花垣铅锌矿床包裹体气相组份研究--MVT矿床有机成矿作用研究(Ⅱ)

矿床包裹体中气液相组份,是矿床成因的重要的直接物质证据,它直接参与了成矿作用,与矿床的沉淀机制密切有关。本文研究了湖南花垣地区,产于下寒武统清虚洞组藻灰岩和鲕粒灰岩中的密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床中,18个矿物包裹体的气相组份、气态烃组份以及气相组份的碳同位素特征。这些包裹体由水和大量的CO₂(平均5.0mol%),气态烃(平均1.1mol%)和少量的CO、H₂组成,气态烃中CH₂的含量为89.54%,而δ13C_CH4=-27.08‰,δ13C_CO2=-17.28‰(PDB)。包体气相组份的这些特征表明:包体气相组份中,确有烃类存在,包体中气态烃和CO₂是有机成因的;气态烃可能有多个来源层,而矿床的沉淀机制可能与流体在矿床就位位置上和早已存在的古油气藏的混合作用有关。     

川西南碳酸盐岩储层流体包裹体气体地球化学研究

采用真空磁力破碎包裹体与质谱计在线连接的方法,分析了四川盆地西南威远气田、资阳气田和隆昌气田不同时代碳酸盐岩储层中流体包裹体的化学成分和碳同位素组成,并结合储层地质特征,研究了储层流体的来源。研究表明 :流体包裹体气体成分主要以CH₄和CO₂ 为主,不同时代的储层原岩流体包裹体的成分明显不同,同一时代储层原岩及次生脉体中气体的含量变化不一。二叠系储层原岩流体包裹体气体成分以甲烷为主,CH₄含量一般在80 %以上,而震旦系储层原岩则以CO₂ 为主,CO₂ 含量大于 6 0 %。震旦系储层沥青脉中的包裹体CH₄含量最低,储层原岩包裹体CH₄含量次之,次生白云岩及方解石脉体中的包裹体CH₄的含量均大于前两者;而CO₂ 的含量却刚好于此相反。依据储层原岩、次生矿物脉体和沥青脉中包裹体CH₄和CO₂ 碳同位素组成的变化,讨论了二叠系 (P3 ₁₂A、P3 ₁₂B)和震旦系 (Z₄、Z₃、Z₂ )不同层段储层中油气侵入的方式和过程。     

胜利油气区奥陶系顶部风化壳有机包裹体初步研究及其意义

胜利油气区奥陶系顶部风化壳中的气态烃有机包裹体主要分布在方解石脉中,属晚期次生成因。均一温度测量结果表明其形成温度为140～160℃,明显低于奥陶系灰泥岩的成岩温度(170～208℃)。有机包裹体气态烃成份以CH4为主(占总量的44%～49%),同时含CO₂和H₂O等无机气体成份。有机包裹体气态烃δ¹³C₁为-29.2‰(PDB),δD为-128‰(SMOW),与本区已发现的来自石炭二叠系煤成天然气的δ¹³C₁和δD相近或相同,说明胜利油气区奥陶系顶部风化壳曾经有过来自石炭二叠系煤成天然气的运移与聚集作用。该区有与陕北大气田相似的成藏地质条件,奥陶系顶部风化壳具潜在的天然气勘探价值。     

固市凹陷非常规水溶甲烷气成因及来源

针对渭河盆地固市凹陷水溶甲烷气的成因类型进行分析研究。对地层水溶甲烷气碳同位素δ13C₁及重烃的含量研究发现,不同层位的水溶甲烷气成因类型不同。新近系张家坡组水溶甲烷气主要为有机成因的生物气,来源于本层含碳质较高的灰黑色泥灰岩生物分解,为自生自储式;下部蓝田—灞河组水溶甲烷气以未成熟的煤型热解气（煤型腐殖型）为主,来源于下部地层。对CO₂碳同位素的分布范围和含量进行分析得出,δ13C_CO2 < -10‰,为典型的壳源型有机成因,证明蓝田—灞河组水溶甲烷气和CO₂来源于下部地层的混合型气,结合乙烷碳同位素分析,得出下部地层可能存在有机成因的煤型热解气层系。      

