Early to Middle Carboniferous hornblende 40Ar/39Ar ages of amphibolites and gabbros from the Bergsträsser Odenwald

Summary Pre- to Early Variscan metamorphic rocks and intrusive calc-alkaline rocks are constituting the Odenwald accretionary complex. The predominant regional metamorphic formation of the amphibolite is postdated by the intrusion of the Frankenstein gabbro complex in the NW Odenwald at about 362 Ma. Thus indications of older metamorphic events might be preserved in the amphibolites. However, for the central and southern Odenwald zircon data revealed a thermal peak of regional metamorphism at about 336 Ma. Nine amphibole separates from two gabbroic intrusives and from seven amphibolites were dated by the K-Ar method, mainly using the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar technique. The two gabbro amphibole separates yielded ages of 335 and 329 Ma; i.e. they are about 30 Ma younger than the Frankenstein gabbro. The total argon ages of the amphibolite hornblendes are at about 359 Ma in the north and about 330 to 320 Ma in the south (early and late stages of the Early Carboniferous). The ages of the three metamorphic amphiboles from the north are in the age range of the Frankenstein gabbro intrusion, however, the four from the south slightly postdate the regional metamorphic climax. Two of the older amphibole separates of the north and two of the younger ones from the south yielded plateau ages slightly older than the total argon ages (about 358 Ma and 329 Ma, respectively). The southernmost amphibolite with a total argon age of 320 Ma shows an irregular spectrum with a maximum age step for 40% of its argon corresponding to an age of 344 Ma. It possibly has partly preserved an older argon component during the younger phase of regional metamorphism. Together with published data the results show that hornblende of amphibolites from the Odenwald offer the chance to unravel the metamorphic veil of the Mid-Carboniferous regional metamorphism.

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Zusammenfassung Früh- bis mittel-karbonische ⁴⁰ Ar/ ³⁹ Ar-Alter an Amphibolit- und Gabbro-Hornblenden des Bergstr?sser Odenwaldes Der Odenwald, als ehemaliger akkretion?rer Komplex, besteht aus pr?- bis frühvariskischen metamorphen, sowie kalk-alkalischen Intrusivgesteinen. Die Bildung der regionalmetamorphen Gesteine erfolgte vor der Intrusion des Frankenstein-Gabbro-Komplexes im NW-Odenwald um 362 Ma. Ihre Amphibol-führenden Vertreter bieten die Chance, mittels Hornblende-Datierungen nach zeitlichen Anzeichen dieser Metamorphose zu suchen. Im zentralen und südlichen Odenwald sprechen andererseits Zirkon-Daten für einen Peak der Regionalmetamorphose um ca. 336 Ma. Aus sieben Amphiboliten und zwei Gabbros der drei strukturellen Einheiten des Bergstr?sser Odenwaldes wurden neun Hornblende-Pr?parate unter strenger Beachtung m?glicher Kontaminationen und Umbildungen hergestellt und nach der K-Ar-Methode datiert, wobei sowohl konventionelle als auch ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar-Technik eingesetzt wurde. Die Gabbro-Hornblenden ergaben mit 335 und 329 Ma um ca. 30 Ma jüngere Werte als die Alter des Frankenstein-Gabbros. Die Totalargon-Alter der Hornblenden aus den Amphiboliten im Norden und Süden unterscheiden sich deutlich und geh?ren mit ca. 359 Ma bzw. 330 Ma dem frühen und sp?ten Unterkarbon an. Die Alter der drei untersuchten metamorphen Hornblenden aus dem Norden fallen in den Altersbereich der Frankenstein-Intrusion. Die Alter der drei ungest?rten Hornblenden aus dem Süden sind etwas jünger als der Zeitraum der sp?ten Regionalmetamorphose. Zwei Hornblenden aus dem Norden und zwei aus dem Süden zeigen Plateau-Alter, die geringfügig über den Totalargon-Altern liegen (ca. 358 und 329 Ma). Die südlichste Probe mit einem Total-Argonalter von 320 Ma hat ein irregul?res Spektrum mit einem Altersmaximum (für ca. 40% des Argons) bei 344 Ma. M?glicherweise rührt es von einer Hornblendekomponente her, welche durch die sp?tere Regionalmetamorphose nicht verjüngt worden ist. Zusammen mit wenigen Literaturdaten best?tigen die gewonnenen Hornblende-Daten aus dem Norden, da? Hornblenden aus Amphiboliten potentiell geeignet sind, Ereignisse vor der mittelkarbonen Metamorphose- und Intrusionsphase isotopisch zu datieren.

