一种能同时提高信噪比和分辨率的时频域振幅谱校正方法

叠前CDP道集的期望振幅谱由其叠加道振幅谱产生.采用窄带通滤波实现地震道数据滤波分频.以叠加道在叠加剖面优势频带范围内的振幅谱能量作参考标准,将其归一化,并加工成反射系数谱,这种方法可以防止低频噪声被放大.采用使期望振幅谱的高频端呈下滑的斜坡状等措施,可以防止高频噪声被放大,使叠加剖面的信噪比和分辨率同时有明显提高.     

地震属性参数在煤层厚度预测中的应用对比

高分辨率三维地震勘探能够获得地下空间三维数据体的大量地质信息,为工作区煤层厚度的确定提供依据.通过常用的三种方法谱:矩法、振幅谱平方比法、地震振幅谱和子波振幅谱比法,提取三维地震数据体中地震属性,编制相应的软件程序,对煤层厚度进行预测.研究对比了这三种算法的预测效果,为煤田煤层厚度的预测提供了可靠的参考依据.     

振幅谱积分在裂缝性储集层油气检测中的应用

该文论述了振幅谱积分方法原理，并将该方法技术应用于碳酸岩裂缝性储集层的油气检测，其振幅谱积分异常与实际裂缝性储集层油气聚集带相吻合，特征明显，取得较满意效果。     

石油地震勘探中薄互层的反射系数序列振幅谱特征分析

通过对一层、二层及多层，厚度为有序递度的薄互层组地震地质模型的反射数系列振幅谱特征与薄互层组内单层厚度，子结构厚度，互层组内层数等关系分析，指出薄互层组内单层厚度或子结构度是决定反射系数序列振幅谱特征的基础，互层纳内层数是主要的影响因素。     

薄互层反射系数序列时～频特征研究

针对薄互层储层结构难以识别的问题进行了研究。通过建立不同类型薄互层地质结构的反射系数时间序列,与其振幅谱的数学表达式,并经计算分析后发现,前人由三层介质二个反射系数时频关系得出的陷频周期倒数,等于时域层间时间厚度的结论,并不适合多层情况。经深入研究后进一步发现,可描述振幅谱特征的主瓣周期及其个数,旁瓣周期及其个数,f=0点和f=fn点的振幅值等参数,都是确定薄层、薄互层,或薄层夹厚层地质结构的重要参数。当薄层结构特征不太复杂,采集和前序处理不丢失高、低频信息的情况下,可用削除子波或部份削除子波影响后的记录振幅谱,甚至也可用记录的对数谱等的结构特征参数,来识别或预测薄层或薄互层等地质结构。     

锤击桩基动测的导纳谱研究

本文从集中参数模型入手，讨论了单自由度和多自由度振动系统的导纳谱形式与特征，给出了完整桩与各种缺损桩的导纳振幅谱判断依据及计算处理方法，为导纳谱法在实际中的更好应用提供了理论说明。     

实测视复电阻率振幅谱换算相位的可行性

从理论上阐述了由视复电阻率振幅谱换算视相位谱的可行性之后,结合实际情况考察这种换算过程中误差的传递情况。得出结论:这种换算虽理论上可行,而实际中一般是不可行的。这一结论的意义在于视相位谱资料一般只能实际采集。尽管这样做要降低野外工作效率。     

振幅属性在川中地区大安寨段中的应用——以J区块为例

川中地区大安寨段地层为典型的碳酸盐岩,主要储层为大-亚段。模型正演结果表明地层厚度与地震振幅强度存在一定关系。当地震波经过油气层时,其高频成分能量衰减较不合油气层时严重;谱分解技术利用最大熵谱方法,将地震数据变换到频率域,其地震振幅强度表征了油气分布情况。振幅属性在J区块大安寨段的应用效果明显,既可以定性预测大-亚段厚度,也能预测油气分布情况。     

二维磁异常频率域最优化反演方法

本文研究了二维厚板包络谱的特点,提出了一种最小二乘拟合逐次逼近振幅谱求取包络谱的方法,对二维厚板频谱分别对对数包络谱、对数振幅谱、包络谱和振幅谱四种目标函数采用阻尼最小二乘法作最优化反演,结果表明用对数包络谱确定J、h、2L、α参数作为振幅谱反演的初值,对振幅谱再作一次最优化反演的方法效果较好。     

探地雷达谱白化法

采用振幅滤波技术的谱白化的方法,提高探地雷达垂向分辨能力.该方法首先将时间域信号进行傅立叶变换,再采用不同频带的带通滤波器进行分频处理,形成分频信号;分频信号通过傅立叶反变换成为分频后的时间域信号;采用自动增益方法对分频后的时间域号进行增益处理,进行振幅均衡:均衡后的分频信号进行加权叠加生成谱白化信号.该方法有效加强了有效频带信号,提高了探地雷达垂向分辨能力.     

