南京江北地区菜地土壤重金属污染特征及评价

在南京市浦口和大厂的五大主要功能区（工业区、交通干线、居民区、蔬菜生产基地和风景区）分别布置采样点,共采集了75个菜地耕层土壤样品,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等典型污染重金属元素的全量数据为基础,运用经典统计分析、综合污染指数和地统计分析相结合的方法对土壤重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,Cd、Cu和Zn分别超出其南京地区土壤背景值的5．42、1．84和1．14倍,Pb未超出。不同功能区菜地土壤的重金属全量水平存在明显差异,其中工业区菜地土壤的重金属污染较为严重。对于Cd和Cu,单因子污染指数大于1的样点数达100％,Zn为52％,Pb为2．67％。研究区内菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数为4．12,属于中度污染。Cu的空间相关性很弱,Cd、Pb和Zn具有中等的空间结构性;四种重金属的空间相关尺度较为接近。Cd、Cu和Zn的单因子污染指数具有相似的空间分布,总体呈现出南高北低的带状递减趋势,且高峰值具有空间分布的趋同性,而Pb的单因子污染指数分布呈现西北和东南两端高,中间较低的趋势。综合污染指数的空间分布显示,研究区大部分菜地土壤处于中度重金属污染水平,钢铁生产厂周边的斑块状区域重金属污染更加严重。     

连霍高速郑商段路旁土壤重金属积累初探

以连霍高速郑州-商丘段路旁土壤为研究对象,在野外调查采样和实验室分析的基础上,探讨了公路交通对周围土壤中Ni、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Cd 6种重金属含量与分布的影响,计算了表层土壤的重金属元素积累速率与积累通量.结果表明:Cu、Pb和Cd是典型的交通源重金属,其含量在公路两侧随着距离的增加,呈先增加后减少的趋势,含量峰值出现在离路基25-50 m之间.公路运营时间越长,交通源重金属含量就越高.两断面绝大部分样点Pb、Cu和Cd的积累速率和通量均为正值,且Cu＞Pb＞Cd,小王庄断面大于湾刘断面,Cu和Pb的通量远远超过国际上正常土壤标准.     

陇海铁路圃田段路旁土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

以陇海铁路圃田段为例,采用Hakanson指数法,对铁路旁土壤重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni)的潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,铁路旁土壤中重金属元素出现不同程度富集,以Zn和Pb的积累最为明显,最大含量都分布在距路基30 m范围内.Cd的潜在生态风险最大,在距路基100 m范围内,单项风险系数均在80以上,呈重度风险,最大风险值出现在路基处,高达138,之后逐渐降低;其余重金属呈低风险状态.距路基20 m范围内,潜在生态风险指数均在150以上,达到中等生态风险程度,之后逐渐降低.镉(Cd)的潜在风险占总风险的68.20%～73.37%,其他重金属的贡献很小.     

太湖底泥中重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

以太湖底泥为研究对象，分析太湖底泥中重金属的含量分布及富集状况，采用Lars HǎKanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的生态危害进行了评价。结果表明：各种重金属的含量分布呈现一定的区域特征，太湖湖岸区平均含量明显高于湖心区，从富集系数来看，Pb的富集程度最高，其次是Zn、Cu、As、Cr、Hg、Cd。太湖底泥重金属的潜在生态危害评价显示，除无锡片区犊山口Hg的污染属于中等生态危害外，其他各点重金属的生态危害都相对轻微，污染程度顺序为Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr．     

陇海铁路圃田段路旁土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

以陇海铁路圃田段为例,采用Hakanson指数法,对铁路旁土壤重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和N i）的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,铁路旁土壤中重金属元素出现不同程度富集,以Zn和Pb的积累最为明显,最大含量都分布在距路基30 m范围内。Cd的潜在生态风险最大,在距路基100 m范围内,单项风险系数均在80以上,呈重度风险,最大风险值出现在路基处,高达138,之后逐渐降低;其余重金属呈低风险状态。距路基20 m范围内,潜在生态风险指数均在150以上,达到中等生态风险程度,之后逐渐降低。镉（Cd）的潜在风险占总风险的68.20%-73.37%,其他重金属的贡献很小。     

太子河本溪城区段水体中重金属分布特征及形态分析

为了解太子河本溪城区段河流水体中重金属分布特性及形态特征,对城区段河流干支流中的重金属Zn,Pb,Cd,Cu,M n,Cr,Se的含量和分布状况进行了分析,并使用PHREEQC软件对重金属存在形态进行了模拟计算。结果表明:采样区河段7种重金属中污染较重的为Mn和Cr,平均值均超过国家地表水环境质量Ⅳ类标准(GB 3838-2002)。多元统计分析表明,7种重金属可以归为两个主成分,其中第一主成分PC-I(Mn,Cd,Se)主要受人为污染因素的影响;第二主成分PC-Ⅱ(Zn)主要受自然地质背景影响。重金属污染指数范围在28. 49—473. 76之间,表明采样区段部分水体的重金属污染程度已超过可接受水平。形态分析表明,在水体中7种重金属大多以胶体(Cu(OH)_2)或沉淀(ZnCO_3、PbCO_3、MnCO_3等)的形态存在,溶解态含量较低。本研究结果可为太子河本溪城区段水污染防治与河流水体修复提供参考。     

