陈家岭钒矿选矿工艺试验

采用钙法氧化焙烧——酸浸的方法从钒矿石中浸出钒,克服了钠化焙烧过程中产生的H2S、Cl2,实验了矿石物料粒度、氧化钙添加量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、漫出温度、浸出时间、酸的浓度、浸出液固比对浸出率的影响,获得了88％的浸出率。实验表明,焙烧温度、酸的浓度、浸出温度、浸出时间、液固比是影响钒浸出率的重要因素。     

某锡铁矿尾矿脱铍回收工艺研究

本研究以某锡铁矿尾矿为试验原料,采用高温焙烧-硫酸浸出工艺脱除尾矿中的有毒金属元素铍,考察了焙烧温度、焙烧助剂、浸出时间、浸出温度、液固比、焙烧时间、硫酸浓度等因素对尾矿中铍浸出率的影响.结果表明:尾矿经950℃高温焙烧2h后,以质量浓度30％硫酸作浸出剂,液固比4:1,在90℃高温条件下浸出6h,可获得铍浸出率86....     

蛇纹石微波辐照硫酸浸出的实验研究

通过蛇纹石微波辐照硫酸浸出新方法的实验，研究了微波辐照强度、辐照时间、硫酸浓度、液固比及矿石粒度等因素对蛇纹石中氧化镁浸出率的影响，结果表明：与传统加热方式相比，微波辐照加热可显著提高蛇纹石酸浸速率；在最佳工艺条件下，氧化镁浸出率可达97％以上；蛇纹石酸浸渣的主要成分为无定形SiO2，化学成分与沉淀白炭黑相同。     

石棉尾矿制备轻质氧化镁的工艺条件研究

以石棉尾矿为原料,对制备轻质氧化镁的工艺条件进行了优化选择。以硫酸浸矿,在矿物粒度为80目,酸用量为理论值的120%,液固比为4∶1,反应温度为(95±2)℃,反应时间为1 h的条件下,镁的浸出率可达81.74%;采用多效分离剂,在pH值为5.5~6.5时分离杂质铁,经碳酸钠水溶液沉淀的碳酸镁,在850℃焙烧2.5 h,其轻质氧化镁的纯度达到99.3%,为石棉尾矿的综合利用提供了一条新的途径。     

红土镍矿中镁橄榄石在高浓度氢氧化钠中的浸出过程

根据红土镍矿中镁橄榄石的存在形式,采用高温固相法合成Mg2SiO4,通过正交试验优化Mg2SiO4在高浓度氢氧化钠中的浸出过程,利用XRD对浸出反应渣进行物相分析,探讨了液固比、氢氧化钠浓度、反应时间和反应温度对Mg2SiO4中SiO2的浸出率的影响。结果表明:Mg2SiO4在高浓度氢氧化钠中浸出过程优化实验条件为,反应温度220℃,反应时间120min,液固比6∶1,NaOH浓度85%;浸出反应渣的XRD分析结果表明:NaOH介入硅酸盐晶格中,其中间产物为Na2MgSiO4,Mg2+经过碱熔融过程可以脱离SiO4阵列,以Mg(OH)2形式从其硅酸盐中得以释放。     

红土镍矿中镁橄榄石在高浓度氢氧化钠中的浸出过程北大核心CSCD

根据红土镍矿中镁橄榄石的存在形式,采用高温固相法合成Mg2SiO4,通过正交试验优化Mg2SiO4在高浓度氢氧化钠中的浸出过程,利用XRD对浸出反应渣进行物相分析,探讨了液固比、氢氧化钠浓度、反应时间和反应温度对Mg2SiO4中SiO2的浸出率的影响。结果表明:Mg2SiO4在高浓度氢氧化钠中浸出过程优化实验条件为,反应温度220℃,反应时间120min,液固比6∶1,NaOH浓度85%;浸出反应渣的XRD分析结果表明:NaOH介入硅酸盐晶格中,其中间产物为Na2MgSiO4,Mg2+经过碱熔融过程可以脱离SiO4阵列,以Mg(OH)2形式从其硅酸盐中得以释放。     

