RTS系列全站仪轴系误差调校方法

阐述了全站仪视准轴、垂直轴和水准轴的几何关系及对测角误差的影响,详细说明了RTS系列全站仪三轴误差的检验和调整方法,使全站仪用户对仪器的轴系误差有初步的了解,有利于用户在使用全站仪过程中有效控制测量误差,保证工程测量精度。     

A unified approach to self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners

In recent years, the method of self-calibration widely used in photogrammetry has been found suitable for the estimation of systematic errors in terrestrial laser scanners. Since high correlations can be present between the estimated parameters, ways to reduce them have to be found. This paper presents a unified approach to self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners, where the parameters in a least-squares adjustment are treated as observations by assigning appropriate weights to them. The higher these weights are the lower the parameter correlations are expected to be. Self-calibration of a pulsed laser scanner Leica Scan Station was performed with the unified approach. The scanner position and orientation were determined during the measurements with the help of a total station, and the point clouds were directly georeferenced. The significant systematic errors were zero error in the laser rangefinder and vertical circle index error. Most parameter correlations were comparatively low. In part, precise knowledge of the horizontal coordinates of the scanner centre helped greatly to achieve low correlation between these parameters and the zero error. The approach was shown to be advantageous to the use of adjustment with stochastic (weighted) inner constraints where the parameter correlations were higher. At the same time, the collimation error could not be estimated reliably due to its high correlation with the scanner azimuth because of a limited vertical distribution of the targets in the calibration field. While this problem can be solved for a scanner with a nearly spherical field-of-view, it will complicate the calibration of scanners with limited vertical field-of-view. Investigations into the influence of precision of the scanner position and levelling on the adjustment results lead to two important findings. First, it is not necessary to level the scanner during the measurements when using the unified approach since the parameter correlations are relatively low anyway. Second, the scanner position has to be known with a precision of about 1 mm in order to get a reliable estimate of the zero error.     

Terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration: Correlation sources and their mitigation

Instrument calibration is recognised as an important process to assure the quality of data captured with a terrestrial laser scanner. While the self-calibration approach can provide optimal estimates of systematic error parameters without the need for specialised equipment or facilities, its success is somewhat hindered by high correlations between model variables. This paper presents the findings of a detailed study into the sources of correlation in terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration for a basic additional parameter set. Several pertinent outcomes, resulting from experiments conducted with simulated data, and 12 real calibration datasets captured with a Faro 880 terrestrial laser scanner, are presented. First, it is demonstrated that panoramic-type scanner self-calibration from only two instrument locations is possible so long as the scans have orthogonal orientation in the horizontal plane. Second, the importance of including scanner tilt angle observations in the adjustment for parameter de-correlation is demonstrated. Third, a new network measure featuring an asymmetric distribution of object points that does not rely upon a priori observation of the instrument position is proposed. It is shown to be an effective means to reduce the correlation between the rangefinder offset and the scanner position parameters. Fourth, the roles of several other influencing variables on parameter correlation are revealed. The paper concludes with a set of recommended design measures to reduce parameter correlation in terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration.     

竖角对光电测距的影响

介绍了光电测距中平距归算的严密公式,分析了棱镜准直误差对光电测距的影响,并就全站仪仪器自身误差对光电测距的影响进行了阐述,进而得到了系统的理论依据。最后通过实验验证了理论的正确性,同时也通过理论分析确定了实验的可靠性和有效性,通过对实验的分析得出了竖角对光电测距影响的结论。     

Error modelling,calibration and analysis of an AM–CW terrestrial laser scanner system

A rigorous method for terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration using a network of signalised points is presented. Exterior orientation, object point co-ordinates and additional parameters are estimated simultaneously by free network adjustment. Spherical co-ordinate observation equations are augmented with a set of additional parameters that model systematic errors in range, horizontal direction and elevation angle. The error models include both physically interpretable and empirically identified components. Though the focus is on one particular make and model of AM–CW scanner system, the Faro 880, the mathematical models are formulated in a general framework so their application to other instruments only requires selection of an appropriate set of additional parameters. Results from controlled testing show that significant improvement is achieved by using the proposed model in terms of both reducing the magnitude of observational residuals as well as the three-dimensional positioning accuracy of signalised points. Ten self-calibration datasets captured over the course of 13 months are used to examine short- and long-term additional parameter stability via standard hypothesis testing techniques. Detailed investigations into correlation mechanisms between model parameters accompany the self-calibration solution analyses. Other contributions include an observation model for incorporation of integrated inclinometer observations into the self-calibration solution and an effective a priori outlier removal method. The benefit of the former is demonstrated to be reduced correlation between exterior orientation and additional parameters, even if inclinometer precision is low. The latter is arrived at by detailed analysis of the influence of incidence angle on range.     

