Nährstoff- und Sauerstoffbilanz eines hochbelasteten Klärwerksableiters unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der submersen Makrophyten

Nutrient and Oxygen Balance of a Highly Polluted Treated Sewage Channel with Special Regard to the Submerged Macrophytes The changes of the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen compounds, orthophosphate, and oxygen were measured in the flowing wave along the flowing stretch of the Berlin treated sewage channel Wuhle monthly over a period of two years (1993/94) to estimate the nutrient and oxygen balances. This treated sewage channel is rich in nutrients and densely covered with submerged macrophytes. During the period of investigation in 1993 (1994), the effluent of the sewage treatment plant Falkenberg, which is lacking in adjustable nitrification and denitrification. contained in average 16.1 (12.7) mg/L of NH-N, 13.7 (9.4) mg/L of NO₃^?-N. 0.94 (0.69) mg/L of NO-N. and 0.36 (0.26) mg/L of PO-P. Due to the neglectable influence of other processes like nutrient uptake by submerged macrophytes and algae, desorption of ammonia or dilution, the changes of the concentrations of the inorganic nitrogen compounds are mainly influenced by nitrification and denitrification. The nitrification is mainly done by sessile nitrifiers in the treated sewage channel Wuhle. The nitrification rates. calculated from the decrease of the ammonium concentrations, were between 0.5 and 20 g/(m²d) related to the flowing stretch area. The ammonium concentrations decreased along the flowing stretch in average by 20 to 44%. The highest nitrification rates could be found at the stretches with a dense colonization with submerged macrophytes and a good oxygen supply due to low water depth and high flowing velocities. The denitrification rates, calculated from the decrease of the total of the concentrations of the inorganic nitrogen compounds, were between 0.5 and 23 g/(m²d) related to the flowing stretch area. The total loss of nitrogen due to denitrification was between 10 and 20% along the flowing stretch of the treated sewage channel Wuhle. This corresponds to a total amount of up to 530 kg nitrogen per day. The main part of the phosphorus occured as orthophosphate in concentrations between 0.04 and 0.87 mg/L of PO-P in the effluent of the treatment sewage plant Falkenberg. The orthophosphate concentration changed along the flowing stretch mostly in such a manner that it were at the same level at the end of the flowing stretch at the mouth into the river Spree. The self-purification capacity of the channel does not lead to a relevant reduction of the very high nutrient load under the present conditions. The rates of the photosynthetic production (P) and the community respiration (R) were calculated from the rates of the total changes of oxygen with regard to the physical aeration. The rates of the photosynthetic production were between 0 and 33 g/(m²d), the rates of the community respiration between 15 and 75 g/(m²d). Therewith, the Wuhle treatment sewage channel belongs to the very productive waters. A positive balance (P > R) could only be measured on two segments in May. The rates of oxygen production depend on the ratio width to depth of the water. It is possible that the positive influence of the submerged macrophytes on the oxygen balance also at higher biomasses than 250 g/m² (as dry weight) predominates at the segments with a favourable ratio. The portion of the oxygen input through diffusion along the flowing stretch and at the weirs was 30%, respectively, that of the photosynthic production 40% in summer. The rates of community respiration decreased along the flowing stretch by 50 to 90%. The nitrification had the main portion of the oxygen depletion in the Wuhle treated sewage channel with 60…80%. Despite the high biomass, the respiration of the submerged macrophytes had only a small portion of the total oxygen depletion. Nevertheless, the submerged macrophytes contributed to the nearly total oxygen depletion at the most densely covered segment 2 at night. The decrease of the content of particular organic material and the ammonia concentrations at the effluent of the sewage treatment plant, a diminishing of the biomass of submerged macrophytes by shading, and the widening of a few flowing stretches are demanded for the improvement of the oxygen balance of the Wuhle treated sewage channel.     

