南中国海北部对台风的响应

南海北部近岸海域的风暴潮爆发频率高、危害大,其中广东近岸海域每年由于台风遭受的经济损失高居全国之首,因此更好地评估和预测南海近岸对台风的响应过程有着重要意义。本文基于实测数据,利用潮汐风暴潮近似解公式分析了潮汐与风暴潮相互作用在风暴增水中的作用比例和特征。基于FVCOM-SWAVE模型,分析在台风登陆过程中,南海北部区域对不同路径台风的响应,并设计风场气压驱动实验和波流耦合模型实验,探究了南海北部近岸对不同台风的响应过程的成因,分析了波流相互作用对近岸增水过程的影响。结果显示:潮汐风暴潮相互作用会对风暴增水有着重要的调制作用。首先,其会使余水位有着近似潮汐的震荡,振幅约为0.1m-0.2m。其次,在风暴潮模拟中,加入波流相互作用的分析能够明显改善南海西北部近岸风暴增水过程的模拟精度,误差能够提高0.1m左右。最后发现,南海北部区域存在着由台风激发、向西传播的陆架波,路径有两条:一条沿着我国南海沿岸并穿过琼州海峡进行传播,另一条沿着海南岛东侧路径进行传播,其速度大约在2-5m/s左右,并造成水位响应的西边界强化现象。同时,在台风到来时,琼州海峡东西两侧产生较大的水位梯度,西向流通量显著增加,造成大量的海水进入北部湾。     

EMD方法在中国沿岸风暴潮增水分析中的应用

海岸是风暴潮发生的区域,由于该区域位于大气、海洋、陆地的交汇处,受到多种因素的共同影响,因此风暴潮过程的机理复杂。通常当风暴增水叠加在正常的天文高潮时,引发最为严重的影响。利用经验模态分解(EMD-Empirical Mode Decomposition)的方法,对中国沿海的潮位站的水位波进行分解。EMD分解得到的增水曲线与低通滤波后的调和分析的增水曲线基本一致。利用该方法,进一步的分析台风造成的福建沿海测站的风暴增水的异同。结果表明:台风经过台湾海峡南、北部和进入海峡时,都会造成福建沿岸各站的增水,增水的幅度与各站距离台风中心的距离有关,各站的增水时间差异很小。然而,通过两次热带气旋期间中国东部沿岸多个潮位站的分析发现,台风在东海产生的增水会以开尔文波的形式传播进入台湾海峡,造成福建沿岸异常的增水现象。     

海平面上升对北部湾风暴潮增水影响研究——以 2012 年台风“山神”为例

全球变暖引发的海平面上升将加剧风暴潮增水,进而危及沿海经济发展与社会安全保障。本文基于模型耦合与模型嵌套技术构建北部湾台风风暴潮数值模拟系统,以2012年台风"山神"为天气背景,通过设计7组情景模拟研究未来不同海平面上升背景下北部湾风暴潮增水变化。结果表明:风暴潮期间水位从南向北沿北部湾逐渐涌高,最高水位发生在广西沿岸,达2.4 m以上。天文潮和台风风场拖曳力是形成高水位的主要驱动力,其中天文大潮和最大风场拖曳力对最高水位的贡献率分别约占70%和30%。海平面上升对风暴潮增水的影响具有时空非线性和非均一性特征。其中,潮位波动和波-流耦合效应会改变实际最大增水发生时间,导致钦州湾附近高潮位大致提前1天半,海平面上升1.1 m使得最大风暴潮增水大致提前30 min;未来海平面上升0.66～1.1 m将导致北部湾大部分海域风暴潮增水幅度放大6%～10%,广西沿岸钦州湾和大风江河口出现负增加效应,可能与溺谷海湾地形特征有关。研究结果可为未来北部湾沿岸防御风暴潮灾害提供理论依据。     

潮汐和潮流作用下1323号台风“菲特”台风浪数值模拟

利用第三代近岸海浪模式SWAN(Simulating WAves Nearshore)建立了基于非结构网格的台湾海峡台风浪数值模型,并以WRF模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)计算得到的高分辨率台风风场作为驱动,模拟了1323号台风"菲特"影响期间台湾海峡波浪场的演变过程。以实测资料进行验证的结果表明:整个模拟过程风速的平均绝对误差为1.60 m/s,有效波高的平均绝对误差为0.42 m,计算结果较好地再现了"菲特"台风影响下海峡内波浪运动过程。通过对比数值实验分析了潮汐、潮流对台湾海峡台风浪的影响,分析表明:海峡内近岸浅水区域潮汐和潮流对波浪计算的影响显著,在考虑水位和流场后,计算得到的有效波高分布曲线呈现周期性振荡,且与潮汐周期变化一致,计算得到的有效波高绝对误差下降14%,近岸波浪数值模拟的精度得到了改善。     

2010年登陆福建漳浦县台风的风暴潮特征分析

2010年连续三个台风在福建漳浦县登陆,创造了一年登陆当地台风个数的新纪录,并引发了严重风暴潮灾害.本文对比分析了三个台风风暴潮特征,结果表明:(1)三个台风风暴潮都具有开阔海域增水特征,最大增水出现在右半圆,并向两边递减;最大增水时空分布与台风移动路径和海岸地形相关,在南路“鲇鱼”和“狮子山”登陆后的偏南风作用下,湾口朝南的浮头湾出现过程最大增水,出现时间在台风登陆后;东路“凡亚比”台风在穿过台湾岛靠近沿海过程中,持续增强的偏东风,使湾口朝东的九龙江口出现最大增水,出现时间为台风登陆时刻;最大增水与台风登陆时的强度成正比;(2)东路的台风引发的增水出现在台风进入台湾海峡后,各站最大增水峰出现时间集中且明显;南路台风引发增水出现时间较早,持续时间长,最大增水峰不明显,过程最大增水出现在台风登陆后的局部区域.     

