风化半圆形河谷对柱面SH波的散射解析解

风化河谷地震效应对建在此类场地上工程结构(如大坝、桥梁)的动力稳定性具有潜在的威胁,为揭示河谷风化层对地面运动的影响,利用波函数展开法推导风化半圆形河谷对线源柱面SH波散射问题的解析解。计算不同震源位置条件下风化半圆形河谷的地表位移反应和地面运动放大因子,分析地面运动的幅值和形态,发现随着震源距离的增大,在河谷附近地震动的放大和衰减的交替更频繁。     

Transient scattering of elastic waves by dipping layers of arbitrary shape. Part 2: Plane strain model

Scattering of elastic waves by dipping layers of arbitrary shape embedded within an elastic half-space is investigated for a plane strain model by using a boundary method. Unknown scattered waves are expressed in the frequency domain in terms of wave functions which satisfy the equations of motion and appropriate radiation conditions at infinity. The steady state displacement field is evaluated throughout the elastic medium for different incident waves so that the continuity conditions along the interfaces between the layers and the traction-free conditions along the surface of the half-space are satisfied in the least-squares sense. Transient response is constructed from the steady state one through the Fourier synthesis. The results presented show that scattering of waves by dipping layers may cause locally very large amplification of surface ground motion. This amplification depends upon the type and frequency of the incident wave, impedance contrast between the layers, component of displacement which is being observed, location of the observation station and the geometry of the subsurface irregularity. These results are in agreement with recent experimental observations.     

Structure of weathered clastic crust and its petroleum potential

Weathered clastic crust can be subdivided into weathered clay and leached zone in terms of variable weathering of different minerals and mobility of weathered products.On the basis of clastic outcrops and well cores in the Junggar Basin,the dark red Fe-rich weathered clay is formed in an arid environment,whereas the light blue Al-rich weathered clay under humid conditions.According to the geochemical analysis,a new weathering index for weathered clastic crust is built mainly on Fe and Al contents,accurately indicating the weathered clay,sandy leached zone,and muddy leached zone in the Junggar Basin.The breaking pressure of weathered clay is rather large,the same as that of normal muddy cap,effectively to seal oil or gas.The porosity of underlying leached zone is greatly enhanced by weathering and leaching,but its permeability is a function of clay mineral content,i.e.,the higher the clay content,the worse the permeability.Weathered crust provides effective sealing conditions for both top and bottom layers of a petroleum reservoir,and is important in the clastic hydrocarbon exploration.     

冻土场地地震反应分析研究中的关键问题探讨

总结了当前场地地震反应分析的计算方法与发展现状,得到寒区场地中由于冻土层结构的存在会对地震动的传播和场地的地震反应产生影响的结论。土体在冻结过程中其强度与刚度会显著增强,在地震过程中冻融土层界面的容易发生滑移破坏,并对场地地震反应和地震波的传递特征具有较大影响,是冻土场地地震反应分析中应当考虑的关键问题。鉴于当前场地地震反应计算方法不能模拟该界面的滑移特征的局限性,建议构建冻土场地地震反应计算新方法,并阐述了构建该方法所需要开展的基础性研究工作。     

攀西地区的深部地壳结构与构造

根据1984-1985年地震测深资料,论述了攀西地区的深部地质特征。该区地壳厚50-60km;具高、低速相间的多层结构及断块构造;五个主要速度界面中,界面R₄稳定且清晰,为上、下地壳的分界面,R₆稳定并有较强的能量反射,为壳、幔之间的界面（莫霍面）,莫霍面沿构造带北深南浅（56-50km）,横穿构造带西深东浅（60-48km）。构造带内的上地壳较薄,纵横速度变化均较大,而下地壳较厚,速度较均匀,上地壳底部的低速层,在构造带内较带外薄而浅,P_n速度较低,为7.54-7.80km/s,属壳-幔过渡带,厚13-22km。小江、四开、安宁河及金河等断裂为超壳型或壳内断裂,多为逆冲断层。该构造带的各种深部特征表明它为大陆高原型年轻构造带。     

Response to pumping of a weathered-fractured granite aquifer

A pumping test in a granite aquifer provides information about the interaction between the upper weathered zone and lower fractured zone. A radial flow numerical model is used to interpret the test and estimate aquifer parameters. This model successfully reproduces both the fractured zone response and the shallow weathered zone response which is characterised by increasing drawdown even after abstraction ceases. When the deep fractured aquifer was exploited, a serious decline in groundwater heads and yields occurred; this behaviour can be reproduced by the model. The model is then used to investigate the effective long-term exploitation of the aquifer and the results indicate that dug-cum-bore wells can be used for the safe and efficient exploitation of the aquifer resources.     

