横波分裂裂缝检测方法在川西深层气藏中的应用

由横波分裂原理可知,当横波(或转换横波)在裂缝介质中传播时,横波将分裂成平行裂缝走向的快横波和垂直裂缝走向的慢横波.基于此,求取裂缝走向的问题可以转化为求取快横波的偏振方位角度的问题;由于快、慢横波的传播时差与裂缝发育密度密切相关,因而裂缝发育密度的预测问题可以转化为快、慢横波的传播时差求取问题.根据快、慢横波在径向分...     

利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响

利用新方法制作出含可控裂缝的双孔隙人工砂岩物理模型,具有与天然岩石更为接近的矿物成分、孔隙结构和胶结方式,其中裂缝密度、裂缝尺寸和裂缝张开度等裂缝参数可以控制以得到实验所需要的裂缝参数,岩样具有真实的孔隙和裂缝空间并可以在不同饱和流体状态下研究流体性质对于裂缝介质性质的影响.本次实验制作出一组具有不同裂缝密度的含裂缝人工岩样,对岩样利用SEM扫描电镜分析可以看到真实的孔隙结构和符合我们要求的裂缝参数,岩样被加工成八面棱柱以测量不同方向上弹性波传播的速度,用0.5 MHz的换能器使用透射法测量在饱和空气和饱和水条件下各个样品不同方向上的纵横波速度,并得出纵横波速度、横波分裂系数和纵横波各向异性强度受裂缝密度和饱和流体的影响.研究发现流体对于纵波速度和纵波各向异性强度的影响较强,而横波速度、横波分裂系数和横波各向异性强度受饱和流体的影响不大,但是对裂缝密度的变化更敏感.     

各向异性介质中频率相关横波分裂参数的提取算法(英文)

基于曾新吾和MacBeth提出的时域内双源累积旋转方法,建立了频率相关介质中分析多分量VSP数据的横波分裂参数提取算法(DCTF)。该算法可以在频域中针对单个频率提取横波各向异性参数(快横波的极化方向以及快、慢横波间的时间差),从而避免了目前常用方法中使用窄带通滤波可能带来的误差。通过对地震合成记录的数值分析,确定了该算法的可行性和正确性,并与目前常用方法的应用结果进行了比较。结果显示,频率相关横波分裂参数可以利用DCTF从地震四分量数据中直接提取。在地震频率范围内,含较大尺度裂缝时各向异性参数将表现出频率相关性,这意味着在地震频率范围会出现频散。随着频率的增加,各向异性有降低的趋势。     

裂缝预测在胜利地区的应用

利用角度扫描法对各向异性介质中快慢波的方位角和时间延迟进行分析是预测裂缝的一种比较有效的方法.转换横波在经过裂缝等波阻抗界面较明显的反射界面时,由于横波分裂使原始地震资料各分量的能量重新分配到快慢横波中,通过角度扫描法可以将发生横波分裂现象而分散于垂直裂缝和平行于裂缝两个方向上的快慢横波能量重新集中,恢复成没有发生横波分裂现象前的转换横波波场信号.为此,通过建立一套裂缝预测的流程并将其应用到胜利实际资料的处理中,对时间延迟进行校正并对裂缝方向进行预测,使转换波R分量的成像质量有了较大的提高.     

基于二维三分量伪谱法模拟数据的EDA介质中横波分裂研究

为了检测定向裂隙介质中横波分裂的方位属性特征,分析地震属性随裂隙密度和方位变化,采用人工吸收边界和反周期扩展边界,用伪谱法获得不同裂隙密度和不同方位地质模型三分量地面记录;应用时频分析和剪切波偏振分析研究由于裂隙方位和密度引起的横波分裂.结果显示,裂隙密度和方位决定着横波分裂的时差和偏振.快慢横波的延迟时间随裂隙密度增大而增加,不同方位相同裂隙密度的横波分裂时差有微小的变化.在45°方位检测时间延迟时间最大.通过时频分析,可以看到不同方位的瞬时主频有显著的变化,在横波分裂处瞬时主频有明显变化.因此,瞬时主频和快横波的偏振以及延迟时间可以作为裂隙方位和密度的指示.     