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Received August 5, 1999; revised version accepted August 7, 2000     

Thermal history of the Ecstall pluton from Ar/Ar geochronology and thermal modeling

New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar thermochronology results and thermal modeling support the hypothesis of Hollister et al. (2004), that reheating of the mid-Cretaceous Ecstall pluton by intrusion of the Coast Mountains Batholith (CMB) was responsible for spatially variable remagnetization of the Ecstall pluton. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages from hornblende and biotite from 12 locations along the Skeena River across the northern part of the Ecstall pluton decrease with proximity to the Quottoon plutonic complex, the nearest member of the CMB to the Ecstall pluton. The oldest ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are found farthest from the Quottoon plutonic complex, and are 90 ± 3 Ma for hornblende, and 77.9 ± 1.2 Ma for biotite. The youngest ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are found closest to the Quottoon plutonic complex, and are 51.6 ± 1.2 Ma for hornblende, and 45.3 ± 1.7 Ma for biotite. No obvious relationship between grain size and age is seen in the Ecstall pluton biotites. Spatial trends in ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are consistent with model results for reheating by a thermal wall at the location of the Quottoon plutonic complex. Although no unique solution is suggested, our results indicate that the most appropriate thermal history for the Ecstall pluton includes both reheating and northeast side up tilting of the Ecstall pluton associated with intrusion of the Quottoon plutonic complex. Estimates of northward translation from shallow paleomagnetic inclinations in the western part of the Ecstall pluton are reduced to ∼3000 km, consistent with the Baja-BC hypothesis, when northeast side up tilting is accounted for.     

Simultaneous horst-basin formation and magmatism during Late Variscan transtension: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar and 207Pb/206Pb geochronology in the Ruhla Crystalline Complex

40 Ar/³⁹Ar–mica and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb–zircon dates are presented and combined with existing P–T data and the sedimentary record. These data indicate that the RCC was faulted into three segments which underwent different exhumation histories during the Late Carboniferous/Early Permian. The eastern segment shows ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar–biotite data of336 ±4 and 323±3 Ma. Furthermore, it is intruded by the Thuringian Hauptgranite dated at 337±4 Ma by the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb single zircon method. At approximately 300 Ma rocks of the eastern segment were finally exposed and, subsequently, subsided as part of the Oberhof pull-apart basin, filled by Late Carboniferous/Early Permian molasse sediments and volcanic rocks (296–285 Ma; Goll 1996). A similar Late Carboniferous evolution is inferred for the western segment, since it is also overlain by Upper Carboniferous volcanic rocks. In contrast to the eastern and western segments, distinctly younger intrusion and cooling ages were recorded for the central segment of the RCC (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar muscovite: 311±3 Ma; ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite: 293–288±3 Ma) that was intruded by the Trusetal Granite, the Ruhla Granite and Brotterode Diorite (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb single zircon: 298±2, 295±3, 289±4 Ma, respectively). These young data are unique in the MGCR and testify that plutonic activity and cooling of basement rocks took place simultaneously with basin formation and volcanism in the eastern and western segments. Overlying Upper Permian (Zechstein) and Triassic sediments indicate final exposure of the central segment by approximately 260 Ma, as a part of the Ruhla-Schleusingen Horst. Combination of these results with P–T data from the contact aureole of the Trusetal granite indicate that the central segment was unroofed by at least 8.5 km during the Late Carboniferous. The Late Carboniferous/Early Permian horst-basin formation, documented in the RCC, is due to dextral transtensional movements along the NW-trending Franconian fault system. It may have been enhanced by mantle upwelling widespread in Central Europe during the Early Permian that also caused intensive magmatism in the Thuringian Forest region. Received: 2 February 1999 / Accepted: 15 November 1999     

Timing of Cadomian and Variscan tectonothermal activity,La Hague and Alderney,North Armorican Massif: Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages

The La Hague region of northwest France exposes Palaeo-Proterozoic Icartian gneisses which were reworked and intruded by calc-alkaline plutonic rocks during the Cadomian Orogeny (about 700–500 Ma). ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar mineral cooling ages have been determined to clarify the timing of the regional metamorphism of orthogneisses and the emplacement of quartz diorite plutons in this region. Metamorphic amphiboles within Icartian gneisses display discordant ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar apparent age spectra interpreted to result from limited Variscan (about 350–300 Ma) overprinting of intracrystalline argon systems which initially cooled through post-metamorphic hornblende closure temperatures during the Cadomian at about 600 Ma. Igneous hornblendes from the weakly foliated Jardeheu and Moulinet quartz diorites record isotope correlation ages of 599 ± 2 and 561 ± 2 Ma, respectively. Igneous hornblende and biotite from foliated quartz diorite on the nearby Channel Island of Alderney record isotope correlation ages of about 560 Ma. The results imply that metamorphic and plutonic events in the La Hague-Alderney region were approximately contemporaneous with those recorded on Guernsey and Sark, which are thus likely to have formed part of the same tectonic block during the Cadomian Orogeny.     

