GRACE数据反演中国西部地壳垂直运动速率

在固定的坐标系下,建立了地壳垂直运动与地球外部重力场变化的数学模型.根据此模型,将中国西部地区(经度80°～97.5°,纬度27.5°～47.5°)按2.5°×2.5°划分成(8行7列)共56个直立长方体,以2008年1月和2009年1月的GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Expe...     

汶川地震前龙门山断裂带闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布研究

利用1999—2007期GPS水平速度场数据,采用Defnode负位错反演程序估算了龙门山断裂在汶川地震前的闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布,结合龙门山断裂带附近地表水平应变率场结果,综合分析了震前地壳变形特征.反演结果表明,震前龙门山断裂中北段处于完全闭锁状态,闭锁深度达到21 km(闭锁比例0.99)左右,垂直断层方向的挤压滑动亏损速率约为2.2 mm/a,平行断层方向的右旋滑动亏损速率约为4.6 mm/a.龙门山断裂南段只有地表以下12 km闭锁程度较高(闭锁比例0.99),垂直断层方向滑动亏损速率约为1.4 mm/a,平行断层方向滑动亏损速率约为4.6 mm/a;在12~16 km处闭锁比例约为0.83,垂直断层方向滑动亏损速率约为1.2 mm/a,平行断层方向滑动亏损速率约为3.8 mm/a;在16~21 km处闭锁比例约为0.75,垂直断层方向滑动亏损速率约为1.1 mm/a,平行断层方向滑动亏损速率约为3.5 mm/a.在21~24 km处整条断裂均逐步转变为蠕滑.上述反演结果与区域应变计算获得的龙门山断裂带中北段整体应变积累速率较低、南段应变积累速率较高相一致,均表明中北段闭锁程度高、南段闭锁程度稍低,该特征可以较好地解释汶川地震时从震中向北东向单向破裂现象.     

利用应变场和基线变化率研究新疆南天山地区近期地壳运动特征

利用GPS数据研究南天山地区地壳运动特征,截取了该区域2005 ～ 2009年GPS数据,在统一框架下进行解算,并绘制出不同时段的主应变、剪应变以及基线变化速率等图像,研究表明该区域的地壳形变具有自西向东、自南向北减弱的特点,主压应变主要表现为受印度板块向北推挤而形成的近南北向压性应力场.2005～2009年基线变化速率表明,以喀什沿经线南北向为界,其东部区域基本上为压缩区,其西部区域基本上为拉张区,东部的基线缩短平均速率(4.84 mm/a)大于西部基线伸长的平均速率(3.06 mm/a),以喀什沿纬线东西向为界,其南部区域基线变化平均速率(5.58 mm/a)明显高于北部区域基线变化平均速率(3.52 mm/a),且伸长、压缩变化速率最大基线均在南部地区,说明南部区域受到塔里木块体和青藏高原挤压比较强烈,表明喀什南部区域地壳运动相对活跃.     

