The Structural geology of the Troms Area (Barents-Sea)

This paper reviews the exploration history of the Barents Sea part of the Norwegian continental shelf. The main structural elements which so far have been identified in the Troms/Finnmark/Barents Sea region are outlined and discussed. Special attention is given to the selected Area I outside Troms, where according to latest government plans, drilling will start in 1978.At least two different fault systems are discribed in Area I. The salt diapirs in the Tromsø Basin and their location relative to the fault pattern are discussed. A schematic structural model for Area I is suggested.     

The Structural geology of the Troms Area (Barents-Sea)

This paper reviews the exploration history of the Barents Sea part of the Norwegian continental shelf. The main structural elements which so far have been identified in the Troms/Finnmark/Barents Sea region are outlined and discussed. Special attention is given to the selected Area I outside Troms, where according to latest government plans, drilling will start in 1978. At least two different fault systems are discribed in Area I. The salt diapirs in the Tromsø Basin and their location relative to the fault pattern are discussed. A schematic structural model for Area I is suggested.     

复杂构造区油气构造保存条件分析:来自皖泾地1井的构造解析

下扬子地区中生代发生了多期挤压-伸展构造作用,是制约该区域油气勘探取得突破的重要因素之一。为揭示下扬子区中生代构造作用对油气保存的影响,文章通过地震剖面解释资料、野外露头调查、区域构造演化历史分析,并结合皖泾地1井获取的岩芯资料和油气显示情况综合探讨了下扬子南部地区的有利构造保存条件。地震解释剖面和地表调查结果表明下扬子南部地区晚三叠世以来主要经历了两期重要的构造作用:第一期为印支期挤压作用造成褶皱变形和逆冲断层以及隆升剥蚀;第二期为晚白垩世以来的伸展作用,形成断陷盆地和正断层活动。皖泾地1井在二叠系页岩地层中获得页岩气显示,在下三叠统殷坑组灰岩中钻遇轻质油,表明下扬子南部区域具有良好的油气富集条件和资源潜力。构造保存条件分析表明皖泾地1井位于褶皱冲断带内的向斜部位,印支期隆升剥蚀量小,晚白垩世以来伸展拉张幅度小,具有良好的封闭性和成藏条件,是有利的构造保存部位。      

The hydrodynamics of the Snorre Field area, offshore Norway

The Snorre Field, in the Norwegian North Sea, contains a 300 m oil column and is characterized by high pressures. The Snorre Field and its satellites are a well-documented area and it was considered as an excellent case history for documenting hydrocarbon migration and petroleum hydrodynamics in an overpressured regime. The reservoirs are Triassic and Lower Jurassic sandstones overlain by thick shale formations. The overpressure in the acquifer is 14 MPa. The variations of the oil-water contact levels observed throughout the structure can be correlated with oil density variations. This implies that some faults are partly sealing and suggests that leakage through the cap rock is possible together with a selective input of hydrocarbons within the compartments. The possible mechanisms of pressuring and their consequences on the migration system are discussed in this paper. The origin of abnormal pressures in the reservoir is not directly related to the vertical overburden. Some equivalent overpressures due to the compaction exist further south at the North Alwyn location. An equalization of about 14 MPa overpressure occurs along a SW-NE structural trend, through the North Alwyn, Brent, Statfjord and Snorre fields. Snorre being at the shallowest depth, the pore pressure at the top of the reservoir reaches the stress limit for fracturing and hydrocarbons leak from the field. The idea that a large structural trend acts as a preferential route for the migration of hydrocarbons is well supported; however, the oils in Snorre have a GOR increasing from the southwest to the northeast part of the field and this feature, supported by organic geochemistry, reflects an input of light hydrocarbons from source areas in the adjacent 34/5 basin to the east where high pressures are generated. Evidence for high pressures in the basin exists on seismic profiles, where velocity anomalies indicate highly pressured deep zones and migration possibilities along fractures or unconformities. The pressure regime and the stress conditions are key points for the exploration in this area, together with the sealing capacity of the main faults.     