西南天山哈拉达拉岩体的锆石SHRIMP年代学及地球化学研究

西南天山哈拉达拉侵入体由橄长岩、橄榄辉长岩和辉长岩组成,橄长岩和橄榄辉长岩具有典型的堆晶结构,堆晶矿物以斜长石和橄榄石为主。辉石、角闪石和金云母主要为堆晶间隙矿物。辉长岩发育辉长—辉绿结构。结晶分异作用在岩浆演化过程中起重要作用。对从辉长岩中分选出来的锆石进行的SHRIMP年代学研究表明,辉长岩形成于308.3±1.8Ma （MSWD=0.86,n=15）。哈拉达拉岩体稀土元素配分模式与E-MORB相似,具有高Rb、Cs、Ba及Sr的特点,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr初始比值0.7040~0.7050。这些特征表明,岩浆源区具有富集地幔的特征(古南天山洋俯冲流体交代形成了富集地幔)。根据平坦的稀土元素配分模式以及Gd、Sm、Nb、Zr等微量元素的地球化学行为判别,岩浆源区岩石为含角闪石的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩。批式熔融模拟计算显示,地幔岩10%~15%的部分熔融能够形成哈拉达拉岩体的母岩浆。母岩浆通过48%~50%的结晶分异作用则能够形成哈拉达拉岩体。早期结晶的橄榄石和斜长石通过堆晶作用形成橄长岩和橄榄辉长岩,剩余岩浆结晶形成辉长岩。     

Sm–Nd geochronology and geochemistry of a Neoproterozoic gabbro in the Kuluketage block,north-western China

In this article, we report whole-rock and mineral Sm–Nd isotopic and whole-rock elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic data of Xingdi No. 1 mafic–ultramafic intrusion in the western Kuluketage block, north-eastern Tarim. Xingdi No. 1 mafic–ultramafic intrusion is the largest in the Xingdi mafic–ultramafic belt, with an exposed area of ca. 20 km². It intruded into the Palaeoproterozoic basement. Gabbro is the major rock type and there is minor olivine pyroxenite. Sm–Nd geochronometry of the gabbro gives an isochron age of 761.2 ± 31.2 million years, identical to the intrusive age of Xingdi No. 2 pluton (760 ± 6 million years). The gabbro is systematically enriched in large ion lithosphile elements and light rare earth elements and depleted in high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. The studied rocks are characterized by low whole-rock and mineral ?Nd_(t) values (?7.8 to??7.1) and elevated (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i values (0.7066–0.7073). These geochemical characteristics, together with the presence of abundant hornblende, biotite, bladed biotite enclosed in amphibole, and crescent-shaped Palaeoproterozoic wall-rock xenoliths in the intrusion, are key features of magma mixing in the source or assimilation during its emplacement. The rocks have a Zr/Y ratio of 3.81–13, which falls in the within-plate basalt area. As Xingdi No. 1 and No. 2 plutons formed at the same period and display similar geochemical characteristics, we propose that they formed within the same tectonic setting and were derived from the same source, but No. 1 pluton experienced a higher extent of evolution and contamination. Previous studies have shown that the Neoproterozoic tectonic and magmatic events in Kuluketage comprise syn-collisional granite around TC (ca. 1.0–0.9 Ga), post-collisional K-rich granite and alkaline mafic–ultramafic intrusions (ca. 830–800 Ma), and rifting-related mafic–ultramafic plutons, dikes, and bimodal volcanic rocks (ca. 774–744 Ma).     