川西地区现今垂直地壳运动研究

地处川滇菱形活动地块中、北部的川西及邻区, 是青藏高原物质大规模东南方向运动的重要通道, 也是青藏高原上新世以来大幅隆起的重要延伸区和影响区. 利用川西及其邻区1970年至2006年的多期水准观测资料, 采用以相邻水准点间高差变化速率为观测值的垂直形变网平差方法, 获得了川西地区近30年来的长期地壳垂直运动速度场图像. 结果表明, 相对稳定的四川盆地, 川西地区现今仍处在差异性的快速隆升阶段, 其中: (1) 位于泸定、雅江之间的高尔寺山地区现今隆起速率为3.0~4.0 mm/a, 位于雅江、理塘之间的剪子弯山-卡子拉山地区的现今隆起速率为4.0~4.8 mm/a, 而位于理塘、中甸之间的沙鲁里山、大-小雪山地区, 其现今隆起速率为3.0~4.0 mm/a. (2) 位于鲜水河断裂带东南端的贡嘎山区, 其相对四川盆地的现今隆起速率至少为5.8 mm/a, 相对安宁河谷地的隆起速率也不小于3.0~4.0 mm/a, 贡嘎山隆升速率之大可与喜马拉雅山5~10 mm/a的隆起速率相媲美. (3) 大凉山地区的现今隆起变形主要集中在安宁河断裂带与大凉山断裂带之间的块体上, 相对四川盆地的隆起速率为2.5~3.0 mm/a. (4) 位于川滇菱形地块中部的丽江、永胜、攀枝花地区, 相对四川盆地表现为-2.0~-1.0 mm/a的下降运动, 其相对下降运动与GPS地壳水平运动所表现出的东西向拉张变形特征相一致. (5) 综合GPS、水准、大地电磁测深等观测资料分析认为, 川西地区尤其是贡嘎山脉的现今快速隆升运动, 可能与下地壳塑性流的受阻增厚密切相关, 而川滇菱形地块中南部的东西向拉张和下沉变形, 则可能与喜马拉雅东构造结地区下地壳塑性流的南东、南西向分叉运动有关.     

青藏高原中东部地壳运动的GPS测量分析

根据1993年和1995年对青藏高原地壳运动进行的两期 GPS 监测的实测结果,分析了青藏高原现今地壳水平运动情况,并将其与不同地质运动模型结果进行了比较。结果表明,青藏高原现今地壳水平运动速率和方向与地质结果符合很好。目前,青藏高原大约以38.6mm/a 的速度向北东方向运动。     

青藏块体东北缘近期水平运动与变形

利用青藏块体东北缘地区13、1年GPS观测资料，给出了本区地壳水平运动速度场及视应变场分布图，提出了由位移观测值直接求解块体旋转和变形参数的方法，初步研究了本区构造块体运动与变形特征.结果表明：①本区存在整体性向东-东南方的运动(速率约mm/a)；②南部的甘肃-青海块体的运动较快，而北部的阿拉善块体的运动较慢，二者运动速率相差近6mm/a，祁连-海原断裂带左旋走滑运动显著.③自西向东存在北北东-北东东向压性运动；④阿拉善块体、甘肃-青海块体内部存在北西西向张性变形，阿拉善块体的整体张性变形更显著，鄂尔多斯块体西侧的块体交接地带为压性运动.     

基于GPS资料约束反演川滇地区主要断裂现今活动速率

以GPS数据给出的川滇地区(96°~108°E, 21°~35°N)速度场为约束, 依据研究区已知断裂分布情况建立连接断层元模型, 用最小二乘方法反演了该地区主要活动断层的现今错动速率. 结果显示, 印藏碰撞引起的北北东向推挤和高原隆升引起的重力势能作用造成青藏高原物质东向挤出. 遇到来自稳定华南块体的阻挡后, 高原东南部物质相对稳定欧亚板块转向南东方向继而向南运动, 使得川滇地区围绕喜马拉雅东构造结作顺时针转动, 造成川滇地块东侧断裂作左旋走滑活动, 而其西侧断裂以右旋走滑活动为主. 其中甘孜-玉树、鲜水河、安宁河、则木河、大凉山、小江断裂及其向南西方向延伸的部分和打洛-景洪、湄沾断裂构成青藏高原东南部东向挤出的东北边界和东边界, 左旋速率分别为0.3~14.7, 8.9~17.1, (5.1 ± 2.5), (2.8 ± 2.3), (7.1 ± 2.1), (9.4 ± 1.2), (10.1 ± 2.0), (7.3 ± 2.6)和(4.9 ± 3.0) mm/a. 青藏高原东南部东向挤出的西南边界似乎不是由单一断裂带构成, 而是在较宽范围内形成的一条右旋剪切带. 位于红河断裂北东侧的南华-楚雄-建水断裂和西南侧的无量山断裂带、龙陵-澜沧断裂活动性较强, 分别具有(4.2 ± 1.3), (4.3 ± 1.1)和(8.5 ± 1.7) mm/a的右旋走滑活动. 但金沙江断裂目前基本不活动, 红河断裂的活动性不强. 龙门山一带没有发现明显的地壳活动, 而其西北方向的活动带(龙日坝断裂)约有(5.1 ± 1.2) mm/a的右旋走滑分量. 川滇菱形块体内部的一些断裂表现出较强的活动性, 其中理塘断裂左旋走滑速率为(4.4 ± 1.3) mm/a, 拉张速率(2.7 ± 1.1) mm/a; 玉农希断裂及其周边地区右旋剪切形变速率为(2.7 ± 2.3) mm/a, 地壳缩短速率(6.7 ± 2.3) mm/a. 丽江-小金河断裂中段活动性强于北段和南段, 达到左旋走滑(5.4 ± 1.2) mm/a, 拉张(0.5 ± 1.0) mm/a. 与此同时, 讨论了不同断裂锁定深度对结果的影响, 并得到鲜水河断裂的锁定深度为15 km, 70%置信区间为11~19 km. 上述反演结果表明, 研究区存在多条错动速率非常有限的活动断裂, 将地壳分割成多个相互运动的地块, 青藏高原的东向挤出通过这些断裂的活动被吸收和调整, 而不是少数大型走滑断裂的快速走滑造成向东南方向的“逃逸”.     

