Study on the Safety of the Foundation Rock Masses in the Tangkou Bank of the Taipinghu Bridge

The Taipinghu Bridge is an important project, and the safety of rock masses of its foundation is very crucial. This article analyzes the potential causes of the deformation of the rock masses of the bridge foundation, and uses the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua to analyze the geologic model. The simulating process shows that no mater in the excavating process or in the loading process the rock masses are suit for the engineering. The modeling and analyzing process can be used for reference.     

Study on the Safety of the Foundation Rock Masses in the Tangkou Bank of the Taipinghu Bridge

The Taipinghu Bridge is an important project，and the safety of rock masses of its foundation is very crucial．This article analyzes the potential causes of the deformation of the rock masses of the bridge foundation，and uses the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua to analyze the geologic model． The simulating process shows that no mater in the excavating process or in the loading process the rock masses are suit for the engineering．The modeling and analyzing process can be used for reference．     

Estimation of the stress state of the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle in the area of the Southern Kuril Islands

The catastrophic Shikotan earthquake of October 4 (5), 1994, occurred in the Pacific Ocean. Its focus was located 80 km eastward of Shikotan Island. The stress state of the Earth’s crust in this area was estimated by the method of the cataclastic analysis of the whole range of the earthquake mechanisms. The performed reconstruction of the parameters of the current stress state of the Earth’s crust and the upper mantle in the area of the Southern Kuril Islands made it possible to establish that this area is characterized, on the one hand, by the presence of extensive areas of steady behavior of the stress tensor parameters and, on the other hand, by the presence of local sections of anomalously fast changes in these parameters.     

On the Origin of the Carat as the Unit of Weight for Gemstones

The carat is the unit of weight for diamonds and other gemstones.It corresponds to the average weight of the seeds of a leguminous tree.What kind of tree is this?We have studied the samples from Ethiopia,Egypt,Cyprus and the United States.The tree is neither“Kuara“nor“Locust“（Robina pseudoacacia Linn.）,but rather Carob(Ceratonia Siliqua).In Ethiopia,as called by local inhabitants,“Kuara“is a species of Erythrina-E.brucei rather than E.abyssinica.As might be expected,using the seeds as a means of weighing an extremely valuable commodity is not very scientific.Before 1907,at various times and in various countries,there were at least twenty-three stan-dards for the carat ranging from 187.00mg to 215.990mg.The metric carat equal to 200mg was proposed in Paris in 1907.It was adopted in the United States on July1,1913 and now is the world-accepted standard.But in reality,the standard of the carat is still confused with respect to its usage throughout the world .This is why the author reiterates that the standard of the car-at should be integrated with the metric system.     

Bursting the limits of time： the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of revolution

Bursting the Limits of Time by the distin- guished historian of geology Martin Rudwick is a massive, two-part book. The first part contains what he calls a synchronous history of what eventually became historical geology in western Europe between the time of de Sans- sure＇s epoch-making ascent of Mont Blanc in 1787 and the discovery of the Kirkdale hyaena cave by Buckland in the winter of 1821-1822,     

Study on the Safety of the Rock Mass in the Tongling Bank of Taipinghu Bridge

The Taipinghu Bridge is an important engineering construction，and the safety of rock mass of its foundation is very crucial．This article adopts FLAC3D to analysis the geologic model．The simulating process shows that no mater the excavating process or the loading process the rock mass are safe．The modeling and analyzing process can be used for reference．     

Macro fracture systems of the granites controlled by the tectonism: A case study of the Dangjiasi pluton in the northeastern margin of the Gonghe BasinSCIEI北大核心CSCD

花岗岩中先存裂缝系统的识别、评价与建模,关系到干热岩热能提取的有效性、规模性、安全性,是地热能勘查、开采的难点与关键点。本文对共和盆地东北部干热岩勘察开采示范区紧邻的当家寺岩体开展了详细地质野外调查及综合分析,观测了花岗岩体内裂缝的产状、类型和样式,详细解剖了岩体裂缝系统组成及空间分布,探讨了构造作用对裂缝系统形成的时限、动力学成因的控制。研究发现其宏观裂缝系统以构造破裂缝为主,同时还发育少量的成岩缝。构造缝主要由小尺度断裂、火成岩脉、石英脉、方解石脉及多期节理缝共同构成;在岩体不同分区部位的断裂、脉体及节理等裂缝体系发育差异明显,脉体、节理受临近断层控制,其三者走向具有较好的相似性,且存在明显的多期次性。根据产状、交切关系及应力机制可以划分为5种构造破裂类型:单一应力场形成的节理系、叠加先期形成单向滑移的共轭节理组、持续走滑剪切形成的雁列石英脉与共轭节理组合、拉张形成的岩脉及脉内雁列节理组、多期次叠加形成的网状裂缝。宏观裂缝系统的形成与三叠纪末期碰撞后伸展、侏罗-白垩纪区域性隆升、渐新世-中新世中期走滑断裂活动、中新世晚期以来走滑-逆冲转换等有关。现存大量共轭剪节理形成应力场与现今最大主应力方向(NE)有差异,反映了古走滑剪切构造作用的影响。宏观裂缝系统的差异分布,不仅对花岗岩型干热岩热储层规模、质量、分布有约束,也控制着后期的建储与改造。     