太湖贡湖湾人工湖滨带水生植物恢复及其富营养化控制

以太湖贡湖湾人工湖滨带为对象,研究湖滨水生植物修复过程及其富营养化控制效果.人工湖滨区域内的消浪带、岸上护坡措施为水生植物修复提供了良好的生境条件,形成了包括荇菜（Nymphoides peltatum（Gmel.）Kuntze）、睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona Georgi）、菱（Trapa bispinosa Roxb.）为主的浮叶植物群落,以及以黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata（Linn.f.）Royle）、狐尾藻（Myriophyllum verticillatum L.）、小眼子菜（Potamogeton pusillus L.）、竹叶眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）为主的沉水植物群落.通过设置研究区、对照区,持续监测溶解氧、总氮、总磷、氨氮、叶绿素a浓度等水体指标,烧失量、氮含量、磷含量等沉积物指标,水生植物生物量、覆盖度,浮游藻类等指标.不同时期、不同区域间的时空分布显示：随着水生植物的恢复,水体营养状态指数（TLI）、沉积物生物生产力指数（BPI）显著下降,水体透明度显著提升;较高浓度的总氮（>3.0 mg/L）、氨氮（>0.6 mg/L）环境不利于浮叶植物的生长,沉水植物对其则表现出更好的适应性,同时水生植物在成长过程中直接从水体/沉积物中吸收氮;颤藻（Cyanophyta oscillatoria）、直裂藻（Cyanophyta merismopedia）等浮游藻类吸收了水体磷,水生植物利用了沉积物磷,共同缓解了磷在湖滨区域的累计.总结以上,湖滨带的水文水质条件可以影响水生植物群落结构,进而决定氮、磷的控制效果,所以在湖滨带修复中构建合适的生境条件是水生植物发挥氮磷控制效果的重要前提.水生植物在恢复过程中对浮游藻类群落结构的影响是显著的,并且以此影响到湖滨水体中磷的分布.     

不同生态处理方法对黑臭河道底泥细菌多样性与群落结构的影响

底泥细菌代谢是城市河道底泥代谢物的主要来源,最终决定城市河道的生态状况.本文研究了黑臭河道底泥经添加硝酸钙、生物促生剂和种植沉水植物处理后底泥中细菌群落结构的响应,以期为城市黑臭河道细菌群落的改善和综合治理提供理论依据.实验结果表明:经过不同生态处理后,上覆水中,添加硝酸钙组总氮(TN)含量显著高于对照组,添加生物促生剂组溶解氧浓度显著高于对照组.沉积物中,所有处理组的氧化还原电位值(ORP)均显著高于对照组,种植沉水植物组和添加硝酸钙组TN含量均显著低于对照组,沉积物理化性质得到一定改善.对不同生态处理组底泥细菌群落的研究发现,处理组底泥细菌群落产生了较大变化,且不同处理组细菌群落变化不同,生物促生剂组底泥中细菌的Sobs指数和Chao 1指数显著高于对照组和硝酸钙组,且生物促生剂组Shannon指数和PD指数显著高于硝酸钙组.Proteobacteria(Deltaproteobacteria、Betaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria)、Chloroflexi、Firmicutes、Bacteroidetes和Spirochaetae是各实验组的主要优势菌门;非度量多维尺度分析表明:硝酸钙和生物促生剂的投加可明显改变底泥细菌群落结构组成.在属水平上,uncultured_Anaerolineaceae、Ferribacterium、uncultured_Xanthomonadales_Incertae_Sedis是导致底泥细菌群落发生变化的主要菌属.冗余分析结果表明,底泥ORP的变化是驱动细菌群落结构变化的关键环境因素.     