菲律宾海板块的整体旋转线性应变模型与板内形变-应变场

用菲律宾海板块上7个站ITRF2000的速度建立了菲律宾海板块的整体旋转线性应变模型. 结果认为菲律宾海板块的现今运动是顺时针方向旋转,与NNR_NUVEL_1A估计的旋转方向一致,但与NNR_NUVE_1A估计的旋转极位置和旋转角速度有较大差别. 本文模型与Sella等建立的刚体运动模型相比能更精确地描述菲律宾海板块的现今构造运动与板内形变. 菲律宾海板块内部存在强烈的形变-应变场. 在板块上存在一致的向东形变,形变速率在中央构造线附近小,东、西边界附近大,南、北两端小,中部大,在Mariana弧上向东的形变速率达到484 mm/a. 板块上南北方向的形变,东、西部存在明显差别,东部的南北向形变速率很小,西部在Manila海沟附近南北向形变速率较大,北端向北的形变速率为113 mm/a,南端向南的形变速率为293 mm/a. 板块的中央构造线把板块的主应变场分为东、西两个区. 东区存在非常强烈的张应变,压应变则很弱. 主张应变为近东西方向,从中央构造线向东主张与主压应变率逐渐增加,板块东南边界附近（148°E,15°N）主张应变率最大为858×10-8/a. 在西区,存在很强的主压应变而主张应变则较弱,主压应变为NW-SE方向,主压与主张应变率呈现从中央构造向西逐渐增加的特征,在板块西北边界（122°E,23°N）附近,主压应变率最大为571×10-8/a. 菲律宾海板块主应变场的空间变化与板块内部及周围的构造背景密切相关,是构造应力场的反映.     

连续GPS测定的天山及其邻近地区垂向运动特征

基于中国大陆构造环境监测网络31个GPS连续观测站2011—2018年垂向坐标时间序列结果,顾及地壳垂向周期性运动得到了天山及其邻近地区的地壳垂直运动特征,结果表明:研究区内地壳垂直周期性运动显著,以年周期运动为主;大部分GPS连续站的年周期运动振幅在1.5～3.5 mm;27个测站半年周期通过检验,与年周期运动相比,其振幅较小,多在0.5 mm左右;天山及其邻近地区的地壳垂直线性运动呈山体隆升、盆地下降的趋势,显示该区域的长期地壳垂直运动为继承性,具体而言,塔里木地块的平均垂直运动速率为-0.88 mm/a,天山地块为0.25 mm/a,准噶尔地块为-0.29 mm/a.设计了三种垂向线性速率的求解方案,验证了求解地壳垂直线性运动速率时剔除非构造运动信息的必要性.     