松辽盆地庆深气田天然气成因类型鉴别

通过对松辽盆地徐家围子烃源岩和原油热模拟实验、烷烃气碳同位素组成分析, 认为在高演化阶段单一热力作用可以引起重烃气(δ13C₂ > δ13C₃ > δ13C₄) 碳同位素组成倒转, 但CH₄与C₂H₆(δ13C₁ > δ13C₂) 却很难发生倒转.庆深气田天然气重甲烷碳同位素组成、烷烃气碳同位素完全倒转、高稀有气体同位素组成(R/Ra > 1.0), 说明该气田天然气来源具有多样性.利用R/Ra与CO₂/3He和R/Ra与CH₄/3He关系对庆深气田天然气成因类型进行识别, 认为该气田烷烃气中甲烷有部分为无机成因, 重烃气则为有机成因.该地区高地温梯度导致有机成因重烃气碳同位素组成发生倒转, 而CH₄与C₂H₆碳同位素组成倒转主要与重碳同位素的无机甲烷混入有关.      

阿姆河盆地侏罗系海相烃源岩地化特征及与中国海相烃源岩比较

阿姆河盆地上侏罗统海相烃源岩是一套公认的成熟烃源岩,其成熟度与中国古生界高-过成熟度海相烃源岩不同,通过对阿姆河右岸地区上侏罗统岩石样品的地球化学分析及与中国塔里木和华北、四川、吐哈、渤海湾等盆地类似烃源岩的比对,研究了阿姆河盆地成熟海相烃源岩地化特征,建立了有机质丰度与类型的评价标准与图版。结果表明:阿姆河盆地侏罗系存在灰岩和泥岩两类海相烃源岩,灰岩有机质丰度略高于塔里木盆地古生界和华北地台中上元古界灰岩,与四川盆地二叠系灰岩接近,泥岩有机质丰度与吐哈盆地侏罗系煤系泥岩相当,成倍好于塔里木盆地、华北地台海相泥岩;海相泥岩属于Ⅰ₂~Ⅱ型烃源岩,海相灰岩属于Ⅲ~Ⅱ型烃源岩,综合分析认为:1）阿姆河盆地上侏罗统灰岩好烃源岩有机碳含量标准为0.5%,泥岩好烃源岩有机碳含量标准为3%;2）以低等生物为主的海相碳酸盐岩或泥岩,其可溶有机质氯仿沥青“A”族组分、Pr/Ph与Ph/nC₁₈关系、甾烷ααα（C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉）-20R含量、多环芳香“三芴”系列等参数既揭示了烃源岩的生源环境,也是鉴别母质类型的良好参数。阿姆河盆地上侏罗统海相泥岩和灰岩烃源岩评价标准与图版的建立,对国外海相盆地油气资源评价具有重要意义。     

川西南震旦系储集层有机包裹体在油气运移研究中的应用

有机包裹体在油气成因、运移和演化研究中具有重要的意义.川西南震旦系灯影组储层中次生成因孔洞缝发育, 经历了多期白云石和硅质充填.对不同期次充填矿物中的有机包裹体特征及荧光进行了观察, 测定了各期盐水包裹体均一温度, 其主峰分布在120~150℃、160~190℃和200~210℃; 并采用真空破碎法对各期有机包裹体的化学成分及碳同位素组成进行了分析, 其化学成分以CH₄和CO₂为主, 各期中的w(CH₄)含量分别为10.09%~22.08%、27.06%~40.40%和55.33%~74.01%, 相应的w(CO₂)/w(CH₄)值为3.37~5.87, 1.20~2.20和0.26~0.63.CH4和CO2的碳同位素组成分别为(-50.7~-28.4)×10-3和(-18.3~-3.6)×10-3.据此追述了研究区油气的成因性质、油气的演化和运移.结果表明, 研究区震旦系灯影组储层的天然气为油型气; CO₂主要为有机成因, 有少量为无机成因; 研究区存在有3期以上的油气运移, 且各期油气演化程度不同.      