40Ar/39Ar Geochronology and stable isotope geochemistry of Late-Hercynian intrusions from north-eastern Iberia with implications for argon loss in K-feldspar

The cooling history of Hercynian calc-alkalic, post-kinematic plutonic intrusions of the Montnegre massif (NE Spain) has been determined by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analysis of two hornblendes, four biotites and eight K-feldspars (Kfs). The hornblendes have ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar total fusion ages of 291Dž Ma and define the magmatic cooling of the basic and oldest structural intrusions. The biotites from the acid and intermediate rocks have ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages of 285Dž Ma, which date cooling of the intrusions through argon closure in biotite. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of the K-feldspars vary widely, ranging from 276-191 Ma. A correlation between K-feldspar ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar total fusion age and several other features such as structural state, microstructures indicated by obliquity and, to some degree, optically visible perthites, is consistent with post-crystallisation partial argon loss in the K-feldspars. The 'D values of the biotites also correlate with age and chlorite contents, but this is not so for the '¹⁸O values of either feldspar or quartz. We infer that most microtextural changes occurred during cooling of the batholith, but a possibly Mesozoic, late disturbing hydrothermal event of weak intensity and with only minor fluid circulation must have occurred. This event provoked significant argon loss in the most structurally complex K-feldspars and is recorded in the hydrogen, but not oxygen, isotope data.     

New igneous zircon Pb/Pb and metamorphic Rb/Sr ages in the Yaounde Group (Cameroon, Central Africa): implications for the Central African fold belt evolution close to the Congo Craton

Three meta-igneous bodies from the Yaounde Group have been analyzed for their petrography, geochemistry, and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb zircon ages. According to their geochemical patterns, they represent meta-diorites. The meta-plutonites yielded identical zircon ages with a mean of 624?±?2?Ma interpreted as their intrusion age. This age is in agreement with previously published zircon ages of meta-diorites from the Yaounde Group. The meta-diorites derived mainly from crustal rocks with minor contribution from mantle material. The ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr isochron ages of one meta-diorite sample and three meta-sedimentary host rocks are significantly younger than the obtained intrusion age. Therefore, they are not related to igneous processes. ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr isochron ages differ from sample to sample (599?±?3, 572?±?4, 554?±?5, 540?±?5?Ma) yielding the oldest Neoproterozoic age (~600?Ma) for a paragneiss sample at a more northern location. The youngest Rb/Sr isochron age (~540?Ma) was obtained for a mica schist sample at a more southern location closer to the border of the Congo Craton. The ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr whole rock-biotite ages are interpreted as cooling ages related to transpressional processes during exhumation. Therefore, several discrete metamorphic events related to the exhumation of the Yaounde Group were dated. It could be shown by Rb/Sr dating for the first time that these late tectonic processes occurred earlier at more distant northern locations of the Yaounde Group and lasted at least until early Cambrian (~540?Ma) more closely to the border of the Congo Craton.     

Permian–Carboniferous arc magmatism in southern Mexico: U–Pb dating,trace element and Hf isotopic evidence on zircons of earliest subduction beneath the western margin of Gondwana

Undeformed felsic to mafic igneous rocks, dated by U–Pb zircon geochronology between 311 and 255 Ma, intrude different units of the Oaxacan and Acatlán metamorphic complexes in southwestern Mexico. Rare earth element concentrations on zircons from most of these magmatic rocks have a typical igneous character, with fractionated heavy rare earths and negative Eu anomalies. Only inherited Precambrian zircons are depleted in heavy rare earth elements, which suggest contemporaneous crystallization in equilibrium with metamorphic garnet during granulite facies metamorphism. Hf isotopic signatures are, however, different among these magmatic units. For example, zircons from two of these magmatic units (Cuanana pluton and Honduras batholith) have positive εHf values (+3.8–+8.5) and depleted mantle model ages (using a mean crustal value of ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf = 0.015) (T _DMC) ranging between 756 and 1,057 Ma, whereas zircons from the rest of the magmatic units (Etla granite, Zaniza batholith, Carbonera stock and Sosola rhyolite) have negative εHf values (?1 to ?14) and model ages between 1,330 and 2,160 Ma. This suggests either recycling of different crustal sources or, more likely, different extents of crustal contamination of arc-related mafic magmas in which the Oaxacan Complex acted as the main contaminant. These plutons thus represent the magmatic expression of the initial stages of eastward subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the western margin of Gondwana, and confirm the existence of a Late Carboniferous–Permian magmatic arc that extended from southern North America to Central America.     

Investigations of an intrusive contact,northwest Nelson,New Zealand—I. Thermal,chronological and isotopic constraints

