Sensitivity and inversion of borehole flexural dispersions for formation parameters

Propagation characteristics of borehole flexural waves are functions of five borehole, fluid and formation parameters. Uncertainties in any of these model parameters may introduce errors in the estimate of formation shear-wave speed. Other sources of error in the estimate may be caused by deviations from the assumed circular borehole cross-section or heterogeneity in the material properties of formation in the vicinity of a borehole from the usually assumed homogeneous properties. The influence of uncertainties in model parameters on borehole flexural dispersion has been calculated from a general perturbation model based on Hamilton's principle. A sensitivity analysis of the flexural dispersion to small variations in the model parameters shows that the formation shear speed has by far the most dominant influence in a slow formation. In contrast, the flexural dispersion in a fast formation is significantly influenced by three of the five model parameters: the formation shear speed, the borehole fluid compressional speed and the borehole diameter. The frequency dependence of these sensitivity functions indicates that the inversion of flexural dispersion for formation shear speed is optimal in the range 2–4 kHz for a borehole of diameter 25.4 cm. The range of validity of the perturbation model has been estimated by comparing results of concentric annuli of different thicknesses, and shear-wave speeds different from that of the formation with those from exact numerical solutions from a modal search program. Generally, the perturbation results for altered annuli of thicknesses up to 15 cm are accurate to within 1 per cent for a shear-wave speed 10 per cent lower than that of the formation. This difference between the perturbation and exact results increases to approximately 1 to 3 per cent for a shear-wave speed 20 per cent lower than that of the formation.     

Racialized Identitites and the Formation of Black Gangs in Los Angeles

This article traces the history of Black gangs in Los Angeles, California and identifies the factors that were most significant in the formation of these gangs during two waves of gang formation in the post-World War II period. The results of this analysis suggest that the racialization of Black youths played a major factor in both waves of gang formation. The more popular explanations based on economic and community deficiencies, themselves a by-product of racialization, are more central to gang maintenance and proliferation than gang formation.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

江郎山位于华南褶皱系、江山-绍兴深断裂和保安-峡口-张村断裂带之间.白垩纪早期这两大断裂的拉张断陷导致峡口盆地的形成,随之主要有下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)在盆地中的沉积.白垩纪晚期上述两大断裂发生强烈挤压活动,峡口盆地逐渐隆升.新生代以来,峡口盆地在构造抬升中,产生大量张断裂和节理,加速了对岩体的切割,以及岩体被切割后的崩塌,导致了丹霞地貌的发育.江郎山丹霞地貌申报世界自然遗产的主要依据是其特有的壮观而独特的老年期孤峰-巷谷以及生动而逼真的象形石丹霞地貌特征、独特的地台活化现象与重要的岩石学科学研究意义以及该区特有的重要事件地层学和古生物学研究的科学意义.本文根据对江郎山亚峰垂直贯穿于丹霞地貌岩层永康群中辉绿岩脉标本K-Ar法的测年,揭示了当地峡口红层盆地抬升的时代为晚白垩世77.89±2.6Ma BP(K2),这也是我国目前丹霞地貌研究中所测得的可靠年代学数据.     

区域性土壤形成特征及其在土壤基层分类和土壤质量评价中的应用

结合区域基层分类研究提出了区域性土壤形成特征的概念，指出它们既是土壤基层分类的鉴别标准，也是决定区域土壤基础质量的重要因素。在分析典型区域土壤形成特征的基础上，探讨了它们在基层分类和土壤质量评价要素中的共性和应用，指出这有助于全面地理解土壤质量而不是简单地将其等同于耕层养分状况。介绍了服务于土壤基层分类和质量评价的公用数据库的结构。     