菹草、伊乐藻对沉积物磷形态及其上覆水水质的影响

采集武昌南湖湖水、沉积物进行沉水植物的盆栽试验,试验设置沉积物未施磷处理和施100mg/kg磷处理,分别对应沉积物低内源磷和高内源磷状态,同时种植菹草、伊乐藻,以研究沉积物中磷形态及上覆水水质的变化特点.研究从2007年9月15日开始,历时160d.结果表明,高内源磷沉积物处理后,上覆水中水溶性总磷含量在沉水植物的作用下明显降低;种植沉水植物可使水体总磷、总氮、叶绿素a含量显著降低,且伊乐藻对总磷的净化效果优于菹草;沉水植物对高内源磷沉积物的上覆水中叶绿素a的控制比对低内源磷条件下的效果更好;无论沉积物是否输入磷,在盆栽条件下,上覆水中叶绿素a随时间的变化均能较好地用一级动力学模型来描述;上覆水TDP、TP与沉积物中Ca_(10)-P之间有极显著正相关;种植菹草或伊乐藻的沉积物中Ca_(10)-P与上覆水中TDP和TP的相关系数分别为0.990(P≤0.01)和0.977(P≤0.05).     

沉水植物生长对沉积物间隙水中的氮磷分布及界面释放的影响

采集未破坏沉积物结构的柱状沉积物样品,通过室内41 d的培养实验,研究了沉水植物生长过程对间隙水中NH_4~ -N和PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度的动态影响,分析了沉水植物生物量与沉积物中氮磷释放通量的对应关系．结果表明：随沉水植物生长和生物量增加,上部0-5 cm沉积物垂向各层间隙水中NH_4~ -N含量呈逐步降低,表现出沉积物-水界面氮的释放通量与沉水植物生物量存在负相关性;而间隙水PO_4~(3 )-P含量则随沉水植物生长呈单峰型变化,磷释放通量与生物量相关性不明显．初步反映沉水植物在沉积物的生长过程中对氮磷吸收的生物地球化学机制是不同的．     

滇池沉水植物的分布格局及其水环境影响因子识别

研究滇池沉水植物的分布及其与水环境因子的关系,对于滇池沉水植物的恢复具有重要的指导意义.2016年4-11月对滇池24个典型点位沉水植物群落特征进行调查,共发现16个调查区存在9种沉水植物,以篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)、微齿眼子菜(P.maackianus)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、马来眼子菜(P.wrightii)等为主,沉水植物主要分布在近岸3 m以内水域,盖度在10%左右.主成分分析结果表明,总氮、总磷、悬浮物、化学需氧量和叶绿素a浓度是影响沉水植物种类和生物量的主要因素,透明度是影响沉水植物盖度的主要因素;典范对应分析结果显示,滇池沉水植物的分布主要受水体中营养盐含量和化学需氧量的影响,穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻对有机物和藻类的耐受能力较强,马来眼子菜和篦齿眼子菜适于生长在高营养盐的环境.滇池沉水植物恢复初级阶段的关键是降低水体中化学需氧量、抑制藻类的生长,其次是控制水体营养盐浓度.按照"一区一策"的原则,草海东风坝内和外海南部适于进行沉水植物恢复,外海北部实行控藻治理,外海东部需改善水体有机物浓度和营养盐条件,外海西部以沉水植物自然保育为主.     

白洋淀沉积物-沉水植物-水系统重金属污染分布特征

通过对白洋淀沉水植物及对应沉积物和水中Cd、Pb、As含量测定,以期揭示白洋淀沉积物-沉水植物-水系统中重金属污染状况及分布规律,明确不同沉水植物对重金属的富集能力.结果表明,地表水Cd、Pb、As浓度均符合我国地表水I类水质标准,不同采样区重金属浓度差异不显著.上覆水Pb浓度显著高于地表水和间隙水,间隙水As浓度显著高于地表水和上覆水;地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,沉积物中重金属污染程度表现为Cd > Pb > As,Cd污染最严重,达到"轻度-偏重度"污染程度,"中等-极强"生态危害级别,As为清洁水平,不同采样区重金属污染程度表现为生活水产养殖区 > 纳污区 > 淀边缘区;沉水植物重金属富集能力表现为金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.） > 菹草（Potamogeton crispus L.）和穗状狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum L.） > 篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus L.）.植物体内重金属含量与体内氮、磷含量呈显著正相关,氮、磷营养盐影响沉水植物对重金属的富集.     