大伙房水库表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

大伙房水库是辽河流域典型水库饮用水源地。由于汇水区周边工矿废水的排放,重金属污染问题一直比较突出。为研究水库受重金属污染影响的情况,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对大伙房水库表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量及分布进行分析,并对其污染程度及潜在生态风险危害进行评价,评价结果用地累积指数法进行验证。结果表明：大伙房水库表层沉积物中潜在生态危害最大的重金属元素为Cd,5种重金属元素潜在生态风险危害程度由大到小的顺序为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn。     

油松和侧柏常绿树种对典型污染物的吸滞与富集作用

以城市森林生态系统常绿树种为对象,测定了油松（Pinus tabuliformis）和侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）叶片对大气污染物（SO₂、Cl₂）和土壤重金属污染物（Cu、Zn、As、Hg和Pb、Cd和Cr）的吸滞作用与富集作用。结果表明：油松和侧柏具有较强吸滞污染物的作用,对污染物的吸滞能力受环境污染程度、不同生长季节的污染元素种类等因素的影响。其中,油松在秋季对S、Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg具有较高的吸附能力,针叶中S、Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg含量平均值分别为2158.75、6.31、31.46、4.05 mg·kg-1和0.08 mg·kg-1;侧柏在秋季对Cu、Zn、Hg和Cd具有较高的吸附能力,叶片中Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd含量平均值分别为4.47、22.47、0.09 mg·kg-1和0.20 mg·kg-1;在不同立地条件下,油松和侧柏对污染物的吸滞与富集量有所差异,其中在土壤污染较重的石景山松林园样地,油松对大气污染物SO₂有较强的吸附能力,侧柏则表现出对Cl₂有较强的吸附能力。对重金属污染物而言,油松和侧柏对Cu、Pb、Cr和As有较高的富集作用。     

沈大高速公路旁粮食和水果中重金属污染特征研究

以沈大高速公路为研究对象,采集高速公路旁种植的粮食和水果样品进行了重金属铅和镉的测定。结果表明:沈大高速公路旁粮食和水果已受到不同程度的铅镉污染,不同作物呈现不同的重金属污染特征。通过对不同处理方式处理后的水果中重金属的分析表明,土壤吸收和大气尘降是农作物中重金属的主要来源。公路交通的铅镉污染仍然是影响路旁农产品质量安全的重要因子之一。     

沈阳市主要公园土壤多环芳烃污染特征研究

在沈阳市选取7个主要公园,于2017年3月采集土壤样品,采用高效液相色谱法对15种美国环保署优控多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的浓度进行分析。结果表明:2017年沈阳市各公园PAHs的污染特征不同,主要污染成分差别明显,其中万泉公园土壤污染水平最高,土样中PAHs浓度远高于其他采样点。由纵向分析发现,沈阳市各公园PAHs浓度随着土壤深度增加呈下降的趋势。由沈阳市各公园土壤样品中PAHs不同环数所占百分比可知,中、高环数污染物组分含量普遍较高而低环数污染物组分含量均较少,表征各公园土壤污染源主要为燃料燃烧。通过比值法进一步分析可知,沈阳市各公园土壤中PAHs来源主要为燃料的高温燃烧,燃烧源主要为煤、石油类、生物质燃烧的混合源。     

Lichen as quantitative biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metals deposition in Central India

Three different growth forms of lichens belonging to six species; Phaeophyscia hispidula, Parmotrema praesorediosum (foliose); Caloplaca subsoluta, Diploschistes candidissmus (crustose) and Peltula euploca, Phylliscum indicum (squamulose) were studied comparatively for the biomonitoring of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn in Mandav city in central India. Based on the anthropogenic activities three sites were selected for lichen collection. To identify the sources of heavy metal pollution, their concentration was analyzed in thallus as well as in their respective substrates. The thallus of studied lichens showed higher concentration of metals such as Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn, while most of the metals were absent or present in negligible amount in substrates (Fe, Al, Cu), which proves that the accumulated metals were air borne. The foliose lichens (P. hispidula and P. praesorediosum) found highly significant in metal accumulation at each sites followed by crustose and squamulose forms. Lichen samples collected from site 2, adjacent to road side accumulated maximum quantities of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr whereas the city centre (Site 1) had maximum concentrations of Fe, Cu and Al. The site 3 situated away from the city had lowest amount of all the metals. The analysis of variance and LSD indicated that the metal concentrations among lichen species as well as between substratum is significant at p < 0.05% and P < 0.01% level respectively.     