In the Nelson area of New Zealand, intrusion of the Separation Point Batholith 114 Ma ago caused thermal metamorphism in the adjacent Devonian Rameka Gabbro that allowed radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar to diffuse partially out of hornblendes in the gabbro.Comparison of mineral ages in the batholith (obtained by the K-Ar, ${}^{40}\text{Ar}{}^{39}\text{Ar}$, Rb-Sr, U-Pb and fission track methods) with closure temperature estimates for the various isotopic systems has allowed thermal histories of several samples to be resolved. These curves indicate that, following emplacement, the batholith cooled at an exponentially decreasing rate reaching 100°C by about 75 Ma ago.Oxygen isotope measurements on minerals from the gabbro and granodiorite give calculated equilibrium water compositions of +7 and +9 of δ¹⁸O_SMOW respectively. Measured porosities from samples of the gabbro yield a model permeability of 3 × 10^?17 m¹². These results confirm that heat transfer from the batholith to the gabbro was predominantly by conduction. A numerical heat flow model has been developed for the region, and shows that samples in the gabbro near the contact reached ~600°C. whereas 5 km away from the contact, the samples were only raised ~ 50°C above the ambient temperature.Excess ⁴⁰Ar was identified as causing a significant scatter in the K-Ar ages of hornblendes from the gabbro. Though obscured by this effect, these data suggest a crystallization age of the Rameka Gabbro of 367 Ma, which is consistent with geological evidence.     

Geochemical and Petrological Studies on the Early Carboniferous Sidingheishan Mafic–Ultramafic Iintrusion in the Southern Margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NW China

The Sidingheishan mafic-ultramafic intrusion is located in the eastern part of the Northern Tianshan Mountain, along the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in northern Xinjiang autonomous region of China. The Sidingheishan intrusion is mainly composed of wehrlite, olivine websterite, olivine gabbro, gabbro and hornblende gabbro. At least two pulses of magma were involved in the formation of the intrusion. The first pulse of magma produced an olivine-free unit and the second pulse produced an olivine-bearing unit. The magmas intruded the Devonian granites and granodiorites.An age of 351.4±5.8 Ma(Early Carboniferous) for the Sidingheishan intrusion has been determined by U-Pb SHRIMP analysis of zircon grains separated from the olivine gabbro unit. A U-Pb age of 359.2±6.4 Ma from the gabbro unit has been obtained by LA-ICP-MS. Olivine of the Sidingheishan intrusion reaches 82.52 mole% Fo and 1414 ppm Ni. On the basis of olivine-liquid equilibria, it has been calculated that the MgO and FeO included in the parental magma of a wehrlite sample were approximately10.43 wt% and 13.14 wt%, respectively. The Sidingheishan intrusive rocks are characterized by moderate enrichments in Th and Sm, slight enrichments in light REE, and depletions in Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. The ε_(Nd)(t) values in the rock units vary from +6.70 to +9.64, and initial ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios range between 0.7035 and0.7042. Initial ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb, ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb values fall in the ranges of 17.23-17.91,15.45-15.54 and 37.54-38.09 respectively. These characteristics are collectively similar to the Heishan intrusion and the Early Carboniferous subduction related volcanic rocks in the Santanghu Basin, North Tianshan and Beishan area. The low(La/Gd)_(PM) values between 0.26 and 1.77 indicate that the magma of the Sidingheishan intrusion was most likely derived from a depleted spinel-peridotite mantle.(Th/Nb)_(PM)ratios from 0.59 to 20.25 indicate contamination of the parental magma in the upper crust.Crystallization modeling methods suggest that the parental magma of the Sidingheishan intrusion was generated by flush melting of the asthenosphere and subsequently there was about 10 vol%contamination from a granitic melt. This was followed by about 5 vol% assimilation of upper crustal rocks. Thus, the high-Mg basaltic parental magma of Sidingheishan intrusion is interpreted to have formed from partial melting of the asthenosphere during the break-off of a subducted slab.     

The age of camptonite dikes of the Agardag alkali-basalt complex (western Sangilen): results of Ar/Ar and U/Pb dating

A camptonite dike swarm (Agardag alkali-basalt complex) in the western part of the Sangilen Upland abounds in mantle xenoliths. Mineralogical, petrographic, and petrochemical studies show that the dikes are composed of lamprophyres of two groups, basic and ultrabasic. Ar/Ar dating of amphibole and phlogopite megacrysts gives an intrusion age for the dikes of 443.0 ± 1.3 Ma. ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U dating of zircon from a glomeroporphyritic intergrowth in camptonite from one of the dikes yielded a core age of 489.0 ± 5.4 Ma. This corresponds to the time of formation of the Chzhargalanta granite–leucogranite complex (489.4 ± 2.6 Ma). The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of the zircon rim is 444.0 ± 7.5 Ma. The ages obtained by Ar/Ar dating of amphibole and biotite megacrysts and by U/Pb dating of the magmatic rim of zircon crystal from the camptonite coincide within the dating error, which indicates that the camptonite dikes formed in the Late Ordovician. These dikes are the oldest-known example of mantle-derived xenoliths in mafic volcanic rocks from an off-craton setting. These are samples of the Upper Ordovician lithospheric mantle.     