鄂尔多斯高原周缘黄河阶地的形成与青藏高原隆升

构造运动和和气候变化是河流阶地形成的两个重要因素。学术界对于构造运动与气候变化中哪个因素是河流阶地形成的控制因素尚未形成一致观点。本文选择位于鄂尔多斯高原周缘的河流阶地,综述了前人在兰州段、中卫段和晋陕峡谷段3个河段的黄河阶地上的研究成果,结合2万年以来的古洪水记录与古地震活动等证据,对比了河流阶地形成、气候变化以及青藏高原的幕式隆升的时间。对比结果显示,鄂尔多斯高原周缘多级河流阶地的形成时间与青藏高原阶段性隆升的时间比较一致,而与气候冰期—间冰期变化之间没有明显规律,这一结果支持构造运动是鄂尔多斯高原周缘的河流阶地形成的控制因素。     

赣江下游地区的风成沉积物

经C¹⁴测年,认为赣江下游广泛分布的"莲塘组"和"湖口组"沙质沉积物,并不是分别形成于晚更新世早期和晚期,而是不早于30kaBP,一直沿用的关于"莲塘组"和"湖口组"的划分方案值得商榷。以新建县厚田地区为工作重点,通过对沉积物的沉积结构、形组分析、电镜扫描等室内分析和野外沉积构造调查,将"莲塘组"划分为上下两段,确认"莲塘组"上段和"湖口组"均为风成沉积,并指出风成沉积与河流沉积在沉积结构和构造方面的重大差异。     

新亚欧大陆桥新疆沿线的孕灾环境及成灾过程分析

以新亚欧大陆桥新疆段为研究对象,从区域地质地貌条件、生态环境等方面详尽阐述了新亚欧大陆桥新疆段的孕灾环境及其在灾害形成过程中对致灾因子的放大作用和成灾过程中各种变异的强化作用。结合2年来野外实地考察资料,系统性分析了新亚欧大陆桥新疆段环境灾害的致灾过程、受灾过程和成灾方式,揭示了区域各类环境灾害间的促进、诱发、转化等相互关系。     

Rapid Development of Ferricretes on a Subtropical Valley Side Slope

Ferricretes can be formed along some valley-side slopes in the southeastern United States coastal plain as a consequence of erosional exposure of zones of iron precipitation in areas of groundwater discharge. This mode of ferricrete formation was demonstrated due to the recession of estuarine shoreline bluffs after hurricanes in 1996. Iron-precipitation zones exposed by bluff retreat at Flanner Beach, North Carolina in 1996 had formed indurated ferricretes by 1998. This confirms the valley-side groundwater discharge model of ferricrete formation, and shows that, once the zone of iron precipitation is exposed, ferricrete can form in less than two years. The newly formed ferricretes also allow the identification of five distinct stages in their formation: (1) iron precipitation in the zone of water table fluctuation; (2) the formation of brittle iron-cemented layers; (3) exposure by erosion or mass wasting and the first stage of hardening; (4) further hardening into indurated ferricrete; and (5) formation of limonite ferricretes, and impregnation with manganese oxides. The results from Flanner Beach show that the process may proceed from stages two and three to four and five in less than two years, suggesting that only short periods of stability following erosion or mass wasting episodes are necessary to allow ferricrete formation.     

Modern exogenous relief-formation processes: mapping,analysis of structures,regionalization

The scheme is suggested for studying the modern exogenous relief formation on the basis of the concept of leading processes, and of developing interconnected and mutually complimentary procedures of mapping, analysis of structures and regionalization. The principles and methods of mapping and regionalization of the processes are considered, the basic notions of the structures of modern exogenous relief formation are defined, and the main factors of their formation are shown.     