Preliminary Study on the PGE Geochemistry of the Permian Basalts in the Jinping Area

INTRODUCTIONIn comparison with studies on the geochemistryof the REE and trace elements of the Emeishan Per-mian basalts ,there has been onlyli mited research onthe platinum group elements ( PGE) . Preli minarystudies have been carried out on the PGE geochemis-try of the basalts in the Emeishan area ( QingyingPower Station profile) and Xinjie area (Zhang andLi ,1998) ,andinthe Shuicheng and Weining areasinGuizhou (Li et al .,2003) . There are no PGEanaly-sis data of the basaltsin…     

Tectonic Interpretation of the Earthquake istribution in the Contiguous Continent of the United States

With increasing high-quality geological and geophysical data it becomes clear that seismicity of the continents is characterized by linear patterns which are closely associated with tectonic features. The aim of this paper is to give reasonable interpretation for the earthquake distribution in the contiguous continent of the United States. Seismic lines and earthquake concentrated zones are defined, which reflect the characteristics of the continental seismotectonics. Similarities and differences in seismotectonics between the continental part of China and the contiguous continent of US are analysed. It is demonstrated that the spatial distribution of earthquakes can provide the information of the active structures in the earth's crust. The authors consider that the patterns of continental seismotectonics are not only controlled by the pre—existing tectonic frameworks and the current boundary dynamic conditions, but also possibly affected by dynamic factors of global tectonics at a higher level.     

Gravitational interactions of the solid core and the Earth’s mantle and variations in the length of the day

A simple mechanical model explaining the long-period (about 100-year) variations in the Earth’s rotational velocity is proposed. This model takes into account the gravitational interaction of the mantle with the solid core of the Earth and the fact that the core rotation leads that of the mantle. Well-known Earth parameters provide estimates of the gravitational torque that support the proposed model. The mathematical problem involved reduces to the classical problem of a nonlinear oscillator exposed to a constant torque. The well-known parameters of the core-mantle system result in a stable equilibrium and a stable limiting cycle on the phase cylinder of this oscillator. This equilibrium corresponds to a single angular velocity for the mantle and solid core, with no long-period oscillations in the length of the day. The limiting cycle corresponds to the core rotation leading the mantle rotation. In this case, the ellipsoidality of the gravitationally interacting bodies provides a periodic interchange of kinetic angular momentum between the mantle and solid core that results in long-period variations in the length of the day. The proposed model does not support the formerly widespread opinion that the core rotates more slowly than the mantle.     

伊通盆地渐新世以来构造活动历史的裂变径迹分析

运用裂变径迹分析方法,针对岔路河断陷与鹿乡断陷5个样品的磷灰石进行裂变径迹分析并结合盆地模拟研究表明,伊通盆地岔路河断陷自渐新世以来曾经历两期构造热事件,发生的时间约为24．9Ma～19．1Ma和6．9Ma～4．9Ma;鹿乡断陷自渐新世以来也经历了两期构造热事件,发生的时间约为30Ma～27．8Ma和22．6Ma～11．1Ma。伊通盆地在渐新世以来发生的二次抬升剥蚀均是从中部迁移至北部。岔路河断陷和鹿乡断陷磷灰石裂变径迹与样品高程均具正相关性,其中岔路河断陷21．8Ma以来的平均隆升剥露速率为7．034×10^-2mm／y,鹿乡断陷18．9Ma以来的平均隆升剥露速率为6．033×10^-2mm／y。上述热年代学认识同时得到了盆地地球动力学背景、地层划分与对比及火山活动等方面证据的支持,说明应用磷灰石裂变径迹技术可有效地分析伊通走滑-伸展盆地的构造活动历史。     

