大型地下洞室群关键块体地震响应分析

基于块体理论,针对地下厂房围岩中的关键块体,采用Newmark法进行了地震响应特征和稳定性评价方法的研究,研究表明,三向地震荷载组合作用下,在块体上引起的数值较大、作用时间很短的惯性力是关键块体产生永久位移的根本原因。块体在不同烈度地震荷载作用下其响应特征不只发生量的变化,还有运动规律、模式方面的变化。研究还发现,关键块体地震响应特征与其几何特征存在一定的相关性,并由此建立了大型地下洞室群围岩地震稳定分析的多因素、多指标评判方法。最后考虑结构面的退化效应,研究了块体地震响应特征关于结构面强度参数的敏感性,获得了一些有益的结论。     

基于结构面抗剪强度演化的块体动力稳定性分析

传统块体理论仅针对块体的静力稳定性分析,而未涉及到动力稳定分析。因此,借用Newmark法累积滑移量的概念,基于块体理论对定位块体在地震历时作用下的动力稳定性进行了研究,提出了以块体累积滑动位移和动安全系数两个指标共同评价块体动力稳定性。提出一种接触面识别及面积计算算法,它考虑了接触面积变化对块体稳定的不利影响,也可用于块体滑动的大变形分析,考虑了块体滑动过程中结构面抗剪强度的演化,可对复杂的凸形块体及凹形块体进行静、动力稳定性分析。将其应用于三峡升船机乘船箱左侧边坡的块体稳定分析中,结果显示块体在强震作用下发生了一段距离的滑动,但震后仍可保持稳定     

块系岩体非协调动力响应特征试验研究

岩体在块系构造状态下的动力传播存在块体和块体间软弱介质的非协调变形现象，对岩体结构的动力稳定产生重要影响。目前块系岩体的非协调动力传播响应研究尚不充分，导致不能进行有效的动力响应特征识别。通过试验对块系岩体非协调动力传播过程岩块动力响应特征进行研究，分别从动力传播速度、岩块加速度振幅衰减、岩块振动位移响应、岩块振动持续时间、块体动能显现、块体振动频域响应特性等方面对比纵波传播，给出块系岩体非协调动力传播的特征分析。通过分析可知，块系介质非协调变形运动产生的动力传播现象相比于纵波传播是一种低频低速波，并伴随着岩块的大位移运动，同时岩块振动持续时间较长，蕴含着动能与势能的相互转换过程，这些现象构成了块系岩体非协调动力传播的重要特征。该研究将为识别岩体非协调动力传播特征及块系岩体的冲击预警波动特征识别提供参考。     

基于块体单元法的岩石边坡安全系数研究

岩石边坡因其结构面数量众多、块体系统及其滑动方式复杂,给危险块体组合的搜索及其安全系数计算带来很大困难。基于块体单元法,对岩石边坡中的危险块体组合搜索及其安全系数的计算方法进行了研究。首先,在块体元强度折减计算的成果下,根据屈服面贯通理论提出搜索危险块体组合的新方法;然后,对安全系数计算方法进行研究,建议在位移突变判据下采用双线性交叉法计算安全系数;最后,进行了单面、双面和多面滑动以及复杂块体系统的算例分析,并与刚体极限平衡法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,由于块体单元法考虑了力与力矩的平衡及结构面上应力的非均匀分布,其计算结果更准确。该方法有望广泛应用于复杂岩石边坡稳定分析。     

A practical method for identifying parameters in the seismic design of embankments

The effect of heterogeneity of soils on a seismic design procedure based on residual displacement according to safety factors is examined. Although soils are heterogeneous in nature, at present the seismic designs of embankments implement the assumption that soils are homogeneous. In this study, a seismic reliability analysis using a Monte Carlo simulation and considering the heterogeneity of soil strength was applied to the Newmark sliding block method. The data of the analysis in this study were based on in-situ soil test results of actual airport embankments. This paper indicates a rational and practical approach to modifying the actual heterogeneous soil conditions into homogeneous design parameters for the Newmark sliding block method in homogeneous ground conditions.     