GPS观测研究现今青藏高原地壳形变机制——来自阿尔金断裂三维运动场及高原地壳减薄的证据

自50~55 Ma以来,印度次大陆向北与欧亚大陆碰撞后形成喜马拉雅—青藏高原造山带,碰撞导致地壳增厚致使高原大幅隆升,改变了亚洲大陆岩石圈的构造格局,也对东亚地区的气候和环境产生了巨大影响。阿尔金断裂作为青藏高原北缘的主控边界断裂,其运动学性质在20世纪70年代备受关注,不同量级的滑动速率引出了块体运动与东向逃逸和连续变形与地壳增厚两种端元模型。约10~15 Ma以来,在青藏高原南部与北部出现地堑与裂谷,为高原东西向拉张运动提供了证据,表明青藏高原开始经历地壳减薄过程。青藏高原形成以来形变场经历怎样变化,长时间尺度的地质学构造过程与现今GPS观测是否能够统一?10~15 Ma以来青藏高原地壳减薄过程造成高原高程怎样的变化?青藏高原北缘,尤其是跨阿尔金断裂具有怎样的现今三维地壳变形场,地壳应变是如何在北阿尔金断裂、祁漫塔格断裂和阿尔金断裂之间分配的?青藏高原北缘与塔里木盆地具有怎样的力学性质,对跨阿尔金断裂构造形变场造成怎样的影响?最后,GPS观测得到的现今地表形变场能够对青藏高原形变模式的争论作出何种解答?上述科学问题的解答,对于研究青藏高原隆升与变形过程具有十分重要的意义。本研究分为两部分。第一部分是青藏高原北缘三维震间运动场的观测与研究。在青藏高原北缘跨阿尔金断裂中段自建9个GPS连续台站并开展观测,根据区域研究特点设计无人值守的观测台站,具有低成本投入、高质量观测的特点。上述连续GPS台站的建立填补了青藏高原北缘,尤其是在阿尔金无人区地壳形变观测研究的空白,积累了宝贵的连续GPS数据;截止2015年7月,共有4年的连续GPS观测。数据分析结果证明,设计建站方法行之有效,GPS台站稳定、观测数据质量稳定、数据连续性稳定。结合使用中国大陆构造环境监测网络在研究区及邻域GPS连续台站数据作位置时间序列与速度场解算,获得青藏高原北缘地区跨阿尔金断裂中段现今三维形变场。使用三维线弹性后向滑移(backslip)块体运动模型,反演塔里木块体、北阿尔金块体、柴达木块体和祁漫塔格块体的三维块体运动。结果表明,北阿尔金山相对于塔里木盆地有(1.32±0.2)mm/a的抬升速率,相对于柴达木盆地具有(0.73±0.3)mm/a的抬升速率,可解释为北阿尔金块体存在显著的造山过程;阿尔金断裂有(8.21±0.60)mm/a的左旋走滑速率、(0.66±0.60)mm/a的缩短速率;祁漫塔格断裂有(0.53±0.60)mm/a的左旋走滑速率、(1.53±0.60)mm/a的缩短速率;北阿尔金断裂有(0.87±0.60)mm/a的左旋速率、(0.69±0.60)mm/a的缩短速率。同时,阿尔金断裂中、西两段滑动速率基本一致,约为8.0~10.0mm/a。定量研究结果支持连续形变与地壳增厚模型,表明相对塔里木块体,青藏高原北缘地区正在抬升、增厚,以北阿尔金山地区最为明显,抬升速率约达1.3mm/a。跨青藏高原北缘的阿尔金断裂、北阿尔金断裂和祁漫塔格断裂近200km的宽泛变形带内,南北向地壳缩短并不明显,缩短量仅约为2.9mm,且近一半缩短量发生在祁漫塔格山南侧。GPS观测阿尔金断裂车尔臣河段(~86°E)剖面表明,断裂两侧存在非对称变形特征。本文采用非对称变形模型反演GPS速度剖面数据,获得断裂两侧塔里木盆地和青藏高原北部的地壳介质剪切模量差异。