贵州岩溶地区岩性与土地石漠化的 相关分析

在构筑1：50万贵州岩溶地区岩石组合类型分布图的基础上，以GIS为分析手段，对贵州省石漠化分布图和地层岩性图进行了空间分析，探讨了各类岩性与不同级别石漠化之间的相关关系。石漠化与岩性具有明显的相关性，强度石漠化主要分布在纯质碳酸盐岩地区，尤其是纯质灰岩地区；中度石漠化在白云岩组合中的比例较灰岩组合中高；轻度石漠化在碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩夹层和互层中分布较广；石漠化与纯碳酸盐岩相关关系最明显。     

动力扰动对岩爆的影响分析

弹性应变能的积聚是产生岩爆的内因,但岩爆的发生往往具有外界因素的扰动．据些首先分析了动力扰动对岩爆触发的机理,然后结合某水电站引水隧洞岩爆实例,利用复反应分析原理计算了动力扰动过程对岩爆的影响．     

顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围分析

顺层滑移-拉裂是顺层岩质边坡中常见的一种破坏模式,顺层滑动岩体范围大小是该类边坡稳定性分析及其加固支挡结构设计的基础,是设计人员最关心的问题。考虑边坡开挖卸荷效应对边坡岩体力学参数的影响,建立了顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围的计算式,利用重庆至怀化铁路沿线顺层岩质路堑边坡失稳破坏的调查资料进行对比分析,结果吻合较好。     

The biaxial compression mechanical properties of crushed rock

Crushed rock subgrade, as one of the roadbed-cooling methods, has been widely used in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Much attention has been paid on the cooling effect of crushed rock; however, the mechanical properties of crushed rock are somehow neglected. Based on the discrete element method, biaxial compression test condition for crushed rock is compiled in FISH language in PFC^2D, and the natural shape of crushed rock is simulated with super particle "cluster". The effect of particle size, crushed rock strength and confining pressure level on overall mechanical properties of the crushed rock aggregate are respectively analyzed. Results show that crushed rock of large particle size plays an essential framework role, which is mainly responsible for the deformation of crushed rock aggregate. The strength of gravel has a great influence on overall mechanical properties which means that strength attenuation caused by the freeze thaw cycles cannot be ignored. The stress-strain curves can be divided into two stages including shear contraction and shear expansion at different confining pressures.     

Thermal Regime of Rock and its Relation to Snow Cover in Steep Alpine Rock Walls: Gemsstock,Central Swiss Alps

Snow cover influences the thermal regime and stability of frozen rock walls. In this study, we investigate and model the impact of the spatially variable snow cover on the thermal regime of steep permafrost rock walls. This is necessary for a more detailed understanding of the thermal and mechanical processes causing changes in rock temperature and in the ice and water contents of frozen rock, which possibly lead to rock wall instability. To assess the temporal and spatial evolution and influence of the snow, detailed measurements have been carried out at two selected points in steep north‐ and south‐facing rock walls since 2012. In parallel, the one‐dimensional energy balance model SNOWPACK is used to simulate the effects of snow cover on the thermal regime of the rock walls. For this, a multi‐method approach with high temporal resolution is applied, combining meteorological, borehole rock temperature and terrain parameter measurements. To validate the results obtained for the ground thermal regime and the seasonally varying snowpack, the model output is compared with near‐surface rock temperature measurements and remote snow cover observations. No decrease of snow depth at slope angles up to 70° was observed in rough terrain due to micro‐topographic structures. Strong contrasts in rock temperatures between north‐ and south‐facing slopes are due to differences in solar radiation, slope angle and the timing and depth of the snow cover. SNOWPACK proved to be useful for modelling snow cover–rock interactions in smooth, homogenous rock slopes.     