Contribution to the oxygen input in a treated sewage channel by falls

Summary: In the control of the discharge of a large-scale sewage treatment being under enlargement it was repeatedly pointed out that the oxygen saturation of the water in the treated sewage channel at the mouth of the main water occasionally was much lower than 50 %, contrary to the demands of the public inspection of waters. The results of the oxygen input capacity investigated by oxygen measurements on the falls of the 17.5 km stretch of flow indicate a total of 2.67 t/d. For lack of information on the diffusing and biogenic oxygen input an oriented balance about the budget of the water in the treated sewage channel was made. From the resulting oxygen depletion of the sediment of only 1.8 t/d as well as from energy-related considerations concerning the oxygen input by falls, technical alterations and arrangements for the protection and improvement of the water in the treated sewage channel were derived. By this it is guaranteed that the oxygen content of the treated channel-water at the mouth of the main water does not decrease below 6.0 mg/l also during the daily periods of higher discharges of treated sewage waters.     

Carbon and nutrients transfer from primary producers to lake sediments – A stoichiometric approach

We aimed to demonstrate different input of organic and inorganic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from three main groups of primary producers (phytoplankton, charophytes and vascular submerged macrophytes) to respective lake sediments. Studies were carried out in one eutrophic and two mesotrophic lakes. Samples of sediments were taken from profundal and from littoral zones, the latter divided into such overgrown by charophytes and others covered by vascular submerged macrophytes. We applied a stoichiometric approach to illustrate variable functional carbon to nutrients relationships. Among profundal sediments, the lowest organic to inorganic carbon ratio was found in sediments from the eutrophic lake due to precipitation of calcium carbonate during algal blooms. Extremely low inorganic carbon input to profundal sediment of one of the mesotrophic lakes may be explained by low phytoplankton production but also by dissolution of once deposited calcium carbonates. Charophyte-dominated littoral sediments contained significantly more inorganic carbon than other littoral and profundal sediments. Comparison of stoichiometric ratios between plant standing crop and underlying littoral sediments showed significant enrichment of sediments in nitrogen manifested by reduction of organic carbon to total nitrogen ratio during plant decomposition taking place both in charophyte and in vascular plant stands. We also attempted to divide phosphorus pool in sediments into organic P and calcium-bound P present in charophyte stands and in profundal sediments of eutrophic lake. In the former, calcium-bound P was estimated at 17–19 % of the total P pool while in profundal sediments it amounted 42 % of the total P. This difference suggests that calcium carbonate settling during algal blooms in a eutrophic lake may be more effective in P trapping than calcite encrustations covering charophyte plants in littoral sites. In conclusions, we underline the need of considering often neglected inorganic fractions of carbon and phosphorus to get better insight into carbon and nutrient burial in lake sediments.     

沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵与水体磷循环的关系

水体磷循环是水柱和对应的沉积物中发生的各种非生物和生物的磷迁移转化过程.与此同时,沉积物中钙通过沉水植物吸收和转运,从该类植物的叶面释放至水柱中,释放的Ca2+与水柱中的CO23-一起形成碳酸钙.在这一过程中,水柱中少量溶解性磷分配在碳酸钙中形成CaCO3-P共沉淀,导致水体中可溶性磷向难溶性磷转化,这种由沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵在水体磷循环中发挥着重要作用.研究证明,沉水植物菹草叶面上有CaCO3-P共沉淀的形成,且这种共沉淀的含磷量变化范围很宽.另一方面,新近沉积物中钙与磷的沉淀物存在一个由聚磷酸盐向磷灰石逐渐演变过程,而沉水植物叶面上的含磷共沉淀作用是否也存在由聚磷酸盐向磷灰石的变质过程,该过程在沉水植物生长期间是否发生关系到沉水植物除磷效果值得深入研究.本文从水体磷循环概述、钙在水体磷循环中的作用和沉水植物驱动的水环境钙泵假说及其在水体磷循环中的意义等方面综述了钙在水环境中的迁移对水体磷循环的贡献.     