准噶尔盆地油气地质条件、有利区带及勘探方向研究

依据重磁力和地壳厚度等资料，论述了准噶尔古陆片的存在及其边界，并认为其上有古生代的陆表海沉积。依据山前凹陷的存在及沉积特征，认为盆地形成于中石炭—早二叠世，并讨论了盆地的初始边界，把盆地形成后的构造演化阶段划分为４个：坳陷和隆起的发育具有继承性特征；构造的样式和性质，边缘以推覆构造为主，中部以披覆构造为主；拟定了构造分区原则，对盆地进行了构造分区。生油层主要是上二叠统，其次是下二叠统、上三叠统和下中侏罗统。结合热演化史，建立了油源丰度指数指标，坳陷特别是南缘多期叠合的深坳陷，是油源丰度最高区。储集层是多套的，上二叠统一侏罗系是最主要的复式含油组合。结合构造发展，分析了油气运移方向，指出了最有利的含油气区带有４个：克乌断阶带—玛湖背斜区，中拐凸起—红车断阶带，白家海凸起，莫索湾背斜带—石南凸起。在勘探方向上，仍应加强区域勘探，立足大坳陷寻找大油田，选区首先考虑油气聚集条件，其次才是目的层深度和钻探条件等。     

Neoliberal reforms in elder care in Norway: Roles of the state, Norwegian employers, and Polish nurses

After a worldwide financial crisis in the early 1980s, many states decided to implement new public management strategies. These strategies consist of private sector management practices that aim to reduce the cost of public services. The US and the UK first adopted the new public management model and other states soon followed. The Norwegian state was initially reluctant to adopt private management practices, but it eventually implemented modified reforms that suited the Norwegian socio-political context. This article investigates the ways in which the Norwegian state and Norwegian employers shape the labor force in Norwegian nursing homes through new public management strategies, and the tools that foreign-born nurses use to challenge these structures. The Norwegian state shapes the labor force through labor market policies and the rescaling of public services to local governments, and Norwegian employers reinforce the neoliberal values of the state in their hiring practices and daily operations in the workplace. In particular, this article analyzes the interweaving neoliberal institutional and personal factors that influence the working experiences of Polish nurses in a semi-private nursing home in Oslo. The city of Oslo created a unique public–private partnership with a city-owned company that manages three nursing homes in Oslo. The findings of this study indicate that Polish nurses in one of these nursing homes were negatively affected by the new public management strategies. They improved some of their working conditions over time but structural barriers still persist despite high demand for their skills.     

The city and its port—an economic appraisal

Following a brief examination of the role of ports as foci for industrial and urban development, this paper discusses four major changes—the scale of international trade, structural changes in port activities, port industrialization, and traffic origin and destination—which are acting to alter the relationship between ports and their urban areas. Attention is then focused on the redevelopment of docklands and the need to inform public and political opinion of the importance of port activities to the development of local, regional and national economies. The use of economic impact studies to highlight the multiplier effects of port activities is discussed.     

中国大陆活动构造基本特征及其对区域动力过程的控制

中国大陆活动构造的研究经历了近百年历程,特别是二十世纪八十年代以来取得了诸多研究成果和显著进展,大量的针对性、专业性、目标性极强的调查和综合性研究工作,奠定了中国大陆活动构造定量研究的基础成果。文章通过回顾活动构造研究历史,综合大量已有研究成果,总结了中国大陆活动构造的基本特征及其对区域动力过程的控制作用。综合认为,中国大陆特殊的构造位置,造就了复杂的构造格局,受不同方向板块运动的影响,致使现今活动构造的运动性质差异明显。从总体上看,中国大陆活动构造几何图像主要体现为由受控于区域性大断裂的不同性质和规模的活动构造共同构成。文章分区对活动构造的基本特征、几何图像、运动特征及对地震的控制作用进行了总结,并结合中国大陆动力学总体特征,以及活动构造对中国大陆构造变形和强震活动的控制作用,对重点区域动力过程及模式进行了总结。结合目前新技术和新方法的发展,对活动构造未来可能的研究方向和目标提出了展望。      