辐射应力在黄河三角洲近岸波浪和潮汐风暴潮相互作用中的影响

基于考虑辐射应力机制的近岸高分辨率的波浪和潮汐风暴潮相互作用耦合数值模式 ,研究了辐射应力在黄河三角洲胜利油田近岸海域波浪和潮汐风暴潮相互作用过程中对水位的影响 ,并与两个中等强度天气过程引发的实测水位过程进行比较。结果表明 ,考虑辐射应力机制的波浪和潮汐风暴潮相互作用耦合模式模拟的结果与实测更接近 ,特别在极值增水位处吻合很好。对本研究的中等强度天气过程 ,辐射应力可增水 40cm ,在黄河三角洲近岸区有 2 0cm以上最大增水区域 ,这在工程上非常重要。可以预见 ,对引发黄河三角洲沿岸强增水的台风及强寒潮过程 ,辐射应力对增水的影响会更明显。本研究结果表明 ,在实际工程应用中 ,应采用波浪和潮汐风暴潮相互作用耦合数值模式。     

舟山海域风暴潮增水数值分析——以台风“灿鸿”为例

基于FVCOM(Finite Volume Coast and Ocean Model)模式,建立了舟山海域台风风暴潮增水数值模型。通过对1509号台风"灿鸿"进行风暴潮过程模拟,验证了模型可用于舟山海域的台风风暴潮增水的模拟和分析;以1509号台风为基础,构造了9条不同路径台风分别进行风暴潮增水模拟,得到了对舟山岱山县沿海最有利增水的台风路径;在最佳路径的基础上,叠加五种不同强度的台风场,分析不同强度台风作用引起的增水情况;应用此模型探讨了未来情景下平面上升30cm和上升66cm后的水位极值分布情况以及其相对于原始海平面的变化情况。     

不同路径台风作用下长江下游沿线风暴增水分布研究

长江口受台风影响严重,台风风暴潮、上游洪峰及天文大潮相遇将致使长江下游至长江口水位暴涨,对沿岸至河口的防汛安全构成严重威胁。基于ADCIRC模型构建东中国海至长江口风暴潮数学模型,模拟9711号台风和0012号台风两场典型台风水位过程。以典型台风为基础构成多种台风路径,分析不同登陆位置和走向对长江沿线风暴增水影响。研究大洪水、不同路径台风、天文大潮共同影响下长江下游沿线风暴增水分布规律。结果表明:登陆位置处于长江口南侧情况下长江河道沿线增水大于正面登陆长江口和北侧登陆型台风;平行于长江河道方向移动的台风造成沿线增水大于斜向穿越长江口的台风,不同台风走向对于风暴增水影响程度小于登陆位置;台风风暴潮、上游洪峰及天文大潮“三碰头”情形下长江沿线增水分布呈单峰型,从大通至江阴不断增大,江阴至中浚维持高位,中浚至口外迅速减小。     

近岸浪-风暴潮耦合模型在天津沿海的应用

为了精细化描述天津沿海台风天气下近岸浪和风暴潮特征,基于非结构三角网格,建立近岸浪与风暴潮的耦合模型,其中台风风场采用藤田台风模型,近岸浪采用SWAN波浪模型,风暴潮采用ADCIRC模型。通过对几次典型台风暴潮数值模拟的验证,耦合模型对风速、有效波高和增水的计算结果与实际观测资料符合性均较好,能够很好地反映台风过程中天津沿海近岸浪和风暴潮特征,可以为天津的防灾减灾工作提供科学依据。     

波流耦合作用下渤海及北黄海风暴潮增水及海浪过程的数值模拟

本文基于三维波流耦合FVCOM-SWAVE数值模式,采用Jelesnianski参数化风场与再分析数据集ECMWF风场数据叠加而成的合成风场作为外力驱动力,模拟了1818号"温比亚"台风引起北黄海及渤海海域风暴潮增减水及波浪的生长与消减过程,进而分析该海域在"温比亚"台风作用下波浪对流速垂向分布的影响。研究结果表明:合成风场得到的风速最大值及出现时刻与实测数据符合较好,合成风场较为合理,能够为模拟波流耦合机制下海域水动力变化提供准确的风场条件;几个测站的风暴潮增水模拟结果与实测数据较为吻合,FVCOM-SWAVE耦合系统合理地再现了"温比亚"台风在黄渤海引发的风暴潮增水以及台风浪过程。此外,计算结果显示"温比亚"期间黄渤海海域最大有效波高分布于台风中心外围,且位于台风前进方向上,波浪最大有效波高值与台风强度有关;在台风过境期间,波流相互作用对近岸海域流速的垂向分布具有一定影响,考虑波流相互作用可有效提高台风风暴潮数值模拟精度。研究结果对台风灾害预报、防灾减灾及港口建筑选址具有一定的参考意义。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.