沉水植物附植生物膜藻类组成及重金属累积特征

沉水植物表面常富集水体中有机质、泥沙、菌胶团、藻类、微生物等形成附植生物膜,在湖泊生物地球化学循环过程中具有重要作用.在草海选取金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）、微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus）和光叶眼子菜（Potamogeton lucens L.）3种不同叶形的沉水植物,研究附植生物膜的形貌结构、理化特征、藻类及其重金属镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）累积特征.结果表明：3种沉水植物附植生物膜上共鉴定出藻类6门8纲17目29科65属81种,主要为蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻,不同附植生物膜藻类功能群组成不同,冗余分析表明,水环境因子能解释藻类功能群变化的88.3%;3种沉水植物附植生物膜铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量变化规律一致,均为：金鱼藻 > 微齿眼子菜 > 光叶眼子菜;附植生物膜中重金属的累积具有选择性,Pb大量累积（11.41~41.31 mg/kg）,Cd累积含量较低（0.59~5.76 mg/kg）且与植物相当（0.44~5.56 mg/kg）,附植生物膜中Pb累积含量与生物膜中隐藻门、硅藻门藻类生物量、Fe、Mn及TN含量呈显著相关,但Cd累积与生物膜各指标均无显著相关性.附植生物膜在草型湖泊污染物归趋转化中的作用值得关注.     

Macrophyte diversity of lakes in the Pannon Ecoregion (Hungary)

We examined the distribution of submerged and emergent macrophyte species and the entire macrophyte community within and between five lake types (highland reservoirs, alkali lakes, large shallow lakes, small to medium sized shallow lakes, marshes) in the Pannon Ecoregion, Hungary. The lowest submerged, emergent and total species richness was found in alkali lakes. The highest submerged macrophyte richness was in small to medium sized lakes, while the highest emergent macrophyte species richness was in reservoirs, small to medium sized lakes, and marshes. The values of within-lake type beta diversity were generally lower than the values of alpha diversity, especially for submerged macrophytes, indicating between site homogeneity in species composition within the lake types. Emergent macrophyte communities contributed the most to within and between lake type diversity and total (gamma) diversity. Canonical correspondence analyses showed that the main environmental variables which influenced the distribution of submerged macrophytes were conductivity, Secchi transparency and water nitrogen contents. For emergent macrophytes conductivity, lake width, altitude and water depth proved to be the most influential variables. Our results contribute to the knowledge of large-scale distribution of macrophytes in the Pannon Ecoregion and to the identification of conservation value of lakes using macrophytes. The results support the importance of small lakes and artificial lakes in the conservation of macrophyte diversity compared to large and natural lakes in the Pannon Ecoregion.     

洪泽湖3种沉水植物附着细菌群落结构及多样性

沉水植物茎叶表面附着的藻、菌及其他物质,不仅影响沉水植物自身生长,而且影响水体物质循环过程,附着藻类的研究已经有不少报道,但附着细菌的报道相对较少.采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术,研究洪泽湖典型沉水植物——菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)在生长旺盛期叶表面附着细菌的群落结构及多样性特征,并采用冗余分析法探讨环境因子对附着细菌丰度的影响.结果表明,(1)3种沉水植物附着细菌群落结构有明显的差异性.143 bp T-RF在菹草和篦齿眼子菜中的相对丰度平均达到了20%和11%,而在金鱼藻中的相对丰度小于1%;89 bp T-RF在金鱼藻中的相对丰度平均约为13%,而在菹草和篦齿眼子菜中相对丰度小于5%.94 bp T-RF在菹草样品中相对丰度超过15%,而在其他样品中未被检测出.(2)从多样性角度分析,3种沉水植物附着细菌多样性大小依次为篦齿眼子菜菹草金鱼藻.(3)部分限制性片段的丰度受环境因子的影响较大,如89、94、143和227 bp T-RFs.而如167 bp T-RFs在3种沉水植物中的相对丰度分布较为稳定,受上述环境因子的限制较小.根据细菌比对结果,洪泽湖附着细菌的优势菌群可能属于拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)3个门类.     