金沙江岩画洛吉岩画点调查记录及初步研究

2011年11月,云南省文物考古研究所与澳大利亚格里菲斯大学合作,首次用国际通行的考古学方法对迪庆州香格里拉县洛吉乡的岩布洛、花岩和腰岩3个岩画点进行详细的测量、三维摄影、摄像和描述,首次发现了二维和三维艺术形式同时出现的现象。金沙江岩画是有绝对年代数据的中国最古老的岩画,不同于中国其他地区岩画的一个独特类群而与欧洲法国、西班牙旧石器时代的岩画类似。金沙江岩画是来源于史前文化交流还是趋同进化还需进一步的研究。     

粤北岩溶山区土地石漠化治理与农业综合开发模式研究

粤北岩溶山区是广东省石漠化土地分布的主要区域,经过多年的治理,土地石漠化出现了逐步逆转的态势,但石漠化仍是当地生态环境改善和社会经济发展的主要制约因素。在分析石漠化现状的基础上,依据当地不同的自然、社会和经济发展条件,提出了粤北岩溶山区、高原石漠化防治与农业综合开发模式和粤北岩溶丘陵、洼地石漠化防治与农业综合开发模式。把石漠化治理与农业综合开发密切结合起来,通过发展经济带动石漠化的治理。     

川藏公路拉月滑坡的块状破坏特征

拉月滑坡位于东久河左岸，为典型的高位岩质滑坡。1967—08—29拉月一带山体突然发生特大型滑坡，体积超过千万立方米，是川藏公路线上著名的“拉月大塌方”灾害。文章应用块状岩体稳定性分析方法，对同结构岩石块体相互嵌合、形成具不同稳定状况的的岩体结构、控制了滑坡的发生的特点进行了分析，证明该方法判别岩质滑坡的稳定性是非常有效的。岩质滑坡在西藏与西南地区都十分普遍，因此，通过对拉月滑坡块状破坏过程的分析，对其它岩质滑坡的稳定性判别具有很好的借鉴作用。     

喀斯特石漠化评价指标体系探讨——以贵州省为例

从喀斯特石漠化的科学内涵出发,探讨喀斯特石漠化评价的具体内容,指出喀斯特石漠化评价应从现状、危险性以及发展速率3个方面进行.评价指标选取所依据的原则,探讨了指标体系适用的时、空尺度范围;根据已有研究成果,分析喀斯特石漠化不同等级指标量化界线确定的生态基准,初步建立了石漠化评价的指标体系.     

东濮凹陷盐湖盆地油气富集规律研究

国内外油气勘探实践表明,含盐盆地的油气富集和分布与盆地内沉积的盐岩密切相关。东濮凹陷是我国东部地区典型的含盐油气富集盆地,作者通过深入研究其地层层序特征及盐岩纵横向分布特点,进一步剖析了盐岩沉积的主要控制因素及其与生储盖层的关系,搞清了含盐盆地油气的分布和富集与盐岩的关系,指出无论在垂向上还是横向上,东濮凹陷盐岩一般都与暗色烃源岩共生,而且盐岩与同期沉积的砂岩表现为长消关系。研究认为盐岩可作为油气上盖或侧向遮挡,与源岩、储集层可组成良好的生储盖配置关系,利于油气富集区带的形成,对构造和隐蔽油气藏的形成都发挥了积极的作用,并指出与盐岩有关的文东北部和胡状集地区是下一步挖潜的有利勘探方向。研究成果也可为国内外同类含盐盆地的油气勘探提供一定的借鉴经验。     

新近系红层软岩流变特性试验研究

流变是控制岩体稳定的主要因素之一。流变试验结果显示,新近系红层软岩蠕变和松弛曲线具有明显的三阶段变化特征。对比研究新近系粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩的流变结果,得出粉砂质泥岩较泥质粉砂岩强度低,蠕变量大,达到稳定需要的时间长。经过模型辨识,认为红层软岩流变符合伯格斯模型（Burgers model）。利用改进后的麦夸托（Marquardt）算法求取了红层软岩的流变参数。结果显示,反映岩石流变特性的两个主要指标弹性模量和黏滞系数远低于硬岩的同类指标,充分说明新近系红层软岩具有显著的流变性。获取的流变参数可用于伯格斯模型计算。     