基于Newmark模型的概率地震滑坡危险性模型参数优化与应用: 以鲁甸地震区为例

应用概率地震危险性评价模型进行地震滑坡危险性区划,是解决潜在地震诱发滑坡危险性评价中震源不确定性与诱发滑坡时空不确定性的有效方法.通过理论分析,结合鲁甸地震区的实际情况,对基于力学原理的Newmark滑块位移模型与概率地震滑坡危险性分析方法中的参数的不确定性问题进行了分析,将斜坡岩土体地震作用下的强度衰减效应、地震加速度地形放大效应、断层破碎带效应融合到了斜坡累积位移计算模型中,进行了模型计算参数的优化.改进后的分析模型,更好地反映了高陡斜坡地形与断层破碎带对地震滑坡灾害发育的控制作用,在鲁甸地震区域滑坡应用中,优化模型中的滑坡失稳极高风险区与实际地震滑坡分布表现出了较好的一致性,在超越概率2%的滑坡失稳概率分布中,鲁甸地区包谷垴—小河断裂、鲁甸—昭通断裂带及牛栏江河谷地带地震滑坡高—极高风险区分布面积增幅十分显著.因此,在Newmark滑块位移模型中考虑地震动参数与岩土参数动态响应规律与变量间的定量关系,对于提高区域斜坡稳定性分析的可靠性具有重要意义.      

边坡岩体滑动稳定的动力学分析

在地震或爆破等强烈振动影响下边坡岩体往往产生块体滑动。这种失稳的动力学特性迄今尚未获得应有的研究。 在大部分现有的文献中都采用惯性力原理,将动力问题化为静力问题解决。这种常规的准动态分析,只考虑最大振动加速度,使问题过于简化而偏于保守。少数文献中探讨了动力问题,但也未考虑动荷载的全波形,所以未能解决块体滑动的真正的动力学问题。     

考虑岩桥破坏的块体稳定性分析方法

经典块体理论在进行块体可移动性分析和稳定性计算时是分步独立进行的,默认不可移动块体是稳定的,对不可移动块体不再进行稳定性分析。实际工程中,某些阻碍岩石块体运动的“岩桥”可能发生破坏,使得不可移动块体发生滑动。当块体的规模比较大时,在重力作用下破坏局部岩桥的可能性会增高。文中提出一种考虑岩桥破坏的块体稳定性分析方法,不再默认不可移动块体绝对稳定,计算块体稳定系数时,将阻碍块体移动的岩桥的抗剪切力纳入到块体的抗滑力中。该方法首先找出块体所有可能的滑动面和裂隙交线,识别块体沿每一个方向运动时需要破坏的岩桥,基于摩尔-库仑强度准则计算出块体沿每个方向运动时的稳定系数,然后,选取最小的稳定系数作为块体的实际稳定系数,最小稳定系数对应的方向即为块体最有可能的运动方向。     

一种改进步长自调的非连续变形分析法

非连续变形分析（DDA）是一种针对块体系统变形和位移求解的数值计算方法。引入Newmark方法于结构动力学微分方程中,考虑惯性力和阻尼力作用,改进时间步长自动调节,并实现DDA求解程序;比较研究Newmark方法中的线性加速法、常加速法和平均加速法在DDA程序中计算的收敛速度,讨论块体系统动力学计算过程中DDA方法对惯性力和阻尼力的添加和删除,并提出根据计算精度要求的误差控制实现方案。将改进的DDA方法模拟一个典型的煤与瓦斯突出过程,取得了满意的计算结果,该改进算法为DDA方法处理动力学问题提供新的途径     

Advanced seismic slope stability analysis

The objective of this study was to present an advanced methodology for assessing seismic slope stability by taking into account the uncertainties related to the main input parameters. The methodology was applied on a real landslide in order to show the advantages of using the proposed procedure and establish the baseline trends of dynamic response and calculated permanent seismic displacements. It involves the following steps: preliminary analysis, probabilistic static and seismic factor of safety analysis, and permanent seismic displacement analysis. Estimating post-failure maximum seismic deformation of landslide mass and sounding properties is the most important part of this study. It involves both Newmark sliding block method and continuum mechanics approach, applied for characteristic set of input values in order to have more accurate assessment of slope performance and determine the relative importance of input parameters. The results of the analysis showed the benefits of using the proposed step-by-step methodology. The obtained difference in the results between the two methods depends strongly on the set input data for a particular analysis.     

顺倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡地震动力响应及破坏模式分析

顺倾层状边坡沿软弱带剪切方式破坏是滑坡的主要类型之一。采用块体砌筑斜坡振动台模型,在多维多参数地震动作用下,考虑斜坡不同工况下力学参数弱化的过程,研究了层状碎裂结构岩质边坡的地震动力响应和失稳破坏模式。结果表明：斜坡地震动特性和斜坡地质结构是决定斜坡地震动力稳定性以及破坏模式的决定因素;斜坡水平动力响应具有明显的高程和坡表放大效应,高程对斜坡的垂直动力响应影响较小,地震动放大效应与结构面力学强度、地震波波形、频谱特性等均有一定的关系,正弦波较天然波对坡体放大效应影响更为显著;坡体裂纹依托优势结构面在最弱部位起裂萌生扩展,并向节理面追踪形成蠕滑段和锁固段,节理面强度参数在外界地质营力作用下发生弱化,使潜在滑带出现由后缘向前端搭接贯通的前进式破坏模式和由前端向后缘的后退式破坏模式的分化,滑体也由高位剪出向溃散破坏演变。     