不同生态修复措施下太湖西五里湖沉积物氮磷形态的时空分布

以太湖西五里湖为研究对象,研究了生态修复工程实施两年后,疏浚区、疏浚并水生植被重建示范区、退渔还湖区及对照区沉积物中氮、磷形态的季节变化及垂直分布特征,同时分析了各区上覆水的氮磷含量.结果表明:生态修复措施的实施对沉积物中氮磷形态分布及上覆水的氮磷含量影响显著.示范区和退渔还湖区水体中氮磷含量较低;沉积物中不同磷形态的垂直分布变化较复杂;疏浚基础上进行的水生植被重建对Lab-P、Al-P、Fe-P的吸收作用显著,对Ca-P、Org-P的影响较小;退渔还湖区沉积物磷形态以Ca-P、Org-P为主,Fe-P所占比例较低,与疏浚区不同.生态修复措施对沉积物中TN的影响较小;示范区NH 4 -N含量在秋季突增,可能与植物残体形成的有机质的分解有关.疏浚区水体中氮磷含量与对照区差别不大,沉积物中TN的平均含量还略高于对照区,因此单一的疏浚措施对水环境改善的长期作用需要进一步研究.而示范区水体及沉积物中的TN、TP含量均比较低,水生植被恢复较好,可见在减少外来污染的前提下,对湖区底泥进行疏浚并开展水生植被恢复工程应该是控制湖泊富营养化的有效途径.     

Distribution of viral and bacterial pathogens in a coastal canal community

Significant concentrations of human enteric viruses and bacteria were found to be present in the water and sediment of a coastal canal community into which secondarily treated sewage was being discharged.     

不同生长型沉水植物配置对生物量积累和水质净化效果的影响

种植水生植物,尤其是沉水植物,是目前广泛应用于受损水体的最主要的生态修复方法之一. 研究不同生长型沉水植物组合对水体理化因子的影响及营养物质的去除效率可为受损水生生态系统修复提供重要的科学依据. 本研究以我国水体修复中常用的3种不同生长型沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)为研究对象,采用1种生长型种植和2种生长型及3种生长型混种模式,研究不同生长型沉水植物组合及其不同生长阶段对实验系统水质指标及氮、磷等营养物质去除率的影响. 结果表明,所有植物组合处理均显著提高了系统中总氮、总磷和氨氮去除率; 在实验前中期总氮、总磷和氨氮去除率最高. 从本实验受试物种组合来看,1种和2种生长型组合比3种生长型组合具有更高的生物量累积量和总氮去除率. Pearson相关性分析显示,实验系统中的pH、DO浓度与植物总生物量呈显著正相关,总氮、总磷、氨氮浓度均与植物总生物量呈显著负相关. 建议在受损浅水水生态系统修复过程中,根据生态修复不同阶段考虑不同生活型、生长型和功能群的水生植物组合; 在生态修复过程中需加强管理,如水生植物收割等,才能达到最好的修复效果.     

鳑鲏对“蚌-草”关系的影响

重建沉水植物群落是修复浅水富营养化湖泊的关键.河蚌可改善水下光照条件、促进沉水植物生长,因此放养河蚌常被用于沉水植物群落恢复的并行手段.河蚌是鳑鲏产卵的重要基质,因此河蚌可能促进鳑鲏种群发展,而鳑鲏对水生态系统的影响还尚不清楚.本研究以密刺苦草、大鳍鱊和背角无齿蚌为研究对象,通过中宇宙试验研究河蚌和鳑鲏对附着藻的影响,以及鳑鲏对水质和沉水植物生长的影响及机理.结果发现：鳑鲏显著增加了水体总磷、总溶解性磷、总悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度,而对总氮和总溶解性氮浓度的影响不显著.河蚌对苦草的相对生长率、总株数、根冠比及苦草最大叶长均无显著影响,而显著增加了苦草的单株平均生物量,这可能与河蚌组较高的附着藻生物量有关.鳑鲏未显著影响河蚌与苦草间的关系,但鳑鲏的出现显著增加了附着藻类生物量;此外,鳑鲏还降低了苦草的根冠比,而增加了苦草的最大叶长,这可能与鳑鲏引起的营养盐和叶绿素a浓度升高,以及植物表面附着藻生物量显著升高有关.鳑鲏属于小型杂食性鱼类,在长江中下游地区分布广泛,与沉水植物关系密切,且易在修复后的湖泊中形成优势鱼类,因此在湖泊修复和管理中应加强此类小型杂食性鱼类的监测与管理.     