结果显示,塔里木盆地地壳介质剪切模量约为青藏高原北部剪切模量1.53倍,相应S波波速比值为1.24,与Yang等人得到的地壳和上地幔三维VSV模型结果一致。地震学研究结果认为,青藏高原北部与东部地区在中地壳存在低速层,局部区域可能发生部分熔融;Hacker等进一步确认羌塘地块中地壳到深部地壳存在熔融现象。本文的研究运用了与地震学完全不同的资料,通过大地测量方法推导青藏高原北部与塔里木盆地的地壳介质力学性质差异,得到与地震学研究得到的S波波速比及其构造物理学解释相当一致的结果。成果为青藏高原力学演化模型提供新的约束。本论文第二部分内容是使用覆盖青藏高原及周边的GPS速度场,计算青藏高原内部应变率场。GPS观测速度场不仅显示了南东东-北西西向的地壳拉张过程,也揭示了青藏高原内部更加重要的地壳减薄过程。结果显示,青藏高原北部和南部的垂向应变率(减薄应变率)分别为(8.9±0.8)nanostrain/a和(7.4±1.2)nanostrain/a,青藏高原西南部的垂向应变率为(12.0±3.2)nanostrain/a,表明青藏高原内部大尺度范围应变率测量结果的一致性。并且青藏高原内部的拉张应变率观测也相当一致,青藏高原北部,沿着N114±1°E主应变方向的拉张应变率为(21.9±0.4)nanostrain/a;高原南部沿着N93±1°E主应变方向的拉张应变率为(16.9±0.2)nanostrain/a;高原西南部沿着N74±3°E主应变方向的拉张应变率为(22.2±1.8)nanostrain/a。如果地壳减薄开始于10~15 Ma,并且现今观测得到应变率适用于整个时间跨度,那么地壳累积减薄5.5~8.5km。应用Airy地壳均衡理论,青藏高原的平均高程将下降~1km。青藏高原北部、南部和西南部相似的垂向应变速率也表明,在3个区域的地壳拉张、正断裂运动和地壳减薄过程由相同的物理机制所支配。综合上述两部分研究成果,发现青藏高原现今垂向运动在高原内部和边缘地区存在很大差别。高原内部地区正在经历地壳减薄,而高原边缘地区正在经历不同程度的增厚与隆升。青藏高原北缘地区的垂向应变率约5~20nanostrain/a,如果考虑重力均衡作用,对应的垂向隆升速率在0.04~0.14mm/a左右。但是,对于局部地区如北阿尔金块体,其底部受到塔里木盆地南缘下插挠曲板块的支持,在没有重力均衡情况下,垂向隆升速率可能达到1mm/a。喜马拉雅地区呈现不同水平的垂向形变,垂向应变强烈(约10~80nanostrain/a),山脉底部受到印度下插板片的支持,无法通过重力均衡假定由垂向应变率估计隆升速率。但由GPS与水准数据约束的俯冲板片模型推测山脉隆升速率达到约7mm/a。而对于祁连山地区,GPS应变率推测得到垂向应变率约20~40nanostrain/a,应用地壳均衡理论,平均隆升速率为0.15~0.3mm/a;而由于逆冲推覆构造与褶皱变形带的存在,中下地壳有可能仍存在弹性变形,不能实现完全重力均衡,实际隆升速率有可能高于这一估计。本文研究给出青藏高原不同地区三维形变场与形变速率的定量估计,是对连续形变与地壳增厚形变模型的重要修正。结果并不支持块体运动与东向逃逸模型,并认为高原南北双向俯冲模型中的塔里木块体南向俯冲几乎不存在。     