西准噶尔萨吾尔地区科克托别基性岩体岩石成因:地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学证据

萨吾尔地区位于西准噶尔东北缘,广泛发育晚古生代中酸性侵入岩和火山岩以及少量基性侵入岩,这些岩浆岩的年代学研究对于限制西准噶尔地区石炭纪构造环境具有重要的意义。本文通过研究萨吾尔地区科克托别岩体的岩相学特征、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄以及地球化学特征,探讨该岩体构造背景以及成因机制,为进一步论证西准噶尔地区石炭纪构造环境提供佐证。科克托别岩体包括中粗粒辉长岩、细粒辉长岩和闪长岩,在野外露头显示细粒辉长岩以脉状侵入中粗粒辉长岩中,细粒辉长岩中包裹有中粗粒辉长岩包体,中粗粒辉长岩与闪长岩之间呈渐变过渡接触关系,说明科克托别岩体是不同期次岩浆侵位形成的杂岩体,早期岩浆侵入形成中粗粒辉长岩和闪长岩,晚期岩浆上侵就位于中粗粒辉长岩构造裂隙中形成细粒辉长岩。科克托别岩体中细粒辉长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为323.2±6.2Ma,表明岩体形成于早石炭世晚期。该岩体成岩年龄晚于该地区蛇绿岩套岩石年龄,也晚于岛弧火山岩年龄以及含斑岩矿床侵入岩年龄,与该地区I型花岗岩年龄相似,而明显早于碰撞后A型花岗岩和双峰式火山岩的形成年龄,说明科克托别岩体可能形成于同碰撞构造环境中。不同岩相的岩石主量元素之间的相关关系以及微量元素配分型式相似性说明它们为同源岩浆结晶分异的产物。岩相学和地球化学特征表明岩体初始岩浆可能为软流圈地幔与上覆交代地幔相互作用形成,板片断离可能为软流圈地幔的上涌起到重要作用。     

Timing and geochemistry of potassic magmatism in the eastern part of the Svecofennian domain,NW Ladoga Lake Region,Russian Karelia

The Puutsaari intrusion is a potassium-rich magmatic complex in the eastern part of the Svecofennian domain close to the Archaean border. The intrusion is generally undeformed in contrast to 1880–1875 Ma-old country rock tonalitic migmatites and diatectites. The main rock types are: (1) mafic rocks of a gabbro–norite–diorite–quartz monzodiorite series; (2) quartz diorite–tonalite–granodiorite; and (3) coarse-grained microcline granite. The three rock-types intruded coevally forming a peculiar three-component mingling system. The mafic rocks, enriched in K, P, Ba, Sr and LREE, have marked shoshonitic affinities (K₂O=1.97–5.40, K₂O/Na₂O=0.6–2.37). On a regional scale they demonstrate transitional geochemistry between less enriched syn-orogenic 1880 Ma-old gabbro–tonalite complexes and strongly enriched 1800 Ma post-collisional shoshonitic intrusions. The microcline granite as well as the tonalite–granodiorite rocks are geochemically similar to crustal anatectic granitoids of the NW Ladoga Lake area. The three rock groups do not form a single trend on Harker-type diagrams and are unlikely to be related by fractional crystallisation or mixing. Zircons from the Puutsaari microcline granite and from the mafic rock series have been dated by ion-microprobe (NORDSIM) at 1868.2±5.9 and 1869±7.7 Ma, respectively. Most zircons recovered from a granite sample had zoned or homogeneous cores and unzoned fractured rims. No statistically significant variation of zircon core and rim ages from the granite was established in the course of this study. Zircons from the mafic rock are unzoned. It is suggested that the mafic rocks at Puutsaari were derived from an enriched mantle shortly after the main Svecofennian collisional event and the roughly 1.88 Ga regional metamorphic culmination. The emplacement of the mafic melt caused anatectic melting of various crustal protoliths and produced coeval granitic and tonalitic compositions.     