Estimating non‐linear site response by single period approximation

Site effects characterize the filtering mechanisms within the soil sedimentary layers overlying bedrock. In regions of high seismicity such as California where strong motion records are relatively abundant, site coefficients can be developed by regression of recorded ground shaking parameters. In regions of low‐to‐moderate seismicity or of high seismicity but with a paucity of recorded strong motion data, such empirical models cannot be obtained in the same way. This study describes the theoretical development of a simple, rational manual procedure to calculate site coefficients, based on a single period approximation (SPA), and to construct displacement response spectra (RSD) for soil sites. The proposed simplified model, which takes into account the non‐linear behaviour of soil that is dependent on the level of shaking, impedance contrast at the soil–bedrock interface and the plasticity of soil material, has been verified by comparison with results obtained from non‐linear shear wave analyses and data recorded during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The proposed model is believed to be a convenient tool for calculating non‐linear site responses and constructing site‐specific response spectra, which has the potential of being incorporated into code provisions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The stable-beam seismic modelling method1

The stable-beam method for forward modelling of seismic data is introduced. The method is applicable to geometries which may be approximated by a series of single-valued (in depth) interfaces separating constant-velocity layers. For models of this restricted type, the results are of similar accuracy to those from waveequation-based methods whilst the run times are similar to, or better than, those for simple ray-tracing approaches. The basis of the method is to approximate interfaces by a series of straight-line segments. This allows very rapid and stable ray tracing through the model. Pseudodiffractions are then added from all of the interface discontinuities formed between adjacent segments. These pseudodiffractions have the effect of correcting for the phase, amplitude and wavefront continuity errors introduced by the interface approximation. Comparison of the stable-beam results to analytical, Kirchhoff, finite-difference and physical model results confirm the accuracy ofthe technique.     

Simple models for estimating period‐shift and damping in soil

This study describes the development of a simple, heuristic manual calculation procedure for estimating the site period‐shift factor and soil damping ratio, with appropriate considerations for the level of shaking, impedance contrast between soil and bedrock interface and the plasticity of the soil layers. Essentially, the analogy of a building shear‐frame has been used to represent the seismic response behaviour of a soil column. The proposed procedure has been verified by comparing the predictions with results obtained directly from non‐linear shear wave analyses of soil column models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐block finite‐difference method for 3D elastodynamic simulations in anisotropic subhorizontally layered media

Prediction of elastic full wavefields is required for reverse time migration, full waveform inversion, borehole seismology, seismic modelling, etc. We propose a novel algorithm to solve the Navier wave equation, which is based on multi‐block methodology for high‐order finite‐difference schemes on curvilinear grids. In the current implementation, the blocks are subhorizontal layers. Smooth anisotropic heterogeneous media in each layer can have strong discontinuities at the interfaces. A curvilinear adaptive hexahedral grid in blocks is generated by mapping the original 3D physical domain onto a parametric cube with horizontal layers and interfaces. These interfaces correspond to the main curvilinear physical contrast interfaces of a subhorizontally layered formation. The top boundary of the parametric cube handles the land surface with smooth topography. Free‐surface and solid–solid transmission boundary conditions at interfaces are approximated with the second‐order accuracy. Smooth media in the layers are approximated up to sixth‐order spatial schemes. All expected properties of the developed algorithm are demonstrated in numerical tests using corresponding parallel message passing interface code.     

Three-Dimensional Simulation of Volatile Organic Compound Mass Flux from the Vadose Zone to Groundwater

Low-permeability layers of the vadose zone containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may persist as source zones for long time periods and may provide contamination to groundwater. At sites with low recharge rates, where vapor migration is the dominant transport process, the impact of vadose zone sources on groundwater may be difficult to assess. Typical assessment methods include one-dimensional numerical and analytical techniques. The one-dimensional approaches only consider groundwater coupling options through boundary conditions at the water table and may yield artificially high mass flux results when transport is assumed to occur by gas-phase diffusion between a source and an interface with a zero concentration boundary condition. Improvements in mass flux assessments for VOCs originating from vadose zone sources may be obtained by coupling vadose zone gas transport and dissolved contaminant transport in the saturated zone and by incorporating the inherent three-dimensional nature of gas-phase transport, including the potential of density-driven advection. This paper describes a series of three-dimensional simulations using data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford site, where carbon tetrachloride is present in a low-permeability zone about 30 m above the groundwater. Results show that, for most cases, only a relatively small amount of the contaminant emanating from the source zone partitions into the groundwater and that density-driven advection is only important when relatively high source concentrations are considered.     

