overlying atmosphere. The conditions under which soil-atmosphere equilibrium occurs were tested experimentally in the laboratory for different soils in order to determine the effect of grain surface area and texture on the time required to reach equilibrium starting from different initial conditions.     

黄土作为西北地区填埋场覆盖层的可行性及设计厚度分析

中国西北地区气候以干旱和半干旱为主,黄土广泛分布。首先介绍了西北地区3个代表性城市近50 a的气候条件和3类黄土的粒径分布及储水能力,在此基础上利用Chen、Benson等提出的水量平衡分析方法对黄土土质覆盖层在我国西北地区应用的可行性进行了探讨,并计算分析了单一型黄土覆盖层的设计厚度。分析结果表明: 西北地区夏季高温多雨植被生长茂盛而冬季降雨较少,降水和腾发作用有较好的同步对应关系,适合土质覆盖层的应用。采用黄土作单一型土质覆盖层的设计厚度在0.54～1.92 m之间,从干旱、半干旱到半湿润气候区,设计厚度逐渐变厚,其具体设计厚度与气候条件和黄土种类密切相关;在同一气候区采用粉性黄土所需厚度最薄,而采用砂性黄土则最厚。西北地区采用黄土作填埋场终场土质覆盖层具有技术可行性和良好的经济效益,值得进一步开展工程实践和更深入的研究。     

Study on Water Internal Recycle Process and Mechanism in Typical Mountain Areas of Inland Basins,Northwest China: Progress and Challenge

The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed.     

土壤是气候变化的长期记录者

气候是土壤形成的要素之一。反过来,从土壤及其风化壳可论证气候变迁。中国南方的红色风化壳是第四纪形成物。其上均质红色风化壳及红壤是晚更新世形成物,延续至今,而澳大利亚、非洲大陆红色风化壳是在第三纪的古陆上形成的,但现代土壤不少是气候变干旱后形成的。北欧、北美是12000a B.P.才从冰川下裸露成陆,形成了灰化土、泥炭土等。黄土层、火山灰下埋藏了多层古土壤,记录了第四纪气候的变迁。     

垃圾填埋场毛细阻滞型腾发封顶模型试验

作为替代型垃圾填埋场封顶,毛细阻滞型腾发封顶具有诸多优点,但目前主要在欧美干旱、半干旱地区使用,对其在湿润气候区工作性能的研究较少。选用低塑性粉质黏土和砾砂作为填料,在杭州市一露天环境构筑模型土柱并培育植被,量测自然降雨、蒸发和植被蒸腾作用下土柱透水量、地表径流量和各深度含水率变化,探讨毛细阻滞型腾发封顶的工作机制。试验历时15个月,得到该封顶在降雨高峰期、晴热高温期、台风影响期和冬季阴冷期等时段的响应。试验结果表明,降雨和腾发作用下粉质黏土含水率变化较大,底部砾砂中也有较小幅度干湿循环,腾发可在整个封顶土层范围内起作用;当粉质黏土底部达到饱和,砾砂含水率接近4%时底部有水透出,此时该封顶暂时失效,后随水汽运移毛细阻滞界面功能恢复,该封顶仍能正常工作;试验过程中,降雨总量为1 782.6 mm,共产生地表径流为53.08 mm,透水为19.64 mm,其他降水均在土层吸持与腾发交替作用下最终返回大气,在试验期间该封顶能有效地阻止降雨入渗。