水热活化法提取粉煤灰中的氧化铝

采用高压水热活化法对预先烧制的粉煤灰进行碱溶实验,探讨钙硅摩尔比、碱液浓度、液固比、苛性比、反应温度、反应时间等影响因素对于氧化铝溶出率的影响。考虑到氧化铝溶出率及反应成本等各方面因素,得出氧化铝溶出的适宜条件。结果表明:碱溶条件下,钙硅摩尔比为1.0,溶液碱浓度为350 g/L,液固比为10∶1,苛性比为14,反应温度280℃,活化时间为2 h。通过氧化铝溶出工艺条件的优化,可使氧化铝提取率达到95%以上。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定粉煤灰中的镓

粉煤灰中镓元素含量为12～230μg/g,测定粉煤灰中的镓对实现粉煤灰高附加值利用具有重要的意义。传统敞口酸溶法作为样品的预处理方法存在局限性,如需使用大量氢氟酸,对分析仪器腐蚀大,溶样时间长,在开放容器中易造成元素损失和环境污染。微波消解法具有消解完全、元素损失量少、消解时间短等优点,可以有效解决酸溶法的不足。本文选取内蒙古某电厂采集的粉煤灰,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-高氯酸微波消解法对粉煤灰样品进行预处理,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定元素含量。结果表明:使用硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-高氯酸(5∶1∶5∶1),消解温度190℃,消解时间30min,微波功率1400W时,镓被浸出完全。方法检出限为0.004mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7%,加标回收率为95.1%～100.9%。本方法在体系中引入盐酸,减少了氢氟酸的用量,显著缩短了除氟时间,降低了对分析仪器的损害,且操作方便,可应用于粉煤灰中微量元素镓的测定。     

铜镍尾矿砂微波加热硫酸溶解实验研究

通过尾矿砂微波加热硫酸溶解新方法的实验,研究了硫酸浓度、液固比及反应时间等因素对尾矿砂酸蚀率的影响。结果显示,在无需搅拌的情况下,微波加热实验的最佳条件酸浓度5mol/L、液固比5.0mL/g都较传统水热法有优势,在反应时间上,微波加热15min就能达到传统水热法2～3h的效果。在酸蚀率相同的情况下,微波加热所用时间仅为传统水热法的1/6,而所用的酸浓度、液固比都较传统水热法小很多。先对尾矿砂直接微波辐照一段时间,然后再加入硫酸进行微波辐照加热溶解,能够促进尾矿砂的溶解,提高尾矿砂的酸蚀率。微波加热条件下,尾矿砂在硫酸浓度8mol/L、液固比5.0mL/g条件下无需搅拌,反应1h后,除透闪石没有完全溶解外,绝大部分的矿物被溶解。与传统加热方式相比,微波加热可显著提高尾矿砂酸溶解速率。     

杂卤石矿地浸模拟实验研究

通过对难溶含钾矿物杂卤石的柱浸实验模拟石溶浸过程分析发现,采用CaCl2溶液作溶浸剂,其溶浸剂浓度、淋洗速度、矿石粒度、浸滤路径等因素对K溶浸率及溶浸速度均有影响,当矿石粒度为1 mm和5 mm时,钾浸出率分别可达到80%和70%以上,溶浸剂浓度增加,可提高钾的浸出率,但CaCl2浓度高于5%后,效果不明显。淋洗速度增大,虽可提高钾的浸出率,但同时浸出液中钾的富集程度有所降低,以4.5 ml/h～10 ml/h为佳;增加渗滤路径长度可同时提高钾的浸出率和富集程度。实验结果表明杂卤石溶解过程受固相层扩散控制,溶解反应过程较好地符合“收缩未反应核模型”的固相控制动力学方程1-(2/3)α(1-α)2/3=(2MD′c/bργ02)t。研究结果为地浸开采深埋藏杂卤石提供了一定的实验基础。     

Impact of Changes in Redox Conditions on Leaching of Some Elements from MSW Fly Ash

Abstract. Oxidation and reduction processes can influence extent of leaching of elements from solid waste. Three samples of municipal solid waste combustion fly ash were subjected to oxidizing and reducing conditions in order to evaluate leaching of elements in the Milli-Q water and fly ash (liquid to solid ratio, 100) mixtures. Although the oxidizing and reducing conditions were applied for 6 hours only, elements like Cs, Li, Mg, Sb, Tl and V leached more under oxidizing condition than under reducing condition in the case of all three ash samples. Cadmium, Pb and Zn leached more from all samples under reducing condition than under oxidizing condition. Leaching of other elements like Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni and Rb was inconsistent with oxidizing or reducing conditions and varied from sample to sample, suggesting that factors other than redox may be more important in controlling leaching of these elements. Strong acid neutralization capacity of the fly ash samples let the pH vary within a narrow range, and thus severely limited the extent of leaching during the course of the experiment. Lead and Zn were the most sensitive while K and Na were the least sensitive to changes in redox conditions.     