Heavy metals in aerosol samples from the Eastern Pamirs collected 2004–2006

This study measured the concentration of heavy metal elements in atmospheric aerosol samples collected between July 2004 and April 2006 at a remote site on Mt. Muztagata (38°17'N, 75°01'E, 4430 m), in the Eastern Pamirs. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS) results show that the air at Muztagata contains low concentrations of As and heavy metal elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Bi), comparable with those in the Arctic — far lower than in heavily populated or industrialized areas. Observed enrichment factor (EF) values greater than 10 for those elements suggest partly anthropogenic sources. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, and As resemble those of crustal Al, with greater concentrations during the summer but lower ones in winter. Our results reveal that the background atmosphere in remote inner Asia is only weakly affected by anthropogenic pollution, and demonstrate that high heavy metal concentrations occur during summer but with greater EF values during the winter. The air mass back-trajectory analyses suggest that pollution from West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia are the main possible source areas that contribute to the heavy metals in aerosols at Muztagata.     

Biomonitoring of heavy metals by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudevernia furfuracea</Emphasis> (L.) Zopf in Ankara (Turkey)

The objective of this study was to determine the air pollution level of Ankara and to generate the air pollution map of this city by using Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf as a biomonitor. Lichen samples were collected from unpolluted area at Yaprakli Mountains, Cankiri in November 2002 and transplanted to 27 localities in Ankara. Lichen samples were retrieved following an exposure of 3 and 6 months. Heavy metal, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, contents were determined by using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). The chlorophyll a and b contents were determined by using DMSO method. The increase in Ni, Pb, Zn and chlorophyll a content of the specimens were statistically important. All the increases and decreases in the variables could be explained by the environmental stress like pollution, but it is hard to say that this is the only reason of these changes, also climatic conditions, seasons, strength of the light and the physiological status of the plant itself effective on these changes. According to the results of heavy metal analysis Pseudevernia furfuracea continued to accumulate heavy metals and worked well as a biomonitor. The air pollution level of Ankara shows great variations because of the great area of the city.     

沈大高速公路两侧土壤重金属污染分布特征研究

对沈大高速公路沈阳、辽阳、鞍山、营口和大连段两侧土壤中铅、镉、锌、铬、镍和铜的含量进行测定。结果表明:在距路肩250 m范围内,各段土壤中铅、镉均有不同程度的累积,锌、铬、镍、铜污染不显著。土壤中铅、镉最大污染指数为3.34和2.42,污染较高值出现在距路肩50 m内,尤以20—40 m为高,除铅外其余重金属含量在距路肩150 m以外趋于背景值,但土壤中铅污染为250 m以外。     

Could Ornamental Plants Serve as Passive Biomonitors in Urban Areas?

A search for cheap and efficient method to monitor atmospheric particulates in city centres has raised new interest to measure foliar element concentrations after the role of particulate pollution for respiratory illnesses was discovered. Leaf samples of Golden dewdrop (Duranta repens L.) collected in Palermo (South of Italy) between 1998 and 2000 were analysed to study the possible use of this shrub as a passive biomonitor for atmospheric pollution in urban areas. Concentrations of Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn were determined from leaf samples collected from six sampling sites representing either (a) areas of high traffic density or (b) areas not directly affected by the city traffic (e.g. gardens). Most of the elements showed a significant temporal variation but no consistent trends could be seen, i.e. the highest (or lowest) values were not detected consistently at some particular time of the year. Furthermore temporal changes were of same magnitude in polluted versus less polluted areas; no statistically significant interaction between pollution level and collection period was detected. Pollution level (traffic density) was the primary factor to explain spatial variation only in the case of foliar Mg concentrations. On the other hand, variation in foliar concentrations between sampling sites (irrespective of the pollution level) was large. Our results suggest that particulate deposition needs to be quite high before spatial segregation can be done on the basis of foliar element concentrations.     

Trace Metals in Mosses in the Estonian Oil Shale Processing Region

Electric energy production and most heavy industry in Estonia are concentrated in the north-eastern part of the country. Thermoelectric power plants (total maximal capacity over 3 GW), cement and chemical industries are fueled by Kukersite oil shale, mined nearby. The mineral part of oil shale is rich in trace metals that can accumulate in the local ecosystem. Samples of epigeic mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens were taken in 1992, 1997 and 2002 from sites 1 km to 30 km from the main air pollution sources and analysed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. For background data collection, analogous measurements within the national monitoring programme were used. Raster maps of concentrations were generated from the measurements, using the Kriging algorithm. These maps were compared with the model-estimated (AEROPOL model) maps of fly ash and cement dust deposit from the past. The concentration of trace metals in mosses is highly (Cr, Fe, Ni, V) or moderately (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) affected by the airborne emissions of the oil shale industry. During the past decade the uptake of the first group of elements in the industrial zone has decreased 3–4 times in proportion to emissions.