中－新生代龙门山的差异隆升

通过对采自龙门山南段、中段和北段花岗岩与砂岩样品中的磷灰石、锆石的裂变径迹年龄的分析,发现中生代以来龙门山的隆升在走向上存在分段性,在近东西方向上存在分带性。从松潘－甘孜褶皱带→龙门山冲断带→川西前陆盆地：松潘－甘孜褶皱带整体发生区域隆升,裂变径迹年龄与高程呈正相关关系;在龙门山冲断带,裂变径迹年龄与高程呈负相关关系或无关,说明冲断层在隆升过程中起主导作用;在川西前陆盆地,样品随埋深发生部分或全部退火。茂县－汶川断裂两侧锆石裂变径迹年龄差异明显而磷灰石裂变径迹年龄无明显差异,显示茂县－汶川断裂以西地区在38～10 Ma发生过更为快速的隆升;北川断裂两侧磷灰石裂变径迹年龄差异明显,表明北川断裂以西地区在10～0 Ma发生过快速隆升。从走向上看,从龙门山北段向南段,锆石裂变径迹年龄呈逐渐增大的趋势,这可能意味着印支末期或燕山早期,龙门山北段发生了更快的隆升;而磷灰石裂变径迹年龄总体上从龙门山北段向中段和南段呈递减趋势,反映新生代期间龙门山中、南段隆升更快。     

Cenozoic development of northern Svalbard based on thermochronological data

Northern Svalbard represents a basement high surrounded by the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea/Fram Strait, Eurasian Basin, the Barents Shelf and the onshore Central Tertiary Basin (CTB). Published apatite fission track (AFT) data indicate Mesozoic differential, fault‐controlled uplift and exhumation of the region. Thermal history modelling of published and new AFT and (U–Th–Sm)/He ages of 51–153 Ma in the context of regional stratigraphy and geomorphology implies at least two, possibly three, uplift and exhumation stages since late Mesozoic, separated by episodes of subsidence and sediment deposition. Late Cretaceous/Palaeocene exhumation and subsequent burial appear to be related with the transition of compressional to transpressional collision of Svalbard and Greenland during the Eurekan Orogeny. Renewed exhumation since the Oligocene probably results from passive margin formation after the separation of Svalbard and Greenland, when a new offshore sedimentary basin opened west of Svalbard. Final uplift since the Miocene eventually re‐exposed the palaeosurface of northern Svalbard.     

中新生代库车-南天山盆山系统隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

通过对库车河剖面中新生界砂岩中碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹分析测试,得出磷灰石样品可分为3组,分别反映库车盆地边缘或其物源区天山的剥露冷却。对测试数据分析和热史模拟表明,南天山及库车盆地在中新生代经历了3次主要隆升事件,且山盆隆升时间上具有差异性的特点。从142Ma南天山开始隆升,使天山地区从准平原化状态开始盆山分异;96~75Ma为晚白垩世开始的盆地与天山共同经历的区域性隆升;54~30Ma为天山与盆地边缘差异隆升阶段,是盆山边界处盆地基底向天山方向的阶梯式抬升所导致的。     

Cenozoic Magmatism and Tectonic Framework of Western Yunnan, China: Constrained from Geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Pb Isotopes and Fission Track Dating

Western Yunnan is composed of several extruded continental microblocks that were generated by the oblique collision between the Indian and Asian continents during the Cenozoic. In this study, the magmatic and tectonic frameworks of western Yunnan in the Cenozoic were analyzed based on geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, and apatite/zircon fission track dating. Magmatism during the Cenozoic in western Yunnan was then divided into three distinctive episodes: alkali granite rocks produced from 55 to 46 Ma were derived from the anatexis of crustal materials; bimodal igneous rocks formed between 37 and 24 Ma were possibly derived from an EMII mantle with a contribution from continental materials; and intermediate–basic volcanic rocks produced in the Tengchong microblocks since ~16 Ma are considered to be generated by the partial melting of the upper mantle that was induced by the pulling apart of the dextral Gaoligong strike–slip fault system. Moreover, fission track analysis of apatite and zircon indicates that the regional crustal uplift in western Yunnan possibly began at ~34 Ma, with accelerated annealing occurring at ~24 Ma, ~13 Ma, and ~4 Ma. During the past 24 Ma, the average denudation rate was ~0.32 mm/yr for the faulted block controlled by the Chongshan–Lancang River fault. However, crustal uplift has been relatively gentle in places lacking influence from strike–slip shear zones, with an average denudation rate of ~0.2 mm/yr. Combined with strike–slip shear and block rotation in the Cenozoic, the tectonic evolution of western Yunnan since ~45 Ma can thus be divided into four stages occurring at 45–37 Ma, 37–24 Ma, 24–13 Ma, and 13–0 Ma.     