Book review of Waves in the ocean and atmosphere: Introduction to wave dynamics by Joseph Pedlosky,Springer-Verlag,New York, 2003, VIII + 260 pp., £38.50, $49.95, Euros hardback (ISBN 3-540-00340-1)

We present an analytical, idealized yet precise model of the terrestrial gravity field. The model is meant as a basic ingredient of geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD). We explicitly deal with geopotential coordinates, show in what sense horizontal geopotential coordinate surfaces can be approximated by spherical surfaces and thus provide a clear interpretation of the “spherical approximation” of the equations of motion in GFD. The horizontal component of the gravitational force plays a crucial role in the spherical approximation. It is shown that to leading order in the relevant small parameters, the horizontal components of the gravitational force and the centrifugal force cancel each other in the spherical approximation of the geopotential field.     

华南地区时变重力场建模实验和异常分析

陆面时变重力测量是监测地壳内部密度变化和物质运移的重要手段.为确定华南时变重力观测网络的场源监测能力和重力场变化特征,本文采用球面六面体单元构建重力场模型,开展重力场建模实验,对比不同建模方法与噪声条件下的局部重力场恢复效果,并对2015-2017年来5期实测流动重力观测数据进行计算和分析.结果表明,最小二乘配置方法的...     

西南天山地区长时间尺度重力场变化特征

利用西南天山地区2007至2016年共20期流动重力观测资料,分析该地区一年、两年尺度和累积重力变化特征,探讨区域构造活动、地震孕育发生与重力场变化特征的关系。结果表明:西南天山地区迈丹断裂带、柯坪塔格断裂带等大型断裂带影响该区域的重力场分布,使该地区较多出现NEE向的重力梯度分布特征。塔里木盆地和西南天山重力变化有明显的差异性,2个不同的构造块体在重力分布上呈现相对反向变化,塔里木盆地和西南天山地区的重力变化界线不在塔里木盆地边缘的山前地带,而较多出现在柯坪推覆体中北缘地带。西南天山地区的地震大部分发生在重力正值变化区域的零线附近,震中及附近地区重力异常分布与构造特征有较好的一致性。在活动断裂带附近同时出现重力变化零线以及与断裂走向一致的重力变化高梯度带,可作为中短期前兆异常。     