基于不同位移预测模型的地震滑坡危险性评估研究-以天水地区为例

近年来,Newmark累积位移分析方法经过不断的改进和应用成为国际主流的地震滑坡危险性评估方法之一,众多学者基于位移预测模型开展区域地震滑坡危险性评估,然而鲜有针对不同位移模型对评估结果影响的定量研究。以天水地区为例,基于不同的位移预测模型开展地震滑坡危险性评估,对比位移模型对地震滑坡危险性评估的影响,探讨建立适用于我国的Newmark位移预测模型。结果表明:基于不同位移预测模型评估所得的地震滑坡危险性结果整体趋势一致,均能区分区域地震滑坡危险性等级的相对差异,但在同样的危险性分级标准下,所得中、高危险区的分布范围有较大差异。这与位移模型的函数形式及其区域相关性有关,在引入Newmark累积位移分析方法开展地震滑坡危险性评估的同时,应尽快建立考虑地震动衰减特征和工程地质背景的Newmark位移预测模型,为中国潜在地震滑坡危险性预测评估、震后滑坡快速评估等提供技术支撑。      

动荷载作用下隧道围岩块体稳定性分析及其应用

隧道围岩中的结构面将岩体切割成块体,块体在自然状态下的静力平衡因为隧道开挖而被打破,临空面的产生和动荷载的施加都可能导致块体的滑移,进而引起围岩失稳。以往应用块体理论寻找关键块体时,多只考虑纯重力的作用,而忽视了爆破振动、地震等动荷载对诱发失稳灾害的重要作用。将爆破振动荷载和地震荷载转化为等效静力,并通过数学计算求出使块体安全系数最低的动荷载方向,再利用关键块体理论矢量分析方法分析隧道围岩的稳定性。在长岗隧道中的应用表明,考虑动荷载作用下的块体安全系数明显小于只考虑重力作用时的安全系数,原本稳定的块体也可能在动荷载作用下变成关键块体导致围岩失稳,这与长岗隧道现场记录的破坏现象相符。     

岩体弹粘塑性显式波动有限元分析

真实反映地震动传播特性的分析方法是准确描述岩体地震反应的基础。基于显式波动有限元,采用能够考虑应变率影响的弹粘塑性本构模型,提出了一种用于分析岩体地震反应的新方法,编制了相应的计算程序。以均质岩石边坡为例,计算了EL-CENTRO波输入下边坡的位移和应力反应,并将计算结果与采用粘弹性本构模型的结果进行了比较,初步验证了程序的可靠性。计算结果表明,所提出的新方法能够较合理地计算出地震作用下边坡的永久位移和残余应力。      

Boundary setting method for the seismic dynamic response analysis of engineering rock mass structures using the discontinuous deformation analysis method

Large deformations and discontinuous problems can be calculated using the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method by solving time steps, and this method is suitable for simulating the seismic dynamic response of engineering rock mass structures. However, the boundary setting must be carefully analyzed. In this paper, four boundary settings for the DDA method are investigated. First, the contributions to the DDA equations for nonreflecting boundaries (including the viscous boundary and the viscoelastic boundary) are deduced based on the Newmark method. Second, a free‐field boundary is introduced in the DDA method with boundary grid generation and coupling calculation algorithms to accurately simulate external source wave motion, such as earthquakes. Third, seismic input boundary treatments are intensively examined, and the force input method is introduced based on nonreflecting boundaries. Finally, the static‐dynamic unified boundary is implemented to ensure consistent boundary transformation. The boundary setting method in the DDA method is discussed, and the suggested treatments are used to analyze the seismic dynamic response of underground caverns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Regression analysis for seismic slope instability based on a double phase viscoplastic sliding model of the rigid block