含流体裂缝介质中地震波场数值模拟

油气勘探开发实践证明,裂缝常常是油气藏存储的空间或运移的通道,因此,裂缝各向异性介质中地震波场的研究越来越倍受关注,国内外很多岩石物理学者、地球物理专家等对裂缝信息的描述提出了很多理论认识与方法技术.本文根据Eshelby-Cheng各向异性裂缝介质模型理论,求取各向异性裂缝介质的弹性参数,并建立Eshelby-Cheng各向异性裂缝介质的波动方程,利用时间错格伪谱法对含流体裂缝介质进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明,采用时间错格伪谱法能有效解决各向异性介质的波场传播,利用时间错格有限差分算子替代普通的差分算子来求解时间导数,利用快速傅氏变换求解空间导数,大大提高了正演模拟的计算精度与计算效率.并且与各向同性介质相比,地震波在含流体裂缝各向异性介质中的传播要复杂得多,各向同性介质层中的波是纯的,其横波不会发生分裂,而在各向异性介质层中,横波将发生分裂.     

利用横波分裂到时差确定北美夏洛特皇后群岛岩石圈各向异性分层参数

本文收集到北美夏洛特皇后群岛VIB和DIB台站2005年1月1日至2014年12月31日2700余条近震三分量横波观测记录.经严格筛选提取到55条35°横波窗内的快慢波到时差值.通过建立到时差与多界面横波分裂路径关系,实现了对横波不同深度分裂界面的可靠识别和深度确定.依据对横波到时差及归一化到时差的分析结果,确认地处俯冲带的夏洛特皇后群岛的地震各向异性分别存在于该地区的上层陆壳、中层洋壳俯冲带及俯冲带底部或下层岩石圈顶部附近.发现除地幔岩石圈外,上两个分层的各向异性强度由北向南减弱,同时向西运动的洋壳俯冲带向南加深.不仅如此,归一化到时差结果显示该地区2012年M7.8强震前后各向异性强度减弱,但在3个各向异性层存在较大差异.无论在分层界面较浅的北部格雷厄姆岛附近还是在分层界面较深的南部莫尔兹比岛附近,强震后最上层的陆壳和最下层地幔岩石圈的各向异性强度均没有变化.M7.8后各向异性减弱全部发生在中层洋壳俯冲带内.并且,距离强震震中越近各向异性强度减弱越大,在一定程度上揭示出强震前后应力变化的空间分布特征.表明该地区洋壳俯冲是引起M7.8强震和现今构造运动的主要动力源.     

地震各向异性研究进展

简要介绍了各向异性介质中地震波传播理论的最新研究进展，总结了地震各向异性在地球动力学，地震灾害监测以及资源探查等方面的应用研究新进展。目前，主要通过数值模拟和物理模拟来研究地球内部典型各向异性介质中波的传播规律；利用横波分裂，Pn波的方位变化，面波成像方法研究地球内部的结构和物质交换，应力场的变化以及地震的孕育和发生过程。在资源探查中，地震各向异性理论主要用于解决测线不闭合，中长排列动校，时深转换以及裂缝分布等问题。     

对大同地震横波分裂的研究

由三分向数字地震仪构成的小孔径流动台网记录了1989年10月山西大同二个强震之后15天内的余震。纵波和横波的尾波在直达波的后续波列中表现得非常明显,估计是由近地表不规则沉积层对地震波的聚焦效应所形成的。由于近地表不规则沉积层的作用,在较宽的离源角的范围内都可以辨认出横波分裂现象。用大范围膨胀各向异性(EDA)裂隙对横波的影响解释了快波偏振的排列方向与区域应力场最大主压应力方向的一致性。对一天中包括一个较大地震以及它前后较小地震形成的系列,用理论到时差数值模拟与实际记录对比的方法,确认了横波分裂到时差在一个较大地震发生前后的上升和下降,用应力导致壳内裂隙随时间的变化对横波传播的作用解释了这种变化。到时差在短时间内发生的迅速变化说明含有EDA裂隙的上地壳对区域应力变化具有快速的弹性响应。     

SKS波对地壳裂隙各向异性的响应——理论地震图研究

穿透含裂隙、裂缝地壳8s视周期的SV波的理论地震图研究表明,当地壳平均裂隙密度高于0.01即横波各向异性高于1%时,非对称面内不同方位的SKS波均发生分裂;地震图中直接的记录显示是切向T分量上出现SKS波的振动,其振幅随地壳平均裂隙密度的增大而增强,甚至能与径向R分量上的振幅相当.局限于上地壳的强裂缝各向异性同样能引起SKS分裂.长周期SKS波分裂对地壳内裂隙、裂缝的分布缺乏分辨率.直立平行排列裂隙、裂缝使得SKS分裂T分量记录特征具有方位对称性,这来自于HTI介质中快、慢波偏振和到时差随方位变化的对称性;而倾斜裂隙、裂缝使得该方位对称性丧失.对实际观测SKS分裂的偏振解释需要考虑地壳裂隙各向异性,特别是断裂附近的强裂缝各向异性.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...