大别山东段的变质地层格架

上世纪80年代末以后完成的大别山区1∶5万区域地质调查,将大别山的中深变质杂岩解体为变质变形侵入岩和变质表壳岩两部分,但所建立的构造岩石/地层单位大多沿用了1∶20万区域地质调查的地层名称。与之同期,大别山超高压变质岩发现以来的地质研究也揭示出大别山中深变质岩的主体为正片麻岩,并以变质特征及其构造属性划分出4个构造单元。本文依据前人的地质调查和研究成果,将大别山的变质地层划分为4个岩石地层(构造岩石地层、构造岩石)单位,3个非正式岩石地层单位。论述了它们与区域地质调查所划分的地层单位的对比,以及与4个构造单元的对应关系。     

Regional innovation strategies in the knowledge-based economy

This paper aims to examine major regional innovation strategies for regional development in the knowledge-based economy in Korea. Innovation policy and Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) are becoming important issues in Korea in both national and regional perspectives. These issues have been evolving since the mid 1990s, especially since the financial crisis of 1997 in Korea. Five major policy issues for promoting innovation and regional competitiveness are examined in this paper. The major policy issues are: promoting region-specific clustering; building habitats for innovation and entrepreneurship; collective learning processes and innovation networks; building a stock of social capital; and promoting local and global networks. Several strategies are suggested for each of these policy issues. These major policy issues and related strategies for regional innovation and competitiveness can be regarded as common issues required for the successful development of RIS. Taking these basic policy issues into account, each region can develop their own region-specific RIS, with appropriate consideration of distinctive regional characteristics such as the level of development, industrial specialization, local labor market, local business climate, local financial system, etc.     

Genealogy of hypoplasticity and barodesy

This article is an attempt at providing an insight into the development of hypoplasticity (including barodesy, which is a recent development of hypoplasticity) as a theory elaborated since 1977, when the first version was published by the first author, until present. The multiplicity of the many versions published since then is hard to overlook. This article presents a review and insight into the evolution of a theory and the struggle to formulate a satisfactory constitutive law. Among the many proposed versions, we focus on those ones that can be seen as changes of paradigm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pelagic processes and vertical flux of particles: an overview of a long-term comparative study in the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea

Pelagic processes and their relation to vertical flux have been studied in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas since 1986. Results of long-term sediment trap deployments and adjoining process studies are presented, and the underlying methodological and conceptional background is discussed. Recent extension of these investigations at the Barents Sea continental slope are also presented. With similar conditions of input irradiation and nutrient conditions, the Norwegian and Greenland Seas exhibit comparable mean annual rates of new and total production. Major differences can be found between these regions, however, in the hydrographic conditions constraining primary production and in the composition and seasonal development of the plankton. This is reflected in differences in the temporal patterns of vertical particle flux in relation to new production in the euphotic zone, the composition of particles exported and in different processes leading to their modification in the mid-water layers.In the Norwegian Sea heavy grazing pressure during early spring retards the accumulation of phytoplankton stocks and thus a mass sedimentation of diatoms that is often associated with spring blooms. This, in conjunction with the further seasonal development of zooplankton populations, serves to delay the annual peak in sedimentation to summer or autumn. Carbonate sedimentation in the Norwegian Sea, however, is significantly higher than in the Greenland Sea, where physical factors exert a greater control on phytoplankton development and the sedimentation of opal is of greater importance. In addition to these comparative long-term studies a case study has been carried out at the continental slope of the Barents Sea, where an emphasis was laid on the influence of resuspension and across-slope lateral transport with an analysis of suspended and sedimented material.     