Semi-empirical models based on Newmark’s sliding block permit the estimation of expected co-seismic displacements in relation to one or more parameters which characterize the ground motion that theoretically caused them. Taking this into consideration, a regression analysis, based on a double-phase viscoplastic (DPV) model, was developed using 96 Italian ground motion accelerograms for a total of 1,448 combinations obtained for different parametric conditions of the indefinite slope model. Repeated stability analysis, performed by means of the DPV model, allows for the assessment of the seismic instability of a slope in relation to different reached behaviour levels, as well as seismically induced permanent displacements. At these behaviour levels, co-seismic increases and possible subsequent decreases of viscoplastic shear strengths are associated. This implies that the post-seismic persistent mobility (collapse) of the slope can be obtained from the computation. On the other hand, coherently with the increasing of shear resistances during fast sliding displacements in clay soils, the seismic-forced displacements result substantially lower than corresponding values obtained by means of the rigorous Newmark’s sliding block. In addition, in relation to some seismic ground motion parameters, regression and functional border and separation curves were obtained with the aim of providing an expeditious seismic slope stability evaluation in reference to the co-seismic and post-seismic behaviour of clayey slopes. Regarding this, the real behaviour of two historical landslide events is discussed in the light of the results of the regression analysis outlined in this work.     

A detailed investigation of block dynamic sliding by the discontinuous deformation analysis

An extensive examination of the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) in block dynamic sliding modeling is carried out in this paper. Theoretical solutions for a single block sliding on an arbitrarily inclined plane by applying the horizontal/vertical seismic loadings to the sliding block as acceleration time histories or to the base as constraint displacement time histories are derived. As compared with the theoretical solutions, for a single block sliding, the DDA predicts the sliding displacements and block interaction forces accurately under various base incline angles and friction angles under both the harmonic loadings and a real seismic loading. The vertical seismic component may influence the block sliding displacements to different extent, and the DDA can capture these phenomena successfully and give accurate results. For the calculation of the single block relative sliding, both the theoretical and the DDA solutions indicate that applying the seismic accelerations as constraint displacement time histories (derived by integrating the seismic accelerations twice) to the base is equivalent to applying the seismic accelerations as volume forces to the sliding block in the opposite directions. The DDA modeling also demonstrates that this conclusion still stands for the case of multi‐block sliding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弹粘塑性块体单元法在龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡稳定分析中的应用

介绍了三维弹粘塑性块体单元法的基本原理。该方法假定岩石块体为刚体,只考虑结构面的变形和强度特性。在建立块体系统的平衡方程、结构面的变形与块体位移的几何相容方程以及结构面上的弹粘塑性本构方程的基础上,出块体系统位移与稳定的基本方程。针对龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡地质条件复杂,块体稳定问题较为突出的情况,采用块体单元法计算了边坡中典型结构面切割形成的特定块体在不同工况下的强度储备安全系数,并针对结构面的几何参数和力学参数等重要影响因素进行了敏感性分析,为工程设计提供了依据。应用表明,作为一种新型的水工结构数值方法,块体单元法应用于复杂地质条件下的岩石高边坡的稳定和变形分析具有准确、适用和简便的特点。     

地震作用下岩质边坡倾倒破坏分析

倾倒破坏是陡倾层状岩体边坡一类主要的变形破坏形式,地震作用下岩质边坡块体倾倒破坏分析具有重要的工程指导意义。基于块体极限平衡,针对岩块长细比较大的情况,推导出了地震作用下岩质边坡倾倒破坏的一般解析解。对于简单的反倾边坡,给出了地震作用下倾倒破坏的显式解析解,并推导了岩块间法向力、破坏模式转变点和坡脚剩余下滑力计算公式。通过4个典型算例研究了地震作用对反倾边坡破坏模式、倾倒破坏时所允许的最大陡倾节理视倾角、破坏模式转变点和坡脚剩余下滑力的影响,为反倾边坡的抗震支护设计提供了理论基础。最后,根据地震影响系数与破坏模式转变点和坡脚剩余下滑力的定量关系对比分析了解析法与传递系数法,结果显示,当岩块长细比大于20时,解析法具有足够的计算精度。     

Influence of strong motion characteristics on permanent displacement of slopes

Landslides triggered by moderate to major earthquakes are a recognized seismic hazard. Arias Intensity (I _a) is a key intensity measure of the ground motion, but significant duration is widely used to define strong motion duration. We calculate Newmark’s displacements using earthquake records bracketing a broad range of Arias Intensity and significant duration employing Newmark’s rigid block method and a number of yield accelerations. Total landslide displacement increases with the increase in the energy content of the ground motion (I _a) above a threshold. Such threshold may be expressed as a function of yield acceleration of the slope regardless of the ground motion characteristics. Newmark displacement decreases with increasing duration for earthquakes with similar energy content. The wide scatter in the results converges when using formal dimensional analysis. Self-similar symmetry may facilitate the assessment of the performance of slopes during earthquakes. The mathematical framework for probabilistic determination of landslides displacement may be a useful aid to estimate the likelihood of landslide hazards provided that the geotechnical properties of the slopes are known.