饲料中大豆异黄酮和大豆皂甙对牙鲆肝脏和肠道蛋白质消化酶活性和基因表达的影响

以鱼粉为蛋白源,小麦粉为糖源,鱼油为脂肪源配制基础饲料,分别添加不同浓度梯度(0.1%、0.4%和0.8%)的大豆异黄酮和大豆皂甙。以不添加大豆异黄酮和大豆皂甙的基础饲料作为对照组,共制成7种等氮(粗蛋白49.1%)、等能(总能20.1kJ/g)的实验饲料。在循环水系统中养殖初始体质量为(2.58±0.01)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼,8周后观测牙鲆肝脏和肠道蛋白质消化酶活性和基因表达的影响。结果表明,牙鲆肠道胰蛋白酶的活性不受饲料中大豆异黄酮的显著影响(P>0.05),却随大豆皂甙添加量的升高而显著下降(P<0.05)。肠道糜蛋白酶的活性在饲料中大豆异黄酮添加量为0.1%时取得最大值(37.3±5.9)U/mg,显著高于其它处理组。饲料中添加不同水平的大豆异黄酮对肝脏中胰蛋白酶-1和糜蛋白酶-1基因表达量有显著(P<0.05)的影响,而添加大豆皂甙却对这些基因表达量的影响不显著。由此可见,大豆异黄酮直接作用于基因表达和酶活两个水平,而大豆皂甙只在酶活水平发挥显著的作用。同时,大豆异黄酮对牙鲆饲料利用率影响的双重性依赖于剂量的大小,其中的作用机制有待于进一步研究。     

外源化学物质对鱼类生长和GH/IGF-I轴的影响

生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子-I轴(Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis,GH/IGF-I轴)是调控鱼类生长的主要内分泌轴线,许多外源化学物质能够影响鱼类的生长,并且能够干扰GH/IGF-I轴。本文介绍了鱼类GH/IGF-I轴的组成、功能及其对鱼类生长的调控模式,并从GH/IGF-I轴角度探究外源化学物质影响鱼类生长的内分泌作用机制,展望了该领域的发展方向。     

硝酸盐对鱼类毒性研究进展

硝酸盐作为硝化反应的最终产物,在利用自养硝化过程控制氨氮的封闭式循环水养殖系统中常有积累,其潜在的毒性在国内尚未引起广泛关注。已有研究表明高浓度硝酸盐会对鱼类的繁殖发育、肝肾组织及行为带来负面影响,进一步影响鱼类的生长、威胁鱼类的生存。本文阐述了硝酸盐对鱼类的毒性作用机理和影响硝酸盐毒性的因素,总结了硝酸盐对不同海水鱼类和淡水鱼类的急性、亚急性和慢性毒性实验结果,分析了硝酸盐胁迫对鱼类生长、存活和生理等方面的影响,以期为工厂化循环水养殖生产中安全的硝酸盐浓度的确定提供参考。     

水生动物对植物蛋白源利用的研究进展

综述了水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用.饲料中植物蛋白水平将显著影响鱼类的生长和生理生化状态.水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用与适口性、消化率和必需氨基酸平衡相关.同进实验动物的种类、食性和发育阶段均会对植物蛋白利用产生一定影响.水生动物饲料中植物蛋白源的适宜添加量主要受实验动物种类和饲料中蛋白质水平的影响.因此,通过添加限制性必需氨基酸和减少搞营养因子可以提高水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用.     

海,淡水鱼类能量收支的比较综述

研究鱼类能量收支各组分之间的定量关系,以及各种生态因子对这些关系的作用是鱼类生物能量学的主要内容,1967年Warren和Davis提出了鱼类生物能量学的基本方程：C＝F＋U＋SDA4RS＋RS＋G式中的C,F,U,SDARs,Ra,G分别指援食、排粪、排泄、特殊动力作用、标准代谢、活动代谢和生长。此后,鱼类生物能量学研究迅速开展起来,国外学者以各种鱼类为研究对象,提出了它们的能量收支方程,但国内的研究多限于淡水鱼类,海水鱼类仅有李军‘1）对真鲷进行过研究。本文对海、淡水鱼类生物能量学研究进行了总结,并分析了盐度对鱼类代谢率…     

激素对鱼类的作用

与其他脊椎动物一样,鱼体的内分泌腺也能分泌多种激素。按其化学性质可分为三类:含氮激素、甾体激素和脂肪酸激素。在正常条件下,各种激素的作用是相互平衡的,但若体内分泌腺出现异常,平衡就受到破坏,正常的代谢和生理功能受到扰乱,影响鱼类的正常发育。激素对鱼类的作用主要表现在三个方面。首先,激素对鱼类的生长有促进作用。研究表明,有选择地给鱼类口服激素不仅能使鱼类体重大幅度增长,而且可增加鱼类细胞中的蛋白质含量。     

海洋鱼类早期摄食行为生态学研究进展

鱼类的早期阶段是指仔、稚、幼鱼期。鱼类早期生长的细微差别对其存活以及整个生活史阶段的生长,有着不可估量的影响。20世纪60年代以来,围绕着决定鱼类早期存活的生态学因子所展开的鱼类早期生活史研究,在国际上受到了普遍重视[1];近二三十年以来,随着鱼类人工繁育技术的进展,     

鱼类母源性免疫和免疫增强剂的跨代免疫作用

鱼类养殖在水产养殖中处于支柱产业地位,然而胚胎(Embryo)和仔稚鱼(Larva)高死亡率一直制约着鱼类养殖业健康可持续发展。越来越多证据表明,病害是导致鱼类胚胎和仔稚鱼死亡的重要原因之一。鱼类胚胎主要依赖于从亲代传递给子代的免疫因子(母源性免疫因子)发挥保护作用。新近,研究发现亲鱼饲喂β-葡聚糖可提高母源性免疫相关分子如溶菌酶和补体因子等在卵子中的含量,从而增强胚胎抵抗疾病的能力,且饲喂β-葡聚糖并不影响亲鱼产卵率和胚胎孵化率。这为提高鱼类胚胎免疫力提供了一条可行途径。     

鱼类苏氨酸营养生理研究进展

综述了鱼类苏氨酸营养生理的研究进展,涉及苏氨酸的营养生理功能,鱼类对苏氨酸的需要量,评价鱼类苏氨酸需要量所采用的指标,饲料中苏氨酸缺乏和过量对鱼类生长的影响,以及苏氨酸与其它营养素之间的相互关系.     

植物雌激素对鱼类影响的研究进展

植物雌激素是一类植物来源的具有雌激素活性的非甾族杂环多酚类化合物,也是一类潜在的环境内分泌干扰物,可以影响鱼类的生理、生殖等正常活动.本文介绍了植物雌激素的分布与来源,综述了各种植物雌激素对鱼类生长、行为和生殖的影响,并从植物雌激素与受体结合、抑制类固醇类激素的代谢、酶调节等几种可能的途径,讨论了植物雌激素对鱼类内分泌扰乱作用的机理.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.