New Process for Preparation Alumina and Silica White from Coal Fly Ash

Fly ash was used to prepare alumina and silica white, The 3 stages of the process are as follows: ammonium sulfate calcining, acid leaching and alkali dissolution. The optimum conditions for the experiments to determine are as follows: molar ratio of (NH4)2SO4/Al2O3 is 6, the calcining time is 2h, he H2SO4 concentration is 20%, the leaching temperature is 80℃ and dissolution duration is 2h, the ratio of solution and solid reaction material is 6 for ammonium sulfate calcining and acid leaching stage, reaction time 30min, ratio of liquid to ore 5∶1, alkali concentration 45% and reaction temperature 95 ℃for the alkali dissolution stage. Under these conditions, the total leaching efficiencies of Al2O3 and SiO2 are 78.86% and 95%, respectively. The quality of the main products alumina and silica white can meet the national standards of GB/T24487-2009 and GB10517-89, respectively.     

Temperature and pH Dependence of Some Metals Leaching from Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste

Abstract. Municipal solid waste combustion leads to concentration of various metals in the solid residue (fly ash) remaining after combustion. These metals pose serious environmental hazard and require proper handling and monitoring in order to control their harmful effects. Leachability of some metals from fly ash was examined in fly ash and Milli-Q water mixture (liquid-to-solid ratio, 100) under various temperature and pH conditions in the laboratory. The leaching experiments conducted for 24 hours showed that pH was generally more important than temperature in controlling the amount of metals leached out of the fly ash. However, at a given pH, rise in temperature led to different degree of (usually one to two fold) enhanced or reduced leaching of metals. Owing to amphoteric nature of oxides of Al, Cr, Pb and Zn, these metals often yielded typical pattern of increase and decrease in their concentrations with change in pH. The extent of leaching of Cr and Pb in our experiments suggests that decrease of pH to acidic range in the case of Pb and to neutral to acidic range for Cr over a long period of storage of fly ash at solid waste dumping site may facilitate leaching of these metals from fly ash, leading to contamination of groundwater to the level that exceeds beyond the level permitted by the environmental laws.     

煤中铀的赋存分布及其在利用过程中的迁移特征

煤炭与铀两种资源在空间配置和成矿上有关联性,其合理开发利用及污染控制是我国国民经济和社会持续发展的重大需求。基于大量文献调研及前期研究成果,探讨了铀在煤中赋存分布及其在洗选、燃烧、淋滤过程中的迁移特征,取得一些认识:①煤中铀的富集成矿与成煤大地构造演化相关联,西南富铀煤主要与峨眉山玄武岩及断裂构造有关;西北富铀煤一般分布在拗陷和断拗陷盆地开阔地带一侧并与上覆砂岩型铀矿有关。②煤中铀主要与煤中有机质（主要是腐殖酸）结合,富铀煤中铀可以微细粒含铀矿物形式存在,并与有机硫、硫化物紧密共生,故在选煤过程中,无论重选还是浮选,其洗选脱除率均不高（最高为68.3%）,部分煤浮选时铀甚至富集到精煤中;在煤燃烧过程中,铀或多或少都会以气相形式挥发到大气中。③富铀煤一般也同时富集V、Mo、Se、Re、Cr等高价态变价元素,这与有机体深埋分解造成的强还原环境有关,对于那些不变价元素如Sc、Y、La等的沉淀富集主要与腐殖酸形成的酸化条件有关;这些共生组合元素,在富铀煤的分选及煤矸石的淋滤过程中表现出一致的迁移行为。④电厂燃煤过程中铀主要富集（呈数量级的增加）到飞灰和底灰中,粉煤灰中铀淋出浓度一般随淋滤液pH的增加呈降低趋势,其萃取率随灰化温度的升高呈现降低趋势。研究结果为铀资源利用和环境污染控制提供参考和依据。      

Magnesium recovery from magnesite tailings by acid leaching and production of magnesium chloride hexahydrate from leaching solution by evaporation