An integrated bundle adjustment approach to range camera geometric self-calibration

This paper describes a new method for integrated range camera system self-calibration in which both traditional camera calibration parameters and rangefinder systematic error parameters are estimated simultaneously in a free-network bundle adjustment of observations to signalised targets. Its mathematical basis is collinearity and range observation equations augmented with correction models for systematic error sources identified in the data. The self-calibration results from datasets captured with two different range cameras, a SwissRanger SR3000 and a SwissRanger SR4000, are presented and analysed in detail. The method’s effectiveness is demonstrated in terms of systematic error removal and independent accuracy assessment. Up to a 54% reduction in the residual RMS was achieved by inclusion of the proposed error models in the self-calibration adjustment. An improvement of at least 74% in the RMS of object point co-ordinate differences, over that achieved without calibration or provided by the manufacturer’s software (in the case of the SR3000), was realised in an independent accuracy assessment. In addition, the effects of several influencing variables, including the range stochastic error model, the network geometry and the range measurements themselves, on key correlation mechanisms are analysed in detail.     

国产数字水准仪温度性能测试与研究

环境温度是影响数字水准仪性能的关键因素。测试温度对国产数字水准仪i角的影响,发现当仪器内外温差较大时,仪器i角的变化显著。测试结果表明,i角设置与测试、水准测量都需要在仪器内外温度平衡时,才能够获得可靠的成果。     

地面三维激光扫描仪系统误差标定

介绍了地面三维激光扫描仪工作原理,采用自检校法对仪器系统误差进行标定并详细推导了自检校系统误差模型。利用徕卡HDS3000获取的数据进行分析计算,得到该仪器的系统误差值,同时对获取的数据进行改正,并通过检验点验证系统误差改正效果。实验表明,经过系统误差改正后,HDS3000扫描仪的测量准确度可以提高一倍,效果良好。     

一种视觉引导经纬仪自动测量方法

文中将TM5100A经纬仪加载高精度摄像头构造视觉引导测量设备,标定十字丝中心点在像平面坐标系下的坐标,对经纬仪旋转水平角和垂直角与目标图像中心像素坐标之间的关系进行标定;摄像头采集目标图像并处理获取目标中心像素坐标,根据像素坐标与经纬仪旋转角关系计算经纬仪旋转角度,进而实现视觉引导经纬仪自动测量;对加载摄像头的经纬仪驱动误差进行测试,驱动误差允许的情况下测试并分析了视觉引导装置的点位测量精度、角度测量精度以及视觉引导准直测量精度,比人工测量精度高,符合工业测量的需求。     

An a priori solar radiation pressure model for the QZSS Michibiki satellite

It has been noted that the satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals of the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) Michibiki satellite orbits show very marked dependence on the elevation angle of the Sun above the orbital plane (i.e., the \(\beta \) angle). It is well recognized that the systematic error is caused by mismodeling of the solar radiation pressure (SRP). Although the error can be reduced by the updated ECOM SRP model, the orbit error is still very large when the satellite switches to orbit-normal (ON) orientation. In this study, an a priori SRP model was established for the QZSS Michibiki satellite to enhance the ECOM model. This model is expressed in ECOM’s D, Y, and B axes (DYB) using seven parameters for the yaw-steering (YS) mode, and additional three parameters are used to compensate the remaining modeling deficiencies, particularly the perturbations in the Y axis, based on a redefined DYB for the ON mode. With the proposed a priori model, QZSS Michibiki’s precise orbits over 21 months were determined. SLR validation indicated that the systematic \(\beta \)-angle-dependent error was reduced when the satellite was in the YS mode, and better than an 8-cm root mean square (RMS) was achieved. More importantly, the orbit quality was also improved significantly when the satellite was in the ON mode. Relative to ECOM and adjustable box-wing model, the proposed SRP model showed the best performance in the ON mode, and the RMS of the SLR residuals was better than 15 cm, which was a two times improvement over the ECOM without a priori model used, but was still two times worse than the YS mode.     