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格庙与靖边天然气单体碳同位素特征及其成因

苏里格庙上古生界砂岩气藏天然气重烃含量高,干燥系数低,为湿气;靖边奥陶系风化壳气藏天然气重烃含量低,干燥系数高,属干气。苏里格庙天然气的正构烷烃碳同位素具有δ13 C₁<δ13 C₃ <δ13 C₂ <δ13 C4的规律,靖边天然气具有δ13 C₁<δ13 C₂ <δ13 C₃ 的规律。二者高碳数烷烃的同位素差别较大,尤其是苏里格庙的乙烷碳同位素比靖边平均重 3.6‰。根据天然气单体碳同位素及其含量变化,苏里格庙天然气属煤成气,靖边天然气属煤成气与油型气的混合气。苏里格庙和靖边天然气中均含少量CO₂ 气,其碳同位素表明苏里格庙除苏 5井为无机CO₂ 气外,均为有机CO₂ 气;靖边林 1、林 5井为无机CO₂ 气,陕参 1井为有机CO₂ 气。结合烷烃气和CO₂ 气,苏里格庙天然气可以分为含有机CO₂ 煤成气和含无机CO₂ 煤成气。碳同位素比值与Ro 关系分析认为,苏里格庙的天然气成熟度处于成熟到高成熟阶段,其相应气源岩的平均Ro 为 1.2 9%～ 1.39%,这一结果与该区二叠系煤岩的成熟度符合较好。     

胜利油田天然气氩同位素特征

对胜利油田21个天然气样进行氩同位素组成分析,结合甲烷碳同位素组成特征和地质背景,阐明了天然气中40Ar/36Ar比值分布规律及其与源岩?储层的关系,进而讨论了天然气中空气氩和放射成因氩的分布规律,指出胜利油田存在着生物-热催化过渡带气?油田伴生气?煤型气和富CO₂气?它们具有各自的氩?碳同位素组成和演化特征?第三系和中生界自生自储天然气的40Ar/36Ar比值分别为335和564?通过数学分析,首次确定古生界和前震旦系新生古储天然气的储层时代效应系数分别为1.25和1.47?并认为前震旦系储层中天然气来自第三系,而储于古生界的天然气是约70%的第三系油型气和约30%的中生界煤型气混合的结果?与岩浆作用有关的无机CO₂和第三系有机成因烃类气混合形成平方王富CO₂气藏?     

渤海莱州湾凹陷不同类型烃源岩活化能影响因素分析

选取不同干酪根类型的低熟烃源岩作为剖析对象,从干酪根类型、干酪根中有机硫含量、可溶有机质和黏土矿物对烃源岩活化能的影响进行研究,结果表明:Ⅱ₁和Ⅰ干酪根活化能分布范围窄,Ⅱ₂和Ⅲ干酪根活化能分布范围宽,干酪根平均活化能Ⅲ>Ⅱ₂>Ⅰ>Ⅱ₁;有机硫含量高的干酪根平均活化能低,有机硫对烃源岩生烃起催化作用;可溶有机质的存在影响烃源岩平均活化能的大小和分布特征,可溶有机质分布在活化能低值区间,对烃源岩生烃起催化作用;烃源岩黏土矿物中伊/蒙混层含量高,平均活化能高;伊利石含量高,平均活化能低,伊利石对烃源岩生烃起催化作用。      

赤城县梁家沟铅锌银多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

文章运用激光拉曼光谱和显微测温等方法,对赤城县梁家沟铅锌银多金属矿床矿石中的石英流体包裹体进行均一温度、盐度的测试分析。结果表明,矿物中的流体包裹体以气液2相为主,气相成分主要是CO2,液相成分主要是H2O和烃类液体;包裹体的均一温度为80.0~160.0℃,盐度w(NaCl)=2%~12%,说明矿床形成条件为低温低盐度,且富含烃类物质。结合矿床地质特征、矿床的构造位置、产出地层和该矿床中矿(岩)石的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的数据研究结果,初步厘定梁家沟铅锌银矿床属于密西西比河谷型(MVT)矿床。     

Melt and fluid inclusion evidence for a genetic relationship between magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field and inorganic CO2 gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin,China