蒙古科布多省阿拉腾索音博地区辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

蒙古科布多省阿拉腾索音博地区地处阿尔泰构造带南缘,由一系列弧盆系及增生杂岩带组成。区内发育一条近东西向辉长岩带,辉长岩15颗锆石分为2类:一类具明显条带韵律环带,一类内部均匀干净,二者均不具核边结构,不含包体,结合高Th/U值(0.46~0.68),确定为典型的基性岩浆锆石;锆石LA-ICP-MS年龄加权平均值为317.6±1.6Ma,厘定其成岩时代为晚石炭世。研究对比表明,该辉长岩带形成于板块俯冲碰撞的尾声阶段,是阿尔泰造山运动大背景下区域基性岩浆活动的产物。     

Structure, age and mode of emplacement of the Hercynian Bordères-Louron pluton (Central Pyrenees, France)

The Hercynian Bordères-Louron pluton (20 km²) in the Central Pyrenees intrudes Devonian and Carboniferous metasediments. It shows a concentric zoning and consists of a significant proportion of (quartz) gabbros in its periphery, and of granodiorites, biotite monzogranites and biotite-muscovite monzogranites in its core. AMS study shows that the pluton corresponds to an elongated dome with a N100°E-trending axis. The anisotropy intensity Ppara% is high in the south and in the core of the pluton, whereas it is low in the north. The shape parameter T indicates that the fabric is strongly planar in a large central band oriented NW-SE, whereas it is strongly linear in the western and eastern tips of the pluton. These characteristics suggest that the Bordères-Louron pluton emplaced in two episodes: (1) intrusion of mafic magmas along a N100°E sill parallel to the regional foliation of the host metasediments; and (2) injection of three successive silicic batches (granodiorite, biotite monzogranite, two-micas monzogranite) which pushed aside the early mafic injections. In situ U-Pb dating of zircon grains indicates that the emplacement age of the biotite monzogranite is 309 ± 4 Ma, synchronous with the D ₂ dextral transpressive event and close to the ages of the eastern Pyrenean plutons, may be slightly older.     

Late Oligocene–Miocene mantle upwelling and interaction inferred from mantle signatures in gabbroic to granitic rocks from the Urumieh–Dokhtar arc,south Ardestan,Iran

The south Ardestan plutonic rocks constitute major outcrops in the central part of Iran’s Cenozoic magmatic belt and encompass a wide compositional spectrum from gabbro to granodiorite. U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) dating of zircon three granodiorites yielded ages of 24.6 ± 0.1, 24.6 ± 0.1, and 24.5 ± 0.1 Ma. For tonalitic rocks, internal Rb–Sr isochron ages (biotite, feldspars) indicate cooling ages of 20.4 ± 0.1, 20.5 ± 0.1, and 22.3 ± 0.1 Ma, which are slightly younger than the zircons’ ages. The limited variations in their Sr–Nd isotope ratios indicate derivation from an asthenospheric mantle source. A geodynamic model is presented in which late Oligocene–Miocene rollback of the Neotethyan subducting slab triggered asthenospheric upwelling and partial melting in the south Ardestan. These melts were subsequently modified through fractional crystallization and minor crustal contamination en-route to the surface. Plagioclase + orthopyroxene-dominated fractional crystallization accounts for differentiation of gabbro to gabbroic diorite, whereas fractionation of clinopyroxene, titanomagnetite, and orthopyroxene led to differentiation of gabbroic diorite to diorite. Amphibole fractionation at deeper levels led to the development of tonalites.     

40Ar/39Ar Thermochronology west of the Main Uralian fault, southern Urals, Russia

West of the Main Uralian fault, the main suture in the southern Urals, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar apparent ages of amphibole, muscovite and potassium feldspar are interpreted as cooling ages. A fast exhumation of the metamorphic complex of Kurtinsky during Upper Carboniferous time is indicated by the small age difference (15 Ma) between cogenetic amphibole and muscovite. Differentiated movement in the footwall of the Main Uralian fault along strike is indicated by the age difference of 70 Ma between the metamorphic complexes of Kurtinsky (north) and Maksyutov (south). No Upper Paleozoic (Uralian) medium- to high-temperature event is recorded in ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data from the metamorphic complex of Beloretzk (MCB). An amphibole age of 718±5 Ma and the occurrence of mafic intrusions might signal the break-up of Rodinia and therefore indicate the rifting period followed by the separate movement of the "Beloretzk terrane". Muscovite ages of approximately 550±5 Ma, the unique pre-Ordovician tectonometamorphic evolution of the MCB and the Late Vendian sedimentary history of the western Bashkirian Megaanticlinorium (BMA) imply the existence of a Neoproterozoic orogeny at the eastern margin of Baltica. This orogeny might have been initiated by the accretion of the "Beloretzk terrane". The metamorphic grade of the overlain Silurian shales and the K/Ar microcline ages from the "Beloretzk terrane" give evidence for a new thermal event at approximately 370 Ma. A microcline age of 530–550 Ma obtained for the Vendian conglomerate in the western BMA suggests that a maximum temperature of approximately 200°C was reached in Cambrian or Vendian times. An orthoclase age (590–630 Ma) of the Vendian Zigan flysch deposits might be inherited from the eastern source area, the Cadomian orogen. An orthoclase age (910–950 Ma) from the Riphean Zilmerdak conglomerate coincides with a documented decrease in the subsidence rate of the Upper Riphean basin.     