基于自检校的机载线阵CCD传感器几何标定

将基于附加参数的自检校光束法区域网平差技术应用于机载线阵CCD传感器几何标定中,以ADS40为对象,分析集成传感器成像几何关系,引入GPS观测值数学模型和IMU视轴偏心角模型,建立用于标定的自检校光束法区域网平差模型;在深入分析机载三线阵CCD传感器成像误差特性的基础上,建立有效的相机标定参数模型;并采用检校场ADS40数据进行了标定试验,结果表明几何标定方法可行有效,可显著提高测量精度和可靠性。     

CALIBRATION OF PRISMATIC COMPASSES

Abstract

Apart from “stickiness” of the suspension and looseness of the sights, prismatic compasses are subject to three internal sources of error:- <list list-type="roman-lower"> <list-item>

Collimation error. This may be caused by <list list-type="alpha-lower"> <list-item>

magnetic axis not being parallel to the zero line of the graduated circle;</list-item> <list-item>

line of sight not passing through the axis of rotation.</list-item> </list> It is unnecessary to aftempt to distinguish between the above faults, which introduce constant errors into the compass readings.</list-item> <list-item>

Eccentricity error. This is caused by the axis of rotation failing to pass through the centre of the graduated circle. This introduces an error into the compass readings of E sin θ cosec I°/R where E is the eccentricity, R the radius of the graduated circle and θ the angle between the line of sight and the line joining the centre of the circle to the axis of rotation. Eccentricity error is completely eliminated by observing both forward and back bearings, but this is not always practicable.</list-item> <list-item>

Irregular division of the graduated circle. This error is negligible in any modern compass.</list-item> </list>     

Geometric calibration of a terrestrial laser scanner with local additional parameters: An automatic strategy

Terrestrial laser scanning systems are steadily increasing in many fields of engineering, geoscience and architecture namely for fast data acquisition, 3-D modeling and mapping. Similarly to other precision instruments, these systems provide measurements with implicit systematic errors. Systematic errors are physically corrected by manufacturers before delivery and sporadically afterwards. The approach presented herein tackles the raw observables acquired by a laser scanner with additional parameters, a set of geometric calibration parameters that model the systematic error of the instrument to achieve the most accurate point cloud outputs, improving eventual workflow owing to less filtering, better registration and best 3D modeling. This paper presents a fully automatic strategy to calibrate geometrically terrestrial laser scanning datasets. The strategy is tested with multiple scans taken by a FARO FOCUS 3D, a phase-based terrestrial laser scanner. A calibration with local parameters for datasets is undertaken to improve the raw observables and a weighted mathematical index is proposed to select the most significant set of additional parameters. The improvements achieved are exposed, highlighting the necessity of correcting the terrestrial laser scanner before handling multiple data sets.     

宽角相机低空航测的精度分析

首先从理论上对低空航测精度与相机像场角的关系进行了定量分析,得出低空航测应尽可能使用宽角相机的结论;接着指明了单镜头相机扩大像场角的局限和现有市场上的组合宽角相机因重量过大而不适用于低空轻荷载无人机的不足,阐述了作者研制的具有自检校自稳定功能的组合宽角低空轻小型相机的特点,尤其是实现组合成像静态误差和动态误差自检校的技术原理;针对大比例尺测图的实践,提出通过宽角相机大重叠航空摄影提高低空航测精度的技术建议;最后用典型工程生产数据验证了上述理论分析的正确性。     