Different morphology of Nuphar lutea in two contrasting aquatic environments and its effect on ecosystem engineering

Aquatic plants (macrophytes) can have a large effect on river hydraulics and geomorphology. Though, the extent to how plant morphological plasticity actively influences these feedbacks has received little scientific attention. The nymphaeid macrophyte species Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith is characterized by a distinct leaf duality. Floating leaves shade most of the submerged leaves thereby limiting light penetration in the water. Despite their apparent negligible photosynthetic role, submerged leaves of N. lutea remain intact during summer and contribute a significant part to the total biomass. Our results indicate that the submerged leaves are crucial in plant–flow interactions and hence in the engineering potential of the plant, i.e. the capacity to locally reduce flow velocities and to promote sedimentation, including organic matter deposition. Plant individuals growing in running river water were compared to individuals from adjacent oxbow lake water. The number and size of submerged leaves were significantly higher for river standing individuals and the accumulated sediment contained significantly more organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and was characterized by a lower carbon/nitrogen ratio and a finer grain size. We therefore argue that the submerged N. lutea canopy in rivers has the ability to create a high‐nutrient, low hydrodynamic environment, resembling the conditions found in oxbow lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沉水植物水槽对农村水体净化效果与机制的模拟

实验设计中试水槽装置,模拟研究2种沉水植物轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla nerticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)对农村水体的净化效果,并探讨沉水植物在水体氮、磷去除中的作用.结果显示,沉水植物系统均能显著降低水体中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和磷酸盐浓度,去除率分别达到50.5%、84.4%、41.9%和64.6%,且轮叶黑藻组选择20 g/m2,苦草组选择40 g/m2为适种密度.水体流经各串联单元时氮、磷去除负荷存在显著差异,其中总氮、硝态氮、磷酸盐浓度在有植物单元高于无植物单元,铵态氮浓度相反,结合单元内溶解氧浓度、硝化与反硝化细菌总数表明,有植物单元可显著发生反硝化作用,无植物单元可显著发生硝化作用,有无植物串联单元更有利于氮的去除.     

金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)调控浮游植物捕获磷与生长的策略

水体浮游植物具有捕获利用磷的能力以及沉水植物能够显著抑制水体中藻类生长已得到国内外广泛共识,但相应的潜在机制尚缺乏深入了解.本研究选取金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)为研究对象,基于室内模拟实验,探讨了沉水植物调控浮游植物捕获磷与过度生长的机制.结果显示,尽管未种植金鱼藻的对照组上覆水中总磷、总溶解态磷和可溶性活性磷的平均浓度均显著高于种植金鱼藻的实验组(约4倍),但是两个系统中这3种磷浓度随时间的变化趋势均符合S形的对数曲线.实验组藻类密度、有效光量子产量、总碱性磷酸酶活性(TAPA)以及细颗粒碱性磷酸酶活性(细颗粒APA)也远低于对照组.此外,对照组中粗颗粒碱性磷酸酶活性(粗颗粒APA)占TAPA的44.7%,显著高于细颗粒APA.结构方程模型结果表明,对照组水体藻类密度对TAPA具有直接的正向作用,而金鱼藻的生长显著弱化了不同形态磷与APA、藻类密度、细菌动力以及光量子产量之间的相互作用.这说明沉水植物对水体浮游植物生长的调控具有多种策略.