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF RECENT GRAVITY AND CRUSTAL DEFORMATION IN NORTHWESTERN GUANGXI

Northwest Guangxi is located in the Youjiang fold belt and the Hunan-Guangxi fold belt of secondary structure unit of South China fold system. The South China fold was miogeosyncline in the early Paleozoic, the Caledonian fold returned and transformed into the standard platform, and the Indosinian movement ended the Marine sedimentary history, which laid the basic structural framework of this area. Since the neotectonic period, large areas have been uplifted intermittently in the region and Quaternary denudation and planation planes and some faulted basins have been developed. Affected by the strong uplift of Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, the topography of the region subsides from northwest to southeast, with strong terrain cutting and deep valley incision. Paleozoic carbonate rocks and Mesozoic clastic rocks are mainly exposed on the earth's surface, and its geomorphology is dominated by corrosion and erosion landforms. The dating results show that most of the structures in northwest Guangxi are middle Pleistocene active faults, and the movement mode is mainly stick-slip. According to the seismogeological research results of the eastern part of the Chinese mainland, the active faults of the middle Pleistocene have the structural conditions for generating earthquakes of about magnitude 6. In the northwest Guangxi, the crustal dynamic environment and geological structure are closely related to Sichuan and Yunnan regions. Under the situation that magnitude 6 earthquakes occurred successively in Sichuan and Yunnan region and magnitude 7 earthquakes are poised to happen, the risk of moderately strong earthquakes in the northwest Guangxi region cannot be ignored. Based on the analysis of deep structure and geophysical field characteristics, it is concluded that the Tian'e-Nandan-Huanjiang area in the northwestern Guangxi is not only the area with strong variation of the Moho surface isobath, but also the M_L3.0 seismic gap since September 2015, and the abnormal low b value area along the main fault. Regions with these deep structural features often have the conditions for moderately strong earthquakes. The paper systematically analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution features and mechanism of regional gravitational field and horizontal crust movement and further studies and discusses the changes of regional gravitational field, crustal horizontal deformation and interaction between geologic structure and seismic activity based on 2014-2018 mobile gravity measurements and 2015-2017 GPS observation data in the northwestern Guangxi. The results show that:1)On July 15, 2017, a M_S4.0 earthquake in Nandan happened near the center of four quadrants of changes of gravity difference, and the center of abnormal area is located at the intersection of the Mulun-Donglang-Luolou Fault, the Hechi-Nandan Fault and the Hechi-Yizhou Fault. The dynamic graph of differential scale gravitational field reflects the gravity changes at the epicenter before and after the Nandan earthquake, which is a process of system evolution of "local gravity anomaly to abnormal four-quadrant distribution features → to earthquake occurring at the turning point of gravity gradient zone and the zero line to backward recovery variation after earthquake". Meanwhile, according to the interpretation of focal mechanism of the Nandan earthquake, seismogram and analysis of seismic survey results, the paper thinks that the four-quadrant distribution of positive and negative gravity, which is consistent with the effect of strike-slip type seismogenic fault before Nandan earthquake, demonstrates the existence of dextral strike-slip faulting; 2)The pattern of spatial distribution of gravitational field change in northwestern Guangxi is closely related to active fault. The isoline of cumulative gravity generally distributes along Nandan-Hechi Fault and Hechi-Yizhou Fault. The gravity on both sides of the fault zone is different greatly, and gradient zone has influences on a broad area; the spatial distribution of deformation field is generally featured by horizontal nonuniformity. Tian'e-Nandan-Huanjiang area is located at the high gradient zone of gravity changes and the horizontal deformation surface compressional transition zone, as well as near the intersection of Hechi-Yizhou Fault, Hechi-Nandan Fault and Du'an-Mashan Fault; 3)The geometric shape of gravitational field in northwestern Guangxi corresponds to the spatial distribution of horizontal crustal movement, which proves the exchange and dynamic action of material and energy in the region that cause the change and structural deformation of fault materials and the corresponding gravity change on earth's surface. The recent analysis of abnormal crustal deformation in northwestern Guangxi shows that Tian'e-Nandan-Huanjiang is a gradient zone of abnormal gravity change and also a horizontal deformation surface compressional transition zone. It locates at the section of significant change of Moho isobaths, the seismicity gap formed by M_L3.0 earthquakes and the abnormal low b-value zone. According to comprehensive analysis, the region has the risk of moderately strong earthquake.     

On inversion of the second- and third-order gravitational tensors by Stokes’ integral formula for a regional gravity recovery

A regional recovery of the Earth’s gravity field from satellite observables has become particularly important in various geoscience studies in order to better localize stochastic properties of observed data, while allowing the inversion of a large amount of data, collected with a high spatial resolution only over the area of interest. One way of doing this is to use observables, which have a more localized support. As acquired in recent studies related to a regional inversion of the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) data, the satellite gravity-gradient observables have a more localized support than the gravity observations. Following this principle, we compare here the performance of the second- and third-order derivatives of the gravitational potential in context of a regional gravity modeling, namely estimating the gravity anomalies. A functional relation between these two types of observables and the gravity anomalies is formulated by means of the extended Stokes’ integral formula (or more explicitly its second- and third-order derivatives) while the inverse solution is carried out by applying a least-squares technique and the ill-posed inverse problem is stabilized by applying Tikhonov’s regularization. Our results reveal that the third-order radial derivatives of the gravitational potential are the most suitable among investigated input data types for a regional gravity recovery, because these observables preserve more information on a higher-frequency part of the gravitational spectrum compared to the vertical gravitational gradients. We also demonstrate that the higher-order horizontal derivatives of the gravitational potential do not necessary improve the results. We explain this by the fact that most of the gravity signal is comprised in its radial component, while the horizontal components are considerably less sensitive to spatial variations of the gravity field.     