闽台区域文化形成的海洋文化学分析

随着海峡两岸交流日益加深,大陆与台湾关系日益成为研究热点。从行政关系、人口迁移、文化融合等方面梳理了闽台文化区的形成与发展过程。依据海洋文化学的理论,分析其形成的原因,结果表明:闽台区域文化的形成过程伴随海洋文化的发展,特殊的地脉条件是闽台海洋文化和闽台文化区形成的共同基础,船政文化、海神信仰文化和海商文化等海洋文化特质共同推动了闽台文化区的发展。     

关于风沙土的一些雏议

本文论述了土壤形成过程中应具有的一些质的特征,从而证明了流动砂丘并非属于土壤,而只是地质作用的非土形成物或成土母质。在此基础上,对流动砂丘上土壤的形成发育演变方向以及在土壤分类中的地位和命名等问题进行了探讨。     

新制度经济学下城市群形成与演进机理分析框架研究

基于传统各学科分析的城市群形成与演进的影响因子,依据因子作用的方式和属性分成3类、阐释三者之间相互联系和作用的机理,在此基础上构建纳入制度因子的城市群形成与演进的影响因子综合分析模型;基于新制度经济学视角阐释制度视角的城市群形成与演进的作用机理,提出其实质就是现有制度及其变迁过程中是如何影响人的行为选择,人的行为又如何影响城市群形成与演进过程中的各项经济活动（实体因子）,进而明晰制度及其演变对城市群形成与演进中的作用机理,并据此从宏观制度变迁视角、中观机制设计视角、微观交易成本视角构建了城市群形成与演进机理的新制度经济学解释框架和具体主要研究内容的设计。     

新月形沙丘与线形沙丘共生现象探讨——以撒哈拉沙漠为例

沙丘共生问题是风沙地貌研究的热点，目前尚缺乏较为深入的探讨。以共生沙丘分布最为广泛的撒哈拉沙漠为例，基于Google Earth高清卫星影像对新月形沙丘和简单线形沙丘共生区域进行参数识别，并对其区域风况特征和形成发育环境进行分析，以探讨共生沙丘形成的可能原因。结果表明：撒哈拉沙漠共有17处典型的共生沙丘区域，是世界上最大的共生沙丘分布区。区域及单个共生沙丘形态参数之间均存在一定相关性，但并不具有理论上应具有的良好相关性，表明影响沙丘共生的因素较为复杂。共生沙丘在低、中、高风能环境以及不同风向变率下均可发育，但主要在低风能环境、中等风向变率，锐双峰风况下形成。单一的起沙风风向是共生沙丘形成的重要条件，合成输沙势方向与沙丘走向基本一致。除风况外，障碍物如山脉、河流等因素同样对沙丘共生发挥了重要作用。     

New insights in the development of syn‐depositional fractures in rimmed flat‐topped carbonate platforms,Neogene carbonate complexes,Sorbas Basin,SE Spain

The formation of syn‐depositional fractures in carbonate platforms is considered an important feature in the understanding of platform evolution. This study investigates the mechanisms of fracture formation in rimmed flat‐topped carbonate platforms in the very well‐exposed Cariatiz Miocene Fringing Reef Unit, SE Spain. Fracture data were obtained using a combination of LIDAR and field mapping techniques, which proved useful in understanding general fracture trends. The morphological expression of fracture sets, preferred fracture localization, crosscutting relationships and fracture fill are characteristics that provide constraints on the timing of fracture formation and opening. Three dominant fracture populations were identified, amongst which a margin parallel and a margin perpendicular fracture set. Margin parallel fractures localize around the platform margin and form vertically extensive dikes that crosscut facies boundaries. The sedimentary fill of such fractures suggests syn‐depositional fracture formation under marine conditions. Together, fracture characteristics suggest a gravitational driver for the formation of tensile stress and the development of margin parallel fractures along the platform edge. Margin perpendicular structures form sub‐vertical dikes and fracture corridors. Margin perpendicular fractures localize on the platform slope and show two types of fracture fill, indicating marine and continental origins. Based on variations of fracture morphology along the carbonate platform, fracture localization, petrographic analysis of sedimentary fill and stable isotope analysis on sparite cements, we suggest a gravitational control on the formation of these fractures. Two mechanisms for the formation of subvertical margin perpendicular fractures are proposed: (1) principal stress rotation as a result of downslope loading. (2) Differential compaction over buried gulley systems on antecedent clinoform slopes. We suggest that the formation of sub‐vertical margin perpendicular fractures might be a systematic feature in slopes of flat‐topped carbonate platforms.     