燕山及邻区晚白垩世以来山脉隆升历史的低温热年代学证据

本文根据以裂变径迹测年为主的低温热年代学方法，认为燕山及邻区在晚白垩世进入区域性伸展构造环境以来经历了造山带伸展裂解引发的6次强烈差异升降运动，分别发生在120～105Ma、95～85Ma、60～50Ma、38Ma左右、25～20Ma和10～5Ma，造成燕山及邻区约7～8km的剥蚀量。而在相邻两次强烈差异升降运动期之间的相对构造稳定期，则形成了燕山—太行山地5期夷平面以及周缘盆地多期沉积间断。燕山与邻区盆地之间晚中新世以来的快速差异升降运动导致燕山及邻区现今盆—山构造—地貌格局。     

利用锆石裂变径迹研究漠河盆地隆升过程

通过对漠河盆地内32件样品的锆石裂变径迹进行详细分析,锆石单颗粒径迹年龄最大值为143.9±18.7Ma,最小年龄为58±12.1Ma,峰值年龄为92~98Ma和132~138Ma。结合盆地断裂展布及大地构造背景,认为漠河盆地在95Ma和135Ma发生了2次强隆升过程。结合盆地断裂系统、构造特征及区域地质背景,认为自晚侏罗世以来盆地形成受到蒙古-鄂霍次克海碰撞关闭和古太平洋板块俯冲碰撞双重作用的影响,盆地中晚侏罗世(135Ma左右)处于南北向挤压背景,形成东西向展布的前陆盆地;白垩纪中期,盆地处于伸展构造背景,属东北(同)大陆裂谷系的一部分。白垩纪中晚期(95Ma左右),漠河盆地由拉张环境再一次变为挤压环境,盆地形成了又一次的强隆升过程。     

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带新生代山体抬升和剥蚀的裂变径迹证据

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带的裂变径迹测年证据表明,该地区于9～7 Ma以来发生过快速抬升和剥蚀,并且一直持续形成了现今所见的阿尔金山。新生代以来至少经历了三次抬升:早期43.6～24.3Ma、中期19.6～13.6 Ma、晚期9～7 Ma。抬升速率先缓慢、后相对快速,9～7 Ma以来的抬升速率为0.94 mm/a。晚期的构造拾升可能与阿尔金断裂带左行走滑活动有关,而与相邻的柴达木盆地北缘地区的构造抬升并不一致。     

青藏高原东南部及三江地区新生代构造隆升——来自裂变径迹热史反演分析

通过对青藏高原东南部及三江地区8个样品磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹分析、热史反演,对这一地区构造运动及隆升作用进行定量分析.表明青藏高原东南部新生代以来经历两次构造抬升期,在50 Ma和6～5 Ma,其特点是早期为缓慢隆升;晚期为快速抬升期,抬升速率为0.5 mm/a.位于三江地区杨子地块的楚雄盆地构造隆升受青藏高原隆升的影响...     

宁武盆地中-新生代构造演化的裂变径迹证据

为深入研究宁武盆地中-新生代的构造演化及煤层气资源的赋存条件,采集样品进行裂变径迹测试。锆石裂变径迹年龄为156～139 Ma,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为97～47 Ma。宁武盆地中-新生代的构造演化历史可分为3个阶段。晚侏罗世(156 Ma),盆地两翼的岩体开始缓慢隆升,核部坳陷沉积,到早白垩世晚期(100 Ma),宁武盆地古地温达到最高,烃源岩达到了生气高峰期。白垩世晚期-古新世(79～59 Ma),快速抬升剥蚀。之后,虽有短暂埋藏,但总体处于隆升状态。渐新世晚期(40～30 Ma)以来快速抬升到现今位置。宁武盆地抬升剥蚀具有空间上的不均衡性。北东部抬升剥蚀早于南部,周缘岩体隆升剥蚀速率大于核部。宁武盆地是在中生代山西地块上形成一系列雁行状排列的复背斜和复向斜的构造背景下,新生代受印度洋板块挤压欧亚大陆,两翼山体强烈抬升推挤作用形成,属于华北克拉通区域构造事件的响应。