委内瑞拉马拉开波盆地构造演化对油气的控制

委内瑞拉马拉开波盆地自中生代以来经历了裂谷、被动大陆边缘、前陆盆地和马拉开波向斜4个演化阶段,对油气的生成运移聚集起到了重要的控制作用。从石油地质条件对构造作用的地质响应出发,探讨了构造演化对盆地烃源岩、储层、圈闭类型以及油气运聚的控制作用。受构造作用影响,烃源岩发育南薄北厚,沉积中心也发生迁移,形成3个向不同方向增厚的碎屑岩楔体,构成了马拉开波盆地的主要储层,并引起烃源岩埋深的变化,导致生烃条件的多期变化。同时,构造作用还控制了不同层系主要的圈闭类型,而早期与裂谷作用相关的断层在后期构造作用下的复活或反转,为油气提供了主要的运移通道。此外,盆地区域性的倾斜也为油气的运移提供了大的构造格局。     

伊犁盆地南缘中新生代构造样式与铀成矿关系

伊犁盆地是我国最早发现砂岩型铀矿的地区,近十几年来一直保持砂岩型铀矿找矿的不断突破,盆地南缘自西向东查明了一系列砂岩型铀矿床,这些铀矿床的分布与盆地南缘构造关系密切。本文总结了伊犁盆地南缘构造样式类型,分析了不同构造样式下氧化流体补给、运移规律,并结合铀矿体的空间分布,指出构造样式差异是造成砂岩型铀矿体空间分布的关键因素;从氧化流体补给窗的开启、流体的汇聚和还原性气体聚集的控制等方面讨论了构造样式对铀矿体空间定位的机制,指出单斜稳定地层中纵弯背斜是控制铀空间分布的主要构造,要注意不同构造样式约束下成矿区域的稳定型和地下水补给的多样性,在此基础上讨论了伊犁盆地南缘铀矿的找矿方向及主要矿物类型。     

中国前陆盆地构造地质基本特征及其控制下的油气分布

在综述前人认识的基础上,通过对中国前陆盆地的沉积充填特征、演化历程、构造成因及其空间分布规律、构造变形特征等的宏观研究和重点解剖,总结出中国前陆盆地构造地质的主要特征:(1)垂向上,前陆盆地表现出两种不同性质的原型盆地在正反转构造背景下的盆地构造层序相叠置;(2)平面上,分布在中国大陆内的前陆盆地或冲断带受统一的印度—欧亚两个大陆板块间的碰撞作用,形成构造变形的时空分布规律有序的环青藏高原巨型盆山体系;(3)时间上,不仅存在新近纪以来的喜马拉雅运动控制的再生前陆盆地,而且显生宙以来中国大陆共发生了4期前陆盆地或冲断构造的演化过程;(4)成因上,受青藏高原向北、向东的隆升挤压,基于小克拉通拼贴后的不均一陆内基底结构,古造山带继承性复活,在其前缘发育再生前陆盆地或前陆冲断带;(5)变形样式上,由于受边界力学条件和沉积地层介质的共同控制作用,可以将前陆冲断带的构造变形样式分为4类。正是因为上述地质构造的特殊性,决定了油气聚集与分布的规律性和勘探的复杂性。油气分布的规律性主要体现在:(1)油气相态分布的有序性;(2)成藏条件配置的有效性;(3)含油气目的层分布的空间有序性;(4)多期成烃、晚期成藏的普遍性。油气勘探的复杂性表现在:(1)4期前陆盆地和冲断带含油气地质特征的差异;(2)含油气层系与油气藏的改造与破坏;(3)陆相盆地的不均一导致储层相变大;(4)前陆冲断构造变形的复杂增加了圈闭落实的难度。     

Regional and structural effects of North Sea oil in Norway

The discovery of oil in the North Sea has had an important impact on Norway. The article presents the development of the oil policy. Of particular interest is the heavy involvement in Norway in products as mobile rigs, supply ships and concrete platforms. The distribution of the oil activities in Norway as related to locational factors is discribed, with examples of the local impacts of oil activities. Of particular concern are the regional effects. Norway will be a high cost country and low-wage industries (e.g. textiles, furniture) may be squeezed. Industrial decay areas like in Britain and Europe are feared. Also some main problems and decisions such as the landing of Statfjord oil by pipeline are considered.     