柱面全景图像拼接方法的仿真分析

随着虚拟现实(VR)技术的兴起,全景图像得到了更为广泛的应用,目前多通过求解单应矩阵对图像进行变换,由多相机拼接获取全景图像,但该方法会破坏成像中的共线条件,使拼接后的全景图像难以精确进行摄影测量中的三维重建等工作。本文提出了一种柱面全景图像拼接方法并对其进行仿真分析,该方法基于摄影测量共线方程,设定拼接相机的数目、成像焦距、成像位置和成像姿态,模拟多拼相机的成图过程,构建从三维点云到二维图像的柱面成像方程,通过成像方程不仅可以实现各图像的全景拼接,而且可对影响全景图像拼接精度的各参数进行定量分析,试验结果表明:1本文提出的柱面成像方程和全景拼接方法可用于不同数目相机及倾斜成像下的全景拼接;2利用成像方程推导的误差方程可知,全景图像拼接的精度受焦距误差、中心误差和旋角误差的影响,其中,焦距误差可通过图像重采样的方法校正,中心误差与摄影物距密切相关,而旋角误差主要受拼接相机数目的影响。     

经纬仪互瞄法在短边方位传递中的应用

讨论了短边测角的主要误差来源和影响,提出了短边方位传递的测量方法。最后通过一个实例,说明互瞄法方位传递可以达到很高的精度。     

TCA2003全站仪监测数据处理新方法

在微震颤状态下,TCA2003智能全站仪的垂直自动补偿器不能正常工作,因此由持续监测过程中的温度变化而引起的仪器竖轴周期性倾斜摆动不能通过自动补偿来改正。本文提出了一种新的非线性坐标转换方法,该方法用于TCA2003变形监测数据处理可以消除竖轴倾斜的影响,提取高精度的变形量,而且适用于大角度的三维坐标转换并且不依赖于初值。     

三维激光扫描仪变形监测识别度测试方法

在变形监测领域,三维激光扫描测量技术有着良好的应用前景。针对三维激光扫描仪能够识别被监测物体的最小变形量,即变形识别度,对变形监测方案设计的指导意义,该文提出了一种检测三维激光扫描仪变形监测识别度的方法。通过构建变形监测的理论误差模型,用实验对误差模型进行验证。结果显示,扫描仪扫描距离、角度对变形识别度的影响与实验结果较一致,验证了模型的正确性,说明该测试方法具有可行性。     

基于附加参数模型的自检校光束法区域网平差算法运行结果对比

像点偏移是影响光束法区域网平差结果精度的主要因素之一。克服平差过程中像点偏移的影响,以提高区域网平差精度,一直受到业界高度重视。当前,克服像点偏移的常规做法是借助特定的参数模型对其进行描述,构建基于附加参数模型的自检校光束法区域网平差模型,在区域网平差的同时求解引入的参数,进而实现对系统误差的补偿。Bauer模型、Ebner模型、Brown模型、光学畸变模型是现有算法中描述像点偏移的常用模型。为了对上述4种模型的系统误差进行验证,本文首先在经典的光束法区域网平差模型基础上分别设计了与4种模型相对应的自检校光束法区域网平差模型,并予以编程实现;然后通过实例对上述4种模型的算法运行结果进行了验证、比较及分析。试验结果表明,Ebner模型和Brown模型的引入可有效提高光束法区域网平差的精度;Bauer模型的引入对小型区域网平差精度的提升更加有效;光学畸变模型的引入对区域网平差结果的精度提升作用相对较小。     

Sensor modeling,self-calibration and accuracy testing of panoramic cameras and laser scanners

Terrestrial Linear Array CCD-based panoramic cameras have been used for purely imaging purposes, but they also have a high potential for use in high accuracy measurement applications. The imaging geometry and the high information content of those images make them suitable candidates for quantitative image analysis. For that a particular sensor model has to be established and the inherent accuracy potential has to be investigated. We developed a sensor model for terrestrial Linear Array-based panoramic cameras by means of a modified bundle adjustment with additional parameters, which models substantial deviations of a real camera from the ideal one. We used 3D straight-line information in addition to tie points to conduct a full calibration and orientation without control point information. Due to the similarity of the operation of laser scanners to panoramic cameras the sensor model of the panoramic cameras was extended for the self-calibration of laser scanners. We present the joint sensor model for panoramic cameras and laser scanners and the results of self-calibration, which indicate a subpixel accuracy level for such highly dynamic systems. Finally we demonstrate the systems’ accuracy of two typical panoramic cameras in 3D point positioning, using both a minimal number of control points and a free network adjustment. With these new panoramic imaging devices we have additional powerful sensors for image recording and efficient 3D object modeling.