Testing the apatite-magnetite geochronometer: U-Pb and Ar/Ar geochronology of plutonic rocks, massive magnetite-apatite tabular bodies, and IOCG mineralization in Northern Chile

Detailed zircon and apatite U-Pb dating and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of actinolite have been carried out on the Carmen-Sierra Aspera Kiruna type magnetite-apatite and iron oxide Cu-Au (IOCG) district in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile (∼26°S). They define a precise succession of magmatic and hydrothermal events associated with early Cretaceous Andean magmatism. Apatite and magnetite from a magnetite-apatite tabular body with intergrowth texture in the Carmen deposit yield a total Pb-U isochron age of 131.0 ± 1.0 Ma. This result is the first direct dating of magnetite-apatite mineralization in an early Andean deposit, and the age coincides with zircon ages of a quartz diorite stock that partially hosts mineralization (130.6 ± 0.3 Ma). Magnetite from the studied tabular body contains only small amounts of radiogenic Pb and serves to constrain the initial common Pb isotopic composition. The high degree of correlation suggests that both minerals closed for Pb diffusion at essentially the same time and at a relatively high temperature (close to that of zircon), making the apatite-magnetite pair a reliable geochronometer for igneous or hydrothermal crystallization. Zircon from the Sierra Aspera composite pluton yields ages between 131.3 ± 0.3 Ma and 127.4 ± 0.1 Ma, clearly resolving the timing of intrusion of discrete intrusive phases. Actinolite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages partially overlap the ages of plutonic phases of the Sierra Aspera pluton, but are younger than the magnetite-apatite tabular body. The initial Pb isotopic composition of the melts and/or fluids from which the magnetite-apatite tabular bodies crystallized is very similar to the primitive Pb isotopic composition of granitic magmas associated with early Cretaceous plutons measured in K-feldspar. The Pb isotopic correspondence, combined with the temporal and spatial association between magnetite-apatite mineralization and the dioritic-quartz dioritic magmatism, strongly suggests a genetic relationship between early Cretaceous continental arc magmatism, massive magnetite-apatite deposits, and IOCG mineralization.     

Geochronologic Constraints on the Magmatic Underplating of the Gangdise^ Belt in the India-Eurasia Collision： Evidence of SHRIMP II Zircon U-Pb Dating

Abstract  Abundant small mafic intrusions occur associated with granitoids along the Gangdisê magmatic belt. In addition to many discrete gabbro bodies within the granitoid plutons, a gabbro‐pyroxenite zone occurs along the southern margin of the Gangdisê belt to the north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture. The mafic intrusion zone spatially corresponds to a strong aeromagnetic anomaly, which extends ～1400 km. The mafic intrusions consist of intermittently distributed small bodies and dikes of gabbro and dolerite with accumulates of pyroxenite, olivine pyroxenite, pegmatitic pyroxenite and amphibolite. Much evidence indicates that the Gangdisê gabbro‐pyroxenite assemblage is most likely a result of underplating of mantle‐derived magma. Detailed field investigation and systematic sampling of the mafic rocks was conducted at six locations along the Lhasa‐Xigazê segment of the mafic intrusive zone, and was followed by zircon SHRIMP II U‐Pb dating. In addition to the ages of two samples previously published (47.0±1 Ma and 48.9±1.1 Ma), the isotopic ages of the remaining four gabbro samples are 51.6±1.3 Ma, 52.5±3.0 Ma, 50.2±4.2 Ma and 49.9±1.1 Ma. The range of these ages (47–52.5 Ma) provide geochronologic constraints on the Eocene timing of magma underplating beneath the Gangdisê belt at ca. 50 Ma. This underplating event post‐dated the initiation of the India‐Eurasia continental collision by 15 million years and was contemporaneous with a process of magma mixing. The SHRIMP II U‐Pb isotopic analysis also found several old ages from a few zircon grains, mostly in a range of 479–526 Ma (weighted average age 503±10 Ma), thus yielding information about the pre‐existing lower crust when underplating of mafic magma took place. It is believed that magma underplating was one of the major mechanisms for crustal growth during the Indian‐Eurasia collision, possibly corresponding in time to the formation of the 14–16 km‐thick “crust‐mantle transitional zone” characterized by Vp = 6.85–6.9 km/s.