We have studied melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from alkali basalts, mantle xenoliths, and dawsonite-bearing sandstones from the Shuangliao volcanic field in southern Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The inclusions have been investigated using petrographic, geochemical, and laser Raman spectroscopic techniques. Volcanic rocks of the Shuangliao field are predominantly alkali olivine basalts that contain rare mantle xenoliths. Silicate melt and fluid inclusions are common in both olivine phenocrysts and the mantle xenoliths. The fluid inclusions are mainly composed of CO₂ with small amounts of CO, CH₄, N₂, and H₂O, which is consistent with an upper mantle origin. CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are mostly derived from a mantle–magmatic source. Coeval fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures, coupled with the thermal burial history, show that the CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are Cenozoic (40–63 Ma) and coeval with the magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field. Despite the relatively small scale of this volcanic activity, it released large amounts of CO₂. Much of the magma was not erupted, and CO₂- and H₂O-rich magma was probably intruded into the basin along deep faults, acting as a major source of inorganic CO₂ gas in the southern Songliao Basin.     

Mineral dating of mantle−derived CO2 charging and its application in the southern Songliao Basin,China

The timing of mantle−derived CO₂ charging in sedimentary basins is the basis for studying CO₂-sandstone interactions and CO₂-oil interactions. In general, the time of the volcanic eruption near the CO₂ gas reservoir is considered to be the time of mantle-derived CO₂ charging. However, this approach is not suitable for hydrocarbon-bearing basins that have experienced multiple volcanic events. In this paper, using dawsonite-bearing sandstones contained in an oil-bearing CO₂ gas and oil reservoir in the southern Songliao Basin as the object of the study on the basis of paragenetic sequence and fluid inclusions, we establish a mineral dating method for determining the time of mantle-derived CO₂ charging. In this method, the mineral used for dating is dawsonite, which is formed under a high CO₂ partial pressure and records the migration and aggregation of mantle-derived CO₂ in geologic history. By interpreting the dawsonite-bearing sandstone in the southern Songliao Basin, we find two hydrocarbon charges and one CO₂ charge and that the mantle-derived CO₂ charging occurred slightly later than or quasi-simultaneously with the second hydrocarbon filling. Combining the currently known time of hydrocarbon reservoir formation and the time of tectonic fracture development, we deduce that the mantle-derived CO₂ formed the dawsonite in the southern Songliao Basin at the end of the Cretaceous (end of the Mingshui period) and the beginning of the Paleogene.     

Geochemical comparison between gas in fluid inclusions and gas produced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation,Sichuan Basin,SW China

Natural gas in the Xujiahe Formation of the Sichuan Basin is dominated by hydrocarbon (HC) gas, with 78–79% methane and 2–19% C₂₊ HC. Its dryness coefficient (C₁/C_1–5) is mostly < 0.95. The gas in fluid inclusions, which has low contents of CH₄ and heavy hydrocarbons (C₂₊) and higher contents of non-hydrocarbons (e.g. CO₂), is a typical wet gas produced by thermal degradation of kerogen. Gas produced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (here denoted field gas) has light carbon isotope values for methane (δ¹³C₁: −45‰ to −36‰) and heavier values for ethane (δ¹³C₂: −30‰ to −25‰). The case is similar for gas in fluid inclusions, but δ¹³C₁ = −36‰ to −45‰ and δ¹³C₂ = −24.8‰ to −28.1‰, suggesting that the gas experienced weak isotopic fractionation due to migration and water washing. The field gas has δ¹³C_CO2 values of −15.6‰ to −5.6‰, while the gas in fluid inclusions has δ¹³C_CO2 values of −16.6‰ to −9‰, indicating its organic origin. Geochemical comparison shows that CO₂ captured in fluid inclusions mainly originated from source rock organic matter, with little contribution from abiogenic CO₂. Fluid inclusions originate in a relatively closed system without fluid exchange with the outside following the gas capture process, so that there is no isotopic fractionation. They thus present the original state of gas generated from the source rocks. These research results can provide a theoretical basis for gas generation, evolution, migration and accumulation in the basin.     