洞室跨度对围岩分类影响探讨

随着大跨度地下工程日益增多,跨度对围岩分类或岩体质量分级的影响越来越受到人们的重视。通过对节理岩体中洞室支护代价、塑性松动区半径和岩体宏观力学参数尺寸效应的分析,根据洞室跨度增加导致围岩稳定程度降低的情况,强调重视围岩分类中洞室跨度因素的影响,并建议通过研究岩体强度等物理力学指标的尺寸效应,在围岩分类中科学地考虑洞室跨度的影响。     

Discussion on influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification

The influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification is getting more and more recognition along with large span underground working’s increasingly coming forth. The authors analyse the timbering expense of cavern in jointed rock mass, the radius of plastic loosened zone and the size effect of macroscopical mechanical parameters of rock mass. Based on the complexion of depressing of surrounding rock’s stability due to increment of cavern’s span, the authors pinpoint attaching importance to the influence of cavern’s span on surrounding rock classification; and suggest reckoning the factor of cavern’s span in surrounding rock classification scientifically by studying the size effect of rock mass’s physico-mechanical parameters.     

考虑Hansbo渗流的二维Biot固结有限元分析

为进一步深入研究弹性饱和黏性土地基的二维固结机制,引入Hansbo渗流方程描述固结过程中的非达西渗流,修正Biot二维固结方程。基于加权残数法,给出相应的有限元数值求解格式。通过和饱和黏性土一维非达西渗流固结理论有限体积法数值结果的对比,证明数值计算方法的有效性。在此基础上,探讨Hansbo渗流参数对二维地基固结进程的影响。计算结果表明,在固结初期,Hansbo渗流将增强Mandel-Cryer效应,增大孔压的峰值,并延长孔隙水压力达到峰值的时间;在固结中后期,整个土层存在孔隙水压力滞后现象。同时,Hansbo渗流将阻碍地基沉降的发展。而且,上述影响会随着Hansbo渗流参数的增大而更加明显。     

随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形特性研究

洞室开挖后,其周边通常会产生许多随机分布的贯穿裂隙,直接影响洞室围岩稳定,研究随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的变形及变形特性具有重要意义。基于线弹性理论和线性刚度理论计算岩石和裂隙的位移,用概率的方法建立了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形的计算模型,给出了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的等效弹性模量和等效泊松比,研究了岩石和裂隙的材料参数和几何参数对岩体等效弹性模量和等效泊松比的影响。可得如下结论：等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着岩石弹性模量的增大而增大;等效泊松比随着岩石泊松比的增大而增大;等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着裂隙法向刚度的增大而增大;随着剪切刚度的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐增大,而等效泊松比则逐渐减少;随着裂隙平均间距的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐减小,等效泊松比在平均倾斜角较小时逐渐增大,在平均倾斜角较大时逐渐减小;随着裂隙平均倾斜角的增大,等效弹性模量先减小后增大,而等效泊松比先增大后减小。模型能较全面地考虑构成岩体的岩石和裂隙的材料参数与几何参数对岩体变形的影响,其结果对研究洞室围岩的变形和工程设计有一定的参考价值。     

预应力混凝土管桩桩土相互作用的有限元分析

以软土地区某桥梁基桩动载试验为背景,采用有限单元法对桩土动力相互作用进行了分析。采用等效线性模型模拟了土体材料的非线性,并考虑桩的材料阻尼以及桩土接触界面处状态非线性对动力响应的影响,并分析了桩的材料参数和土的参数对桩顶动位移的影响。分析表明,基桩弹性模量和材料阻尼对桩顶动位移有一定的影响,但基桩材料阻尼的影响很小,桩顶位移随桩侧土压缩模量和阻尼的增大而减小。     

Genesis of volatile components at Saturn’s regular satellites. Origin of Titan’s atmosphere

Jupiter’s and Saturn’s regular satellites, which posses much ice, are currently thought to have been formed during the early evolution of the Solar System in circumplanetary protosatellite disks. Two of Saturn’s regular satellites—Titan and Enceladus—were experimentally proved to contain, along with water, other volatile components: molecular nitrogen, and methane (which are the major components of Titan’s atmosphere) and various nitrogen and carbon compounds in water plumes of Enceladus. The protomaterial of these rocky–icy satellites was formed in the outer regions of the gas–dust circumsolar nebula, and its closest analogue currently accessible to study is cometary material. The paper presents a review of experimental data on the chemical and isotopic composition of cometary material as possible sources of volatile components on Titan and Enceladus and model evaluations of temperatures in the circumsolar gas–dust protoplanetary disk and Jupiter’s and Saturn’s protosatellite disks during various evolutionary episodes of the solar system. The P–T parameters of the origin of the protomaterial of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s regular satellites were proved to have been remarkably different, and hence, the material of Europa, a Jupiter’s regular satellite, cannot contain any volatile components other than water, in contrast to Titan and Enceladus. This conclusion is supported by experimental data. Cometary material is likely genetically related to the material of Saturn’s regular satellites Titan and Enceladus. The paper presents results of thermodynamic simulation of the evolution of the chemical and phase composition of Saturn’s satellites and suggests a model for the origin of Titan’s nitrogen–methane atmosphere.     