Numerical simulations for the non-linear Molodensky problem

We present a boundary element method to compute numerical approximations to the non-linear Molodensky problem, which reconstructs the surface of the Earth from the gravitational potential and the gravity vector. Our solution procedure solves a sequence of exterior oblique Robin problems and is based on a Nash-Hörmander iteration. We apply smoothing with the heat equation to overcome a loss of derivatives in the surface update. Numerical results show the error between the approximation and the exact solution in a model problem.     

邵武-河源断裂带中段重磁、垂直形变场特征及其与地震的关系

综合利用流动重磁和流动跨断层短水准复测资料, 分析了邵武-河源断裂带中段重磁场和地壳形变场的时空强变化特征.结果表明:地磁场的变化与监测区的地震活动有较好的对应关系,在震源区附近会出现重力场变化的异常梯度带;断裂两盘垂直形变受区域断裂控制,其差异性变化有指示局部地区孕震活动的作用.     

太行山东南麓断裂第四纪水平活动的地质地貌特征

在野外地质地貌调查的基础上 ,研究了太行山东南麓主要断裂的第四纪水平运动特征。通过调查流经大断裂两侧河流所产生的多种地质地貌变形 ,总结了断裂第四纪水平活动的地质地貌特征 ,并给出断裂滑动速率的初步计算结果     

On the accuracy of the bathymetry-generated gravitational field quantities for a depth-dependent seawater density distribution

In geophysical studies investigating the lithosphere structure, the gravitational field generated by the ocean density contrast (i.e., bathymetry-generated gravitational field) represents a significant amount of the signal to be modelled and subsequently removed from the Earth’s gravity field. The ocean density contrast is typically calculated as the difference between the mean density values of the Earth’s crust and seawater. The approximation of the actual seawater density distribution by its mean value yields relative errors up to about 2% in computed quantities of the gravitational field. To reduce these errors, a more realistic model of the seawater density distribution is utilized based on the analysis of existing oceanographic data of salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth). We study the accuracy of the bathymetry-generated gravitational field quantities formulated for a depth-dependent model of the seawater density distribution. This density distribution approximates the seawater density variations due to an increasing pressure with depth, whereas smaller lateral density variations caused by salinity, temperature, and other oceanographic factors are not taken into consideration. The error analysis reveals that the approximation of the seawater density by the depth-dependent density model reduces the maximum errors to less than 0.6%. The corresponding depth-averaged errors are below 0.1%. The depth-dependent seawater density model is further facilitated in expressions for computing the bathymetry-generated gravitational field quantities by means of the spherical bathymetric (ocean bottom depth) functions. The numerical realization reveals large differences in the results obtained with and without consideration of the depth-dependent seawater density distribution. The maxima of absolute differences reach 201 m²/s² and 16.5 mGal in computed values of the potential and attraction, respectively. The application of the depth-dependent seawater density model thus significantly improves the accuracy in the forward modelling of the bathymetric gravitational field quantities.     

APPLICATION OF A QUASI-2D HYDRO-MORPHOLOGICAL MODEL TO THE ARGENTINEAN PARAN(A) RIVER

Herein a simplified quasi-two dimensional horizontal hydro-morphological mathematical model is presented. The governing equations for the quasi-2D horizontal time-depending flow field are represented by the well-known approach of interconnected cells. New discharge laws between cells are incorporated. The model is capable of predicting temporal changes in water depth, velocity distribution,sediment transport, bed elevation, as well as water and suspended sediment exchanges between main stream and flood plains. An application of the model to the middle reach of the Argentinean Parana River is presented. Satisfactory results were obtained during model calibration, validation and application.