PATTERN SPACE OF SEISMIC ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH HYDROCARBON DEPOSITS*

The quantitative estimate of the anomalies in the seismic signal associated with a realistic subsurface hydrocarbon bearing anticline is discussed. This estimate is derived by the calculation of synthetic seismograms for a dissipative media. The reflection amplitude anomaly associated with gas deposit are as much as three times the background level. However, oil deposits give rise to much weaker anomalies. A decrease of the reflection amplitude by about fifty percent occurs for horizons lying below the gas bearing zone, causing a shadow zone. Time sag anomaly is dependent chiefly on the thickness of the gas bearing zone. The appearance of the anomaly on the time section is modified by the structure, and flat reflectors may be seen over the structure owing to the mutual cancellation of the structural rise and the time sag. Flat spots corresponding to the horizontal fluid interfaces may be expected at the edges of the pool only. The presence of hydrocarbon bearing layers causes a diagnostic character in the composite reflection signal which is very clearly seen in the spectra, the cross correlation functions, and the cross-spectra in profiles crossing the hydrocarbon bearing structures. These are potential diagnostic tools for locating hydrocarbon deposits, particularly when entrapped in thin layers.     

界面二次源波前扩展法全局最小走时射线追踪技术

以Moser方法为代表的最短路径射线追踪算法可以快速稳定地获得整个追踪区域的全局最小走时和路径，但它存在两个缺陷：一是射线大多由折线呈锯齿状相连，长度和位置偏离真实射线路径；二是在低变速区容易出现射线路径多值现象．本文提出的界面二次源波前扩展法全局最小走时射线追踪技术（以下简称界面源法）旨在解决上述两个问题．不同于Moser方法，界面源法只在物性分界面上设置子波源点，子波出射射线可以到达任何不穿越物性界面而直接到达的空间点和界面离散点，在均匀块体内或层内地震波以精确的射线路径传播．显然，界面源法的子波出射方向数远远大于传统方法，算法的追踪误差主要由界面离散引起的，因此，界面源法很好地解决了Moser法存在的问题，大大提高了追踪的精度．同时，由于界面源法的子波源点数远远小于Moser法，因而效率也很高．模型实算证实了该算法的高效性．     

Initiation of earthquake-induced slope failure: influence of topographical and other site specific amplification effects

Increased structural damage caused byearthquakes on hilltops and along ridgeshas often been related to amplification ofground motion due to the presence oftopography. However, comparison betweenobservations and numerical modeling hasshown that amplification is only partlydependent on the prominent surfacemorphology. Strong effects are also inducedby soft layers, such as weathered rockmaterial or colluvium, covering thetopographies.Numerous seismically triggered landslidesare reported to occur in the same materialsthat are likely to amplify ground motions.Therefore, it can be suspected that groundmotion dynamics significantly contribute tothe observed slopes failures. Thispotential relationship is the subject ofthe present case study, the Ananevorockslide in the northeastern Tien Shanmountains. The survey included geophysicalprospecting, earthquake recordings andstructural analyses of the rock fabric. Onthe basis of the field data, observedamplification effects could be related tothe local geological conditions andparticularly to the surface morphology andto the presence of low-velocity layers –deeply weathered rocks – on the top of thebedrock. Surface layer- andtopography-dependent amplification has alsobeen studied numerically by 2D and 3Dfinite element modeling of ground motiondynamics. The present paper focuses onadditional effects that may be induced bythe presence of a fault zone and of thelandslide scarp. Further, observed andcomputed ground motion dynamics areconnected with slope failuresusceptibility: 2D numerical simulationsreveal that strain localization is closelyrelated to wave amplification in surficiallow-velocity layers, particularly belowconvex surface morphologies.     

地震动输入界面的选取对地震动参数的影响

地震反应分析中的输入界面是一种规定的假想基岩面,其选取具有很大的不确定性,对确定地震动参数的影响很大.本文以北京地区存在剪切波速较高的卵石硬夹层场地为研究对象,探讨实际工程场地中能否将硬夹层选作地震动输入界面的问题.利用一维等效线性化波动方法,对390个含有剪切波速高于500m/s的卵石层场地模型进行地震反应分析计算,讨论卵石层的上覆土层、下伏土层以及卵石层自身特性对地震反应分析结果的影响.计算结果显示,厚度5m左右、剪切波速小于600m/s的卵石层作为地震动输入界面是否合理,主要取决于上覆土层和下伏土层,而卵石层厚度和剪切波速的影响很小.对于一般性工程,当上覆土层厚度大于15m,下伏土层厚度在10m以内时,选取硬夹层顶面与选取钻探揭示的基岩或剪切波速不小于500m/s的土体顶面为输入界面,计算结果差别不大;当上覆土层厚度达到60m,下伏土层的变化对计算结果影响很小.研究表明,在钻探没有揭示出基岩或坚硬土体时,埋深大于60m的硬夹层可以选为地震动输入界面,这一结论对实际的地震安全性评价工作具有一定参考价值.     