Golf and the environmental politics of modernization

In this critical review we reflect on findings from a socio-historical study of golf’s relationship with the environment. We focus especially on the golf industry’s pursuit of modernization from the early 1900s to the present. Golf’s quest to ‘be’ modern, we contend, has specifically constituted three particular ‘turns’: a first turn in the early 1900s involving the scientific rationalization of golf course development and maintenance; a second, ‘exemptionalist’ turn in the post-war years whereby science and technology fueled a perception of immense control over nature; and a third, more recent turn to ecological modernization (EM) whereby science and technology are leveraged toward environmental stewardship – or at least claims thereof. We ultimately argue that the golf industry’s recent adoption of EM principles in their environment-related work has political implications, as it ‘protects’ the industry from more radical environmental alternatives.     

Effects of mechanical layering on hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs based on numerical models

Generally, induced hydraulic fractures are generated by fluid overpressure and are used to increase reservoir permeability through forming interconnected fracture systems. However, in heterogeneous and anisotropic rocks, many hydraulic fractures may become arrested or offset at layer contacts under certain conditions and do not form vertically connected fracture networks. Mechanical layering is an important factor causing anisotropy in sedimentary layers. Hence, in this study, with a shale gas reservoir case study in the Longmaxi Formation in the southeastern Chongqing region, Sichuan Basin, we present results from several numerical models to gain quantitative insights into the effects of mechanical layering on hydraulic fracturing. Results showed that the fractured area caused by hydraulic fracturing indicated a linear relationship with the neighboring layer’s Young’s modulus. An increase of the neighboring layer’s Young’s modulus resulted in better hydraulic fracturing effects. In addition, the contact between two neighboring layers is regarded as a zone with thickness and mechanical properties, which also influences the effects of hydraulic fracturing in reservoirs. The initial hydraulic fracture was unable to propagate into neighboring layers under a relatively low contact’s Young’s modulus. When associated local tensile stresses exceeded the rock strength, hydraulic fractures propagated into neighboring layers. Moreover, with the contact’s Young’s modulus becoming higher, the fractured area increased rapidly first, then slowly and finally became stable.     

欠压实泥岩顶底板形成机理及其对油气运移的影响

欠压实泥岩顶底板是指比中部欠压实泥岩较致密的泥岩表层,是趋于正常压实的泥岩层,发育于低渗透率的厚层泥岩的上、下部位。以低速渗流定律为理论基础,从微观机理上分析欠压实泥岩顶底板的形成过程,提出穿过欠压实泥岩顶底板流体运移阻力的计算公式。当含顶底板泥岩作为盖层时,分为连续沉积型、抬升型和压裂型3种。压裂型泥岩盖层的封闭能力等于底板排替压力与达到顶板破裂的剩余压力之和,其他两种盖层的封闭能力就等于盖层顶底板的排替压力之和。当含顶底板泥岩作为源岩时,在连续型源岩中,油气排放的方向主要取决于泥岩顶底板渗透性地层的发育程度;在压裂型源岩中,大量油气沿裂缝向上排烃。此外,源岩的排烃方向还受断层的控制。通过欠压实泥岩顶底板形成机理的研究,有助于评价泥岩盖层的封烃能力,了解泥质烃源岩油气初次运移的方向。     

砂土拱效应的挡板下落试验及机理研究

土拱效应对考虑拱效应时土压力的计算非常重要,而目前对土拱效应的形成机理认识还不深刻。通过自行设计的室内挡板下落试验对砂土拱效应的问题进行了试验研究。得到了不同的土体埋深情况下,随挡板下移挡板上土体重量、箱内土体的应力和侧压力系数的变化规律。试验结果表明,挡板微小的位移挡板上土体的重量就会快速降低;随着挡板继续下移挡板上土体重量降低的趋势逐渐减缓,认为挡板下移2.5 mm时上部土体达到临界状态;随挡板下移箱底挡板上部中心线上的竖向土压力减小,挡板两侧上部土体的竖向土压力增大;挡板上部中心线上的侧压力系数明显增大。通过土体内的应力变化规律对砂土拱效应的形成机理进行了分析。