Organic Geochemical and Petrographic Characteristics of the Coal Measure Source Rocks of Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Coal Measure Gas Potential

Coal measure source rocks, located in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, were analyzed to define the hydrocarbon generation potential, organic geochemistry/petrology characteristics, and coal preservation conditions. The Pinghu source rocks in the Xihu Sag are mainly gas-prone accompany with condensate oil generation. The coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation are classified from "fair" to "excellent" source rocks with total organic carbon(TOC) contents ranging from 25.2% to 77.2% and 1.29% to 20.9%, respectively. The coals are richer in TOC and S1+S2 than the shales, indicating that the coals have more generation potential per unit mass. Moreover, the kerogen type of the organic matter consists of types Ⅱ-Ⅲ and Ⅲ, which the maturity Ro ranges from 0.59% to 0.83%. Petrographically, the coals and shales are dominated by vitrinite macerals(69.1%–96.8%) with minor proportions of liptinite(2.5%–17.55%) and inertinite(0.2%–6.2%). The correlation between maceral composition and S1+S2 indicates that the main contributor to the generation potential is vitrinite. Therefore, the coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation has good hydrocarbon generation potential, which provided a good foundation for coal measure gas accumulation. Furthermore, coal facies models indicates that the Pinghu coal was deposited in limno-telmatic environment under high water levels, with low tree density(mainly herbaceous) and with low-moderate nutrient supply. Fluctuating water levels and intermittent flooding during the deposition of peat resulted in the inter-layering of coal, shale and sandstone, which potentially providing favorable preservation conditions for coal measure gas.     

二氧化碳地质研究的意义及全球高含二氧化碳天然气的分布特点

二氧化碳地质研究具有重要的资源意义和地学意义。其资源意义表现在高纯CO₂天然气可视为珍贵的矿产资源,在工农业中有广阔的用途。CO₂地质研究的其它地学意义在于它是全球碳循环过程中的重要中枢,也是人类认识自然的极好指标。全球高含CO₂天然气的分布具有明显的区域性特点,主要分布在北美洛基山东麓、中国东部、南中国海、南澳大利亚和新西兰,等环太平洋国家和地区,还有欧洲喀尔巴阡地区和高加索地区。这些地区正好是中—新生代火山—岩浆活动激烈、构造十分发育、地热流值异常高的含烃或高含碳酸盐物质的沉积盆地。     

Dawsonite fixation of mantle CO2 in the cretaceous Songliao Basin,Northeast China: a natural analogue for CO2 mineral trapping in oilfields

Abundant crude oil and CO₂ gas coexist in the fourth member of the Upper Cretaceous Quantou reservoir in the Huazijing Step of the southern Songliao Basin, China. Here, we present results of a petrographic characterization of this reservoir based on polarizing microscope, X-ray diffraction, fluid inclusion, and carbon–oxygen isotopic data. These data were used to identify whether CO₂ might be trapped in minerals after the termination of a CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project, and to determine what effects might the presence of CO₂ have on the properties of crude oil in the reservoir. The crude oil reservoir in the study area, which coexists with mantle-derived CO₂, is hosted by dawsonite-bearing lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites. These sediments are characterized by a paragenetic sequence of clay, quartz overgrowth, first-generation calcite, dawsonite, second-generation calcite, and ankerite. The dawsonite analysed during this study exhibits δ¹³ C (Peedee Belemnite, PDB) values of ?4.97‰ to 0.67‰, which is indicative for the formation of magmatic–mantle CO₂. The paragenesis and compositions of fluid inclusions in the dawsonite-bearing sandstones record a sequence of two separate filling events, the first involving crude oil and the second involving magmatic–mantle CO₂. The presence of prolate primary hydrocarbon inclusions within the dawsonite indicates that these minerals precipitated from oil-bearing pore fluids at temperatures of 94–97°C, in turn suggesting that CO₂ could be stored as carbonate minerals after the termination of a CO₂-EOR project. In addition, the crude oil in the basin would become less dense after deposition of bitumen by deasphalting the injection of CO₂ gas into the oil pool.     