上海大都市游憩商业区的型态模式研究

文章在城市游憩商业区(RBD)的研究进展基础上,采用REcEn模型,对上海都市区RBD作了识别;提出了上海都市区RBD系统存在叠加、伴生、增长极、点轴4种模式8种型态;并从城市产业结构调整、居住职能转移、商业服务业发展和行政区划等视角,探讨了大都市区RBD系统的动力机制,揭示了上海都市区RBD系统的发展趋势。     

吉林省西部湿地形成的地质条件

吉林省西部湿地是松辽盆地内的典型湿地,该湿地的形成受多种要素的综合控制,其中,地质条件起到了决定性的作用.控制吉林省西部湿地形成的地质条件主要包括第四纪地层、沉积物组合和新构造运动.吉林省西部湿地形成的地质时代为晚更新世至早全新世.按吉林省西部湿地形成的地质条件,将其划分为遗留型湿地、河流型湿地和风成型湿地3种地质成因湿地类型.其中,遗留型湿地是原有湖泊逐渐衰退后残留的结果,河流型湿地是在晚更新世构造活动和特殊的沉积物组合以及河流改道综合作用的结果,风成型湿地是风蚀洼地切割潜水面的结果.     

乌尊布拉克湖硝酸钾盐沉积特征

根据野外考察和室内分析资料 ,全面总结了该湖硝酸钾盐的形成环境、物质成分和沉积特征 ;探讨了硝酸钾盐的形成演化机理。     

长江沿岸港口体系的形成过程与机制

长江沿岸港口体系是长江经济带的重要支撑。本文首先对自古以来长江沿岸港口体系的形成发展过程进行了科学实证,发现港口体系经历了“港口的起源与产生—港口体系萌芽—港口体系雏形—港口体系形成—港口体系升级”5个阶段。依据实证分析,对长江沿岸港口体系的形成机制进行了归纳演绎,认为相关港口对水水中转和陆水中转腹地的长期相互竞争是导致港口体系形成的主要机制,其中对水水中转腹地的竞争尤为关键,而港口对中转腹地的竞争随时间推移不断向更深层次更广领域推进。最后从政策层面,对长江沿岸港口体系和长江经济带综合运输体系建设的若干问题进行了讨伦。     

南极长城站地区粘土矿物的空间分布规律与成因探讨

对南极长城站地区粘土矿物的空间分布与某些元素的地球化学行为之间的相关关系给予了较为详细的研究，并从地球化学方面探讨了粘土矿物的成因。研究表明，Ｃａ和Ｍｇ元素是高岭石生成的主要控制因子，高岭石的空间分布是两者共同作用的结果。Ｓｉ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ和Ｆｅ元素的地球化学行为与蒙脱石在空间上的含量变化有明显的相关关系。Ｓｉ元素对蒙脱石的生成起到了较大的作用。     

我国蔬菜主产地形成的影响因素——以山东寿光为例

通过对我国蔬菜主产区山东寿光4个乡镇的284位蔬菜种植户的调查,构建了蔬菜主产地形成的概念模型,并运用结构方程模型分析我国蔬菜主产地形成的影响因素。研究发现:技术进步、交通条件、市场需求和规模、知识溢出、政府政策对我国蔬菜主产地形成有显著的正向影响,要素禀赋因素影响较小。从影响效应看,政府政策的影响程度最大,之后依次为市场需求和规模、交通条件、技术、知识溢出和要素禀赋,同时政府政策对知识溢出也有显著正向影响。本研究为更加准确把握我国蔬菜主产地的形成机制,有效提供决策参考的理论支撑做出努力,并且有助于推进我国农业区域经济理论的深化发展。