鲜水河下游泥石流发育分布特征研究

鲜水河下游流域处于鲜水河断裂带之南西,总体呈南北走向.受地层岩性、地质构造、新构造活动、河谷地貌演化及气候条件等的控制,流域内泥石流较发育,属泥石流中等发育区.泥石流以暴雨沟谷型泥石流为主,可见少量暴雨坡面型泥石流及古冰川泥石流.泥石流多集中发育于岩性相对软弱的板岩、千枚岩及砂岩与板岩互层的相对宽谷段,多为粘性泥石流.泥石流一般具有多期次发育特征,且规模逐次减小.流域内绝大部分泥石流处于停歇或衰退状态,现代活动性不活跃,现代活动泥石流频度低、规模小,且多发育于植被破坏较严重区域.流域内泥石流活动具有退化的特征,对当地人民生命安全及两河口水库的淤积等影响不大.     

四川北川地震灾区杨家沟泥石流物源分析与防治方案确定

"5.12"汶川地震后,震灾区滑坡、崩塌等产生的大量松散固体物质为该区泥石流长期活动提供了丰富的物源基础,部分流域地势陡峻,汇水条件较好,部分干流沟道堵塞严重,从而导致震后泥石流活动强度和频率急剧增大,使得泥石流成为对地震区影响最为严重的灾害。通过对杨家沟泥石流形成因素及物源条件分析计算,预测了发展趋势,结合物源的特点,提出了防治方案。     

四川北川地震灾区杨家沟泥石流物源分析与防治方案确定

"5.12"汶川地震后,震灾区滑坡、崩塌等产生的大量松散固体物质为该区泥石流长期活动提供了丰富的物源基础,部分流域地势陡峻,汇水条件较好,部分干流沟道堵塞严重,从而导致震后泥石流活动强度和频率急剧增大,使得泥石流成为对地震区影响最为严重的灾害。通过对杨家沟泥石流形成因素及物源条件分析计算,预测了发展趋势,结合物源的特点,提出了防治方案。     

四川省安县魏家湾泥石流灾害形成条件及发展趋势分析

分析了四川灾区安县魏家湾泥石流形成的地形条件、物源条件、水源条件等基本条件,在此基础上对5.12地震后魏家湾泥石流的发展趋势进行了分析.魏家湾流域一旦发生集中暴雨,形成大规模泥石流的可能性较大,易发程度高,泥石流危险性增大,且危害严重,应对其实施应急防治工程.     

辽宁黑水河流域农村河道治理现状及对策探析

黑水河流域由于长期的侵蚀而导致各种灾害的发生,流域生态建设工程是保护沿河人民群众安全的重大战略。本文通过对辽宁黑水河流域河道治理现状目标进行分析,对生态治理中存在的水土流失严重、生态环境恶化、河道堵塞严重、水污染污染严重和水质变差等问题进行分析,提出应通过重点治理和一般治理相结合的方式,改善流域沿河生态环境,建设人水和谐的美好社会。     

达摩沟泥石流形成的物质条件分析及防治对策

北京市门头沟区清水镇达摩沟历史上曾发生多次严重泥石流灾害。根据该流域泥石流的灾害历史和发育特征,采用现场调查、地质勘查和室内试验等方法,分析了其形成的地质地貌条件、气象水文条件、土壤植被条件及人类工程活动的影响,查明了达摩沟泥石流为降雨激发的高容重低粘性的过渡或稀性沟谷形泥石流。采用颗粒分析、电镜扫描、X射线衍射分析和室内物理力学性质试验等方法重点对物质条件进行了较为全面深入的研究,提出了以生物措施为主、工程措施为辅,治理与环境保护、经济发展相结合,泥石流监测预警体系和应急体系建设相结合等综合防治措施。     

缺资料地区泥石流预警雨量阈值研究

合理的雨量阈值指标是保障泥石流预警报准确性的关键,对于研究泥石流形成机制、分析预测未来活动特点以及指导防治工程设计等方面均具有重要意义。由于国内山区大多数泥石流沟均无降雨和灾害资料,目前国内外通行的实证法和频率计算法不能满足其泥石流预警报的需要。通过分析泥石流预警区的降雨条件、水文特征及下垫面条件,提出了基于水力类泥石流起动机制来计算泥石流预警雨量阈值的方法。主要根据流域地形及松散固体物质等特征,计算该流域泥石流起动的临界水深,并结合流域产汇流机制、特征降雨量随海拔变化规律、暴雨雨型特征,进而计算该流域泥石流预警雨量阈值。研究成果在四川省凉山州宁南县城后山史家沟流域进行了应用和验证,结果表明该方法具有合理性和可行性。该方法解决了缺资料地区泥石流预警报的难题,为山区泥石流预警报提供了一种新的思路。     

白龙江舟曲段泥石流孕灾条件及发育特征分析

白龙江流域舟曲段是泥石流灾害高易发区和重点防治区,掌握该区泥石流的孕灾背景条件及发育特征对泥石流灾害防治具有重要现实意义.基于白龙江舟曲段241条泥石流调查数据,从地形地貌、地层岩性及致灾岩组、地质构造、降雨及人类工程活动等方面分析了泥石流孕灾背景条件;应用数理统计的方法,从流域面积与主沟长、沟床比降与相对高差、泥石流...     

安县雎水河流域泥石流特征及形成条件研究

雎水河流域位于四川省安县西北部,属于"5.12"汶川Ms 8.0级地震重灾区。地震发生后的5个汛期内,每年均有不同规模的群发性泥石流发生。其中以2013年7月9日的泥石流灾害最为严重,规模与灾情巨大,造成了惨重的损失。在对雎水河流域泥石流灾害现场调查的基础上,从泥石流形成的物源条件、地形地貌条件和水动力条件入手,以ArcGIS为平台,利用DEM数据,结合区域地质构造和地层岩性等信息,分析了泥石流的形成条件、分布特征及灾害特征。研究得出结论:1流域地形地貌为泥石流的形成和径流流通提供了极为有利的地形条件,固体松散物质补给量潜力巨大,为泥石流的形成提供了物源条件,大强度局地暴雨给泥石流的形成提供了强大的水动力条件。2研究区内泥石流主要分布在页岩等软弱地层区域以及断裂构造发育的区域,地形坡度陡、地形起伏度大的地区则更为密集。3流域内泥石流具有群发性、高频率、密度大、搬运能力强、崩滑流灾害相互叠加灾害效应放大的特征。     

延安地区泥石流灾害的特征分析

延安地区泥石流是黄土地区一类重要的地质灾害.对延安地区典型泥石流沟进行调查,区内泥石流主要分布在黄河谷地两岸及其主要支流流域,对其影响因素进行分析研究,得出:(1)延安地区泥石流集中在每年的7月份到10月份,主要为暴雨型泥石流;(2)在本区内泥石流形成的地形要素主要有流域形状、面积、山坡坡度以及沟床比降等;(3)固体物质补给条件,在本地区以泥流和泥河为主;(4)本区泥石流暴发的临界降雨强度为120mm/12h左右;(5)人类工程活动已经成为影响该区地质灾害发生的第二大主要因素.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.