A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate

The largest accumulations on Earth of natural gas are in the form of gas hydrate, found mainly offshore in outer continental margin sediment and, to a lesser extent, in polar regions commonly associated with permafrost. Measurements of hydrocarbon gas compositions and of carbon-isotopic compositions of methane from natural gas hydrate samples, collected in subaquatic settings from around the world, suggest that methane guest molecules in the water clathrate structures are mainly derived by the microbial reduction of CO₂ from sedimentary organic matter. Typically, these hydrocarbon gases are composed of > 99% methane, with carbon-isotopic compositions (δ¹³C_PDB) ranging from − 57 to − 73‰. In only two regions, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caspian Sea, has mainly thermogenic methane been found in gas hydrate. There, hydrocarbon gases have methane contents ranging from 21 to 97%, with δ¹³C values ranging from − 29 to − 57‰. At a few locations, where the gas hydrate contains a mixture of microbial and thermal methane, microbial methane is always dominant. Continental gas hydrate, identified in Alaska and Russia, also has hydrocarbon gases composed of > 99% methane, with carbon-isotopic compositions ranging from − 41 to − 49‰. These gas hydrate deposits also contain a mixture of microbial and thermal methane, with thermal methane likely to be dominant. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd     

Organic inclusions as an indicator of oil/gas potential assessment of carbonate reservoir beds

Organic inclusions could be formed at the stages of either primary or secondary migration of hydrocarbons so long as mineral crystallization or recrystallization takes place in the sediments, presenting a direct indicator of oil/gas evolution, migration and abundance. Based on the study of organic inclusions in carbonate-type reservoir beds of commercial importance from North China, Xingjing, North Jiangsu, Jianghan, Sichuan and Guizhou in China, many inclusion parameters for oil/gas potential assessment of carbonate reservoir beds are summarized in this paper, including: 1) Types of organic inclusion: Commercially important oil beds are characterized by inclusions consisting of either pure liquid hydrocarbons or liquid plus minor gaseous hydrocarbons, while commercially important gas reservoirs are characterized by inclusions consisting of either pure gaseous hydrocarbons or gas plus minor liquid hydrocarbons. 2) Quantity of organic inclusions: The number of organic inclusions in commercially important oil/gas reservoirs is over 60% of the total inclusion percentage. 3) Temperature of saline inclusions: The homogenization temperatures of contemporaneous saline inclusions in oil reservoirs range from 91–161 °C, while in gas reservoirs from 150–250 °C). 4) Inclusion composition: In commercially important oil reservoirs, C₁/C₂=2−10, C₁/C₃=2−4, C₁/C₄=2−21, (C₂−C₄)/(C₁−C₄)(%)>20, (CH₄+CO+H₂)/CO₂ (molecules/g)=0.5−1.0, and in C₂−C₃−nC₄ triangle diagram there should be an upside-down triangle with the apex within the ellipse, while in commercial gas reservoirs, C₁/C₂=10−35, C₁/C₃=14−82, C₁/C₄=21−200, (C₂−C₄)/(C₁−C₄)(%)<20, (CH₄+CO+H₂)/CO₂>1, and there would be an upright triangle with the apex within the ellipse. The above-mentioned parameters have been used to evaluate a number of other unknown wells or regions and the results are very satisfactory. It is valid to use organic inclusions as an indicator to assess the oil/gas potential during oil/gas exploration and prospecting. This approach is effective, economic, rapid, and easy to popularize.     

南海盆地中生代海相沉积地层分布特征及勘探潜力分析

南海盆地中生代海相地层是古南海沉积产物,主要分布于南海北部陆架珠江口盆地东部,南海南部西北巴拉望、礼乐滩和南薇西-北康盆地及其附近,地层厚度在2 500~5 000 m,分布面积合计在125 000 km²以上。南北两地中生界被古老基底和新生代洋壳隔开,加里曼丹岛北侧-北巴拉望一线为古南海消亡的缝合带。南海盆地中生代生物源以浮游生物为主,干酪根为III型,以生气为主。油气生成、运移与圈闭形成的匹配关系良好,可形成自生自储型油气藏、新生古储型油气藏和古生新储型油气藏。由此可见,南海盆地中生代海相沉积岩具有较好的勘探潜力。