The recovery of magnesium from magnesite tailings in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions by acid leaching was studied in a batch reactor using hydrochloric acid solutions. Subsequent, production of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂.6H₂O) from leaching solution was also investigated. The effects of temperature, acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, particle size and stirring speed on the leaching process were investigated. The pseudo-second-order reaction model seemed to be appropriate for the magnesium leaching. The activation energy of the leaching process was estimated to be 62.4 kJ mol^− 1. Finally, MgCl₂.6H₂O in a purity of 91% was produced by evaporation of leaching solution obtained at a temperature of 40 °C, 1.0 M acid, solid-to-liquid ratio of 10 g/L, particle size of 100 µm, stirring speed of 1250 rpm and leaching time of 60 min.     

采空区大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫制备及特性研究

煤矿采空区漏风是引发煤火灾害的重要原因,传统充填堵漏材料易干裂,流动性差,成本高,因此研发出有效充填封堵漏风通道的新型材料十分必要。通过单因素变量法,以材料流动度、初凝时间、抗压强度为指标进行配比优选,研发出大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫充填堵漏新材料。同时,利用红外光谱、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜表征材料的水化过程。结果表明∶基于泡沫均匀度、发泡倍数、半衰期及析水率等参数,优选出十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)∶辛癸基葡糖苷(APG)=1∶1,黄原胶(XG)∶瓜尔胶(GG)=1∶1的水基泡沫。研发的大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫,其初凝时间与粉煤灰掺量、水灰比、泡沫掺量成正比;流动度与水灰比成正比,与粉煤灰掺量成反比,随泡沫掺量增加先上升后缓慢降低;抗压强度随粉煤灰掺量增加呈先增加后减小趋势,与水灰比和泡沫掺量呈反比关系。综合评价指标确定粉煤灰掺量为60%、水灰比为0.6、泡沫与复合浆液体积比为1∶1时,材料流动度好,为15.9 cm,初凝时间适中,为5 h,抗压强度高,28 d达到1.5 MPa。该材料的水化产物是钙矾石(AFT)以及C-S-H凝胶,由水泥先发生水化反应生成Ca(OH)2,后与粉煤灰反应生...     

Calcified roasting-acid leaching process of vanadium from low-grade vanadium-containing stone coal

The low-grade vanadium-containing stone coal used in this experiment was collected from Wuxi Coun- try, Chongqing City, China. The experiment focused on the vanadium recovery from roasted residue through opti- mizing the process conditions of an effective and environmentally-friendly technology, named calcified roast- ing-sulfuric acid leaching technology. By single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, the effects of roast- ing temperature, roasting time, sulfuric acid concentration and leaching time on the leaching ratio of vanadium were analyzed. The results showed that the leaching ratio of vanadium reached 85.5% under the proper technological con- ditions of roasting temperature=950℃, roasting time=4 h, 40% concentration of sulfuric acid and leaching time=6 h.     

Coal fly ash interaction with environmental fluids: Geochemical and strontium isotope results from combined column and batch leaching experiments

The major element and Sr isotope systematics and geochemistry of coal fly ash and its interactions with environmental waters were investigated using laboratory flow-through column leaching experiments (sodium carbonate, acetic acid, nitric acid) and sequential batch leaching experiments (water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid). Column leaching of Class F fly ash samples shows rapid release of most major elements early in the leaching procedure, suggesting an association of these elements with soluble and surface bound phases. Delayed release of certain elements (e.g., Al, Fe, Si) signals gradual dissolution of more resistant silicate or glass phases as leaching continues. Strontium isotope results from both column and batch leaching experiments show a marked increase in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio with continued leaching, yielding a total range of values from 0.7107 to 0.7138. For comparison, the isotopic composition of fluid output from a fly ash impoundment in West Virginia falls in a narrow range around 0.7124. The experimental data suggest the presence of a more resistant, highly radiogenic silicate phase that survives the combustion process and is leached after the more soluble minerals are removed. Strontium isotopic homogenization of minerals in coal does not always occur during the combustion process, despite the high temperatures encountered in the boiler. Early-released Sr tends to be isotopically uniform; thus the Sr isotopic composition of fly ash could be distinguishable from other sources and is a useful tool for quantifying the possible contribution of fly ash leaching to the total dissolved load in natural surface and ground waters.