AN EVALUATION OF SURFACE HARDNESS OF NATURAL AND MODIFIED ROCKS USING SCHMIDT HAMMER: STUDY FROM NORTHWESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

Four rock types (quartz mica gneiss, schist, quartzite and calc-silicate) located in the Satluj and Alaknanda valleys were used to test whether a Schmidt hammer can be used to distinguish rock surfaces affected by various natural and man-induced processes like manual smoothing of rock surfaces by grindstone, surface weathering, deep weathering, fluvial polishing and blasting during road construction. Surfaces polished by fluvial process yielded the highest Schmidt hammer rebound (R-) values and the blast-affected surfaces yielded the lowest R-values for the same rock type. Variations in R-value also reflect the degree of weathering of the rock surfaces. It has been further observed that, for all the rock types, the strength of relationship between R-values for the treated surfaces (manual smoothing of rock surface by grindstone) and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is higher than for the fresh natural surfaces.     

HOLOCENE ROCKWALL RETREAT AND THE ESTIMATION OF ROCK GLACIER AGE, PRINS KARLS FORLAND, SVALBARD

This paper presents a simple analytical model for estimating rock glacier age by coupling the ratio of frontal advance to total rock glacier length and the ratio of debris volume in the rock glacier to present debris flux in the talus cone–rock glacier transition zone. The model was applied to two rock glaciers at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard. By assuming volumetric debris contents in the deforming layer of the rock glacier of between 0.3 and 0.4, we obtained age estimates for the rock glaciers of between 12 ka and 24 ka. The corresponding average rockwall retreat rates are between 0.30 and 0.62 mm a^‐1. Considering the limitations of the model, we suggest a minimum age of 13 ka for the initiation of rock glacier development. Using this age, rockwall retreat rates for the seven rock glaciers investigated at Prins Karls Forland are between 0.13 and 0.64 m ka^‐1 (assuming the volumetric debris content for the whole rock glacier/talus cone is 0.35). The model requires further testing on other datasets, better field estimates of the debris content and depth of the deforming layer, and could also benefit from the inclusion of an unsteady debris supply function in order to refine age estimates.     

THE FROST PHISICAL WEATHERING IN THE GREAT WALL STATION AREA, ANTARCTICA

Some weathering observation sites were set up at different height and face in Great Wall Station area of King Geroge Island, Antarctica, since 1989. Baced on the data series obtained from 1987-1991, the relationship between physical weathering of rock and season, height, face are discussed in this paper. We also compare the results to that of other periglacial area in the world in order to know the special features of King George Island in physical weathering of rock. The rock weathering in south-east face of sea stack is higher than that of north-west face in same environment. Get rid of influence of elevation, rock type, weathering time and organisms, the main reason which caused physical weathering of this area is climate and orientation of rock. The King George Island of Antarctica belong to high latitude area. The temperature time of below zero is 6-8 months in a year, so the process of freeze-thow is restricted. Compared with other periglacial area in the world, the weathering rate of rock is midd     

The Palliser Rockslide, Canadian Rocky Mountains: Characterization and modeling of a stepped failure surface

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the prehistoric Palliser Rockslide, Rocky Mountains, Canada. Conventional aerial photograph interpretation and field mapping are complemented by terrestrial digital photogrammetry. These techniques allow quantification of the rockslide debris volume and reconstruction of the pre-slide topography. It has been estimated that the volume of rock involved in the most recent large rockslide is 8 Mm³. Terrestrial digital photogrammetry is used in the characterization of the failure surface morphology, which is subdivided into four types of step-path geometry comprising both pre-existing discontinuities and intact rock fractures. Incorporation of these data into various rock slope stability numerical modeling methods highlights a complex failure mechanism, which includes sliding along a large scale curved failure surface, intact rock bridge fracturing and lateral confinement. A preliminary quantification of the contribution of intact rock bridges to the shear strength of the failure surface is presented in terms of the apparent cohesion, apparent tensile strength and cumulative length of the intact rock segments.     