基于构造约束的波阻抗边界刻画

通过边界保护正则化和约束反演，在反演的目标函数中引入各种先验信息约束，以解决波阻抗反演的病态问题和带限问题.为了克服波阻抗模型边界过于平滑，在反演中引入地层和断层等构造信息约束，并且通过调整地层分界面和断层处的正则参数值来实现构造约束.此外，采用各向异性扩散法进行平滑处理，改善反演结果.通过合成数据测试和实际资料反演，证明了本文提出的方法对刻画模型边界是有效的.     

Inverse analysis of weak and strong motion downhole array data from the Mw7.0 Sanriku-Minami earthquake

A hybrid optimization scheme, comprising a genetic algorithm in series with a local least-squares fit operator, is used for the inversion of weak and strong motion downhole array data obtained by the Kik-Net Strong Motion Network during the M_w7.0 Sanriku-Minami Earthquake. Inversion of low-amplitude waveforms is first employed for the estimation of low-strain dynamic soil properties at five stations. Successively, the frequency-dependent equivalent linear algorithm is used to predict the mainshock site response at these stations, by subjecting the best-fit elastic profiles to the downhole-recorded strong motion. Finally, inversion of the mainshock empirical site response is employed to extract the equivalent linear dynamic soil properties at the same locations. The inversion algorithm is shown to provide robust estimates of the linear and equivalent linear impedance profiles, while the attenuation structures are strongly affected by scattering effects in the near-surficial heterogeneous layers. The forward and inversely estimated equivalent linear shear wave velocity structures are found to be in very good agreement, illustrating that inversion of strong motion site response data may be used for the approximate assessment of nonlinear effects experienced by soil formations during strong motion events.     

ON GETTING REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS FROM WAVES *

A horizontally layered non-absorptive system of homogeneous layers may be specified by giving the reflection coefficients at each interface. Provided the layers have equal vertical travel time and a perfect reflector as a free surface, the reflection coefficients are generally reconstructed from the reflected pulses by way of solving simultaneous equations of the Toeplitz matrix form with the Levinson recursion method. There exists an alternative approach to solving this problem which by simple reasoning immediately turns out the (Levinson) recursion scheme. The method is based on formulas that relate to solving the forward problem. It resembles Kunetz's (1962) original inverse solution in as much as the computation of the reflection coefficients is based on the idea of separating the contribution of a primary from the sum of all multiples.     

Dynamic response of a multi-layered poroelastic medium

An exact stiffness matrix method is presented to evaluate the dynamic response of a multi-layered poroelastic medium due to time-harmonic loads and fluid sources applied in the interior of the layered medium. The system under consideration consists of N layers of different properties and thickness overlying a homogeneous half-plane or a rigid base. Fourier integral transform is used with respect to the x-co-ordinate and the formulation is presented in the frequency domain. Fourier transforms of average displacements of the solid matrix and pore pressure at layer interfaces are considered as the basic unknowns. Exact stiffness (impedance) matrices describing the relationship between generalized displacement and force vectors of a layer of finite thickness and a half-plane are derived explicitly in the Fourier-frequency space by using rigorous analytical solutions for Biot's elastodynamic theory for porous media. The global stiffness matrix and the force vector of a layered system is assembled by considering the continuity of tractions and fluid flow at layer interfaces. The numerical solution of the global equation system for discrete values of Fourier transform parameter together with the application of numerical quadrature to evaluate inverse Fourier transform integrals yield the solutions for poroelastic fields. Numerical results for displacements and stresses of a few layered systems and vertical impedance of a rigid strip bonded to layered poroelastic media are presented. The advantages of the present method when compared to existing approximate stiffness methods and other methods based on the determination of layer arbitrary coefficients are discussed.     

TUTORIAL INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETOTELLURIC MEASUREMENTS OVER AN ELECTRICALLY DISPERSIVE ONE-DIMENSIONAL EARTH*

Frequency dispersion of electromagnetic parameters of earth materials has been widely documented in recent years. It is claimed that magnetotellurics (MT) may be significantly affected by dispersion. The paper studies the MT plane-wave interpretative problem for a one-dimensional earth characterized by the presence of dispersive layers. The theoretical properties of the MT field under the dispersion hypothesis, andthe main features of the dispersion phenomenon are synthetically reviewed. The examination of previously published MT curve responses over some models of dispersive earth section shows that ambiguity can arise when interpreting MT data with no other source of information. Thus it may be almost impossible to distinguish between the response of a dispersive section and an equally probable dispersion-free section. The dispersion magnetotelluric (DMT) method is proposed as a means to resolve the ambiguity. The DMT method is based on the execution, at the same site, of an MT sounding and of an always dispersion-free dc geoelectric deep sounding. The latter technique can be used to compute a synthetic dispersion-free MT wave impedance, to be compared with the measured MT wave impedance. The apparent dispersion function is introduced as a measure of divergence between the two wave impedances.