Greening as strategic development in industrial change - Why companies participate in eco-networks

Networking between companies and other regional key actors has grown into a widespread instrument for economic development since the 1990s. Participatory networks have formed the concept for many activities of Local Agenda 21. Simultaneously, economic geography has focused on network theories to explain innovation in and the economic success of regions.This article focuses on the reasons why individual actors participate in environmentally oriented information networks. The questions approached are: Does the concept of learning within networks influence a firm’s development? How do the participants interact with each other? What effects do the networks have on their environment (arenas)?The changing arenas of a firm are analysed with regard to environmental concerns. These changes need to be anticipated for reliable strategies. To gain information and knowledge about current behaviour and activities, the functions of networks as learning platforms are discussed. Drawing upon arguments from different network theories, the motivations of participating in a network are threefold: actor and firm oriented, network internal (inter-firm), and network external. From these, a generic target cube of network motivations and actions is set up.The concept is reviewed by examining 12 ‘regional environmental information-oriented corporation networks’ (RUN) in the Greater Munich Area. The empirical material reveals that this type of network does not provide a guarantee for significant improvements in a firm’s environmental behaviour. However, participants learn about best practices while pursuing explicit or implicit aims as to influence their arenas.     

Depositional evolution of the Bowen basin

The Bowen Basin is a structurally complex area occupied by a thick sequence of Permian‐Triassic volcanics and sediments whose depositional history is also complex and in many places has controlled the subsequent structural development. The depositional evolution is portrayed by isopach maps of eight regional rock units recognised in the Bowen Basin sequence. This sequence was deposited in a series of downwarps and on adjacent, less rapidly subsiding shelf areas. This paper discusses the shape, distribution, and persistence in time of the downwarps and shelf areas and indicates the relationship between them and the present structural elements of the Bowen Basin. The relationship of the depositional history of the Bowen Basin to the problems of exploration for oil and gas in the Basin is also discussed.     

我国环太平洋西海岸地区地下水封洞库选址区域稳定性研究

区域稳定性分析对于地下水封洞库科学合理的选址具有重要意义。首先,根据地下水封洞库建库选址基本原则,在充分考虑我国主要大型码头与炼油厂分布的基础上,提出了我国环太平洋西海岸地区地下水封洞库区域稳定性研究区范围。其次,在分析地下水封洞库区域稳定性影响因素并考虑目前所掌握相关数据、资料的基础上,确定区域性断裂带、地震峰值加速度、地层岩性、大地热流值为区域稳定性评价的敏感因子,并根据对区域稳定性影响的大小对各敏感因子划分等级。最后,采用因子叠加法,并利用MAPGIS软件对研究区的稳定性进行了空间叠加分析,得到了研究区区域稳定性评价结果,为我国后期大型地下水封洞库规划选址提供了参考和支撑。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘(部)中生代构造属性

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘构造带独特的大地构造位置、复杂的构造特征、活跃的新构造运动和良好的矿产赋存条件,长期以来为诸多地质学和矿产学者所关注;并从不同角度对该区带的区域地质构造特征和构造属性进行了程度不同地探讨,提出了不尽相同的认识。近年来,有不少研究者将其中生代构造属性划归“前陆盆地”。在地质历史上,适于前陆盆地发育的地球动力学环境,在时间和空间上均是相当有限的。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘(部)处于多个性质不同大地构造单元的结合部位,构造特征因地而异,演化过程十分复杂。本文根据最新勘探资料和测试结果,通过对区域背景、盆山关系、沉积响应、构造特征、原盆面貌、演化过程、发育时限和后期改造等方面的综合研究认为,鄂尔多斯盆地西部在中生代整体上不具前陆盆地属性,为大型残延克拉通内盆地的组成部分;仅在晚侏罗世以来盆地发育晚期和之后的有限时期和局部地段,存在有与前陆盆地结构“貌似”的剖面组合特征。