结构面倾角对岩质边坡位移影响的分析

岩体结构面是影响岩质边坡位移及其稳定性的重要因素之一,但是由于数学和力学上的困难,岩体结构面对岩质边坡变形的影响通常难以用理论公式计算得出,目前只能采用数值分析手段。分别针对坚硬岩边坡和软岩边坡中存在软弱结构面的情况,用有限元差分程序FLAC和边坡稳定性系数公式,定量和定性地讨论了岩体结构面倾角对岩质边坡位移的影响。通过计算分析发现,(1)岩体中结构面的存在是影响岩石边坡位移及其稳定性的重要因素之一;(2)随着结构面倾角的增加,边坡的稳定性和边坡的位移可能增加,也可能减小,并不象我们想象的那样随着结构面倾角的增加而增加,必须用定性和定量方法针对具体问题进行具体分析。     

薄盒式光纤岩体裂缝计研究

山体(岩体)破坏和发展过程可以看作为裂纹扩展的过程,可以实现对其发展过程进行实时监测.为此,研究了一种薄盒式光纤岩体裂缝计.给出了其结构设计,并对该薄盒式光纤岩体裂缝计的性能进行了位移和压力两项室内试验研究,结果表明:所研究的光纤岩体裂缝计,具有可靠、实用和高灵敏度等特点,对于山体(岩体)(或其他裂缝工程体,如水坝)的变形发展和失稳的机理研究和早期预报,将是一种良好的传感监测设备,具有较好的工程应用价值.     

河南省罗山县陡坡花岗斑岩型钼矿床地质特征及成因探讨

陡坡钼矿床是一新发现的中型钼矿床,该矿床赋存于早白垩世灵山超单元岩体与围岩的接触带内侧,矿化类型主要为细脉浸染状。矿床中金属矿物主要为黄铜矿、辉钼矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿,次为磁黄铁矿、斑铜矿等。灵山超单元花岗岩岩石类型属高硅富碱钙碱性(偏碱性)系列,SiO2含量72～77%,K2O+Na2O总量大于7.9%,K2O/Na2O大于1。矿床的围岩蚀变叠加组合主要为硅化——钾长石化——黄铁矿化组合、硅化——绿泥石化——黄铁矿化组合。该矿床属中高温热液斑岩型钼矿床,结合岩浆岩特征,成矿作用于与岩体关系密切,并可能受幔源岩浆混合作用的影响。     

西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局与石漠化调控展望

西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局石漠化过程的生态认识落后于生态治理措施。面对国家需求,优化乡村景观格 局对石漠化发生过程的调控,未来优先研究领域：⑴识别岩溶山地乡村景观格局的转换、渐变和基本不变的层次 性,测算不同尺度下乡村景观类型及其空间组合的贡献;⑵认识不同类型乡村景观空间分布的生态学意义及其对 区域石漠化整体程度的影响,找出不同乡村景观演化格局下的石漠化效应;⑶厘定岩溶山地高强度人类活动及其 所诱导的乡村景观格局演化对石漠化的作用效应,构建乡村景观石漠化的成因框架;⑷探讨乡村景观格局制约下 有利于石漠化土地恢复的格局优化模拟,丰富人们对岩溶山地乡村石漠化发生过程的理解和认识。     

六盘山典型植被类型土壤中石砾对大孔隙形成的影响

六盘山山区土壤中存在大量的石砾,对土壤大孔隙的形成具有重要影响。为了深刻了解和评价土壤中石砾对大孔隙形成的可能作用,本研究分析了六盘山典型植被类型下土壤中的石砾体积含量、大孔隙度变异以及石砾体积含量对大孔隙度、大孔隙半径与密度的影响。结果表明,石砾含量增加导致土壤大孔隙的平均半径和体积增大,特别是导致半径大于1.4 mm的大孔隙密度的增大,但对较小半径的大孔隙密度影响不大;总体上,石砾对土壤大孔隙度的形成影响随土深的增加而越来越明显,说明六盘山地区土壤的大孔隙明显同时受到生物因素和石砾含量因素的影响。