平面应变条件下原状黄土侧向卸载变形与强度特性分析

基于平面应变改造后的西安理工大学真三轴仪,在不同围压条件下对不同含水率黄土进行了侧向卸载平面应变试验,研究了平面应变条件下原状黄土的卸载强度、变形特性以及原状黄土的破坏方式。研究结果表明:不同固结围压条件下,各含水率原状黄土的侧向卸载应力-应变曲线均为硬化型,近似呈理想塑性曲线。剪切过程中,黄土的侧向与竖向变形呈非线性变化,侧向应变的发展要快于竖向应变,体积变形均为体胀。侧向卸载条件下土的破坏应变要比平面应变竖向加载和常规三轴试验小得多。黄土的卸载破坏强度与含水率、围压和球应力状态密切相关;随着含水率的增大,黏聚力衰减明显,内摩擦角略有减小。侧向卸载条件下,原状黄土呈剪胀滑移破坏形式。     

平面应变条件下原状黄土侧向卸载变形与强度特性分析EI北大核心CSCD

基于平面应变改造后的西安理工大学真三轴仪,在不同围压条件下对不同含水率黄土进行了侧向卸载平面应变试验,研究了平面应变条件下原状黄土的卸载强度、变形特性以及原状黄土的破坏方式。研究结果表明:不同固结围压条件下,各含水率原状黄土的侧向卸载应力-应变曲线均为硬化型,近似呈理想塑性曲线。剪切过程中,黄土的侧向与竖向变形呈非线性变化,侧向应变的发展要快于竖向应变,体积变形均为体胀。侧向卸载条件下土的破坏应变要比平面应变竖向加载和常规三轴试验小得多。黄土的卸载破坏强度与含水率、围压和球应力状态密切相关;随着含水率的增大,黏聚力衰减明显,内摩擦角略有减小。侧向卸载条件下,原状黄土呈剪胀滑移破坏形式。     

基于三维数字图像相关技术的砂岩渗流-应力耦合变形局部化特性试验研究

为研究渗流-应力耦合作用下砂岩变形局部化破坏特征,将三维数字图像相关（three-dimensionaldigitalimage correlation,简称3D-DIC）技术运用于可视化三轴伺服控制试验系统中,对砂岩开展了不同渗透水压条件下的三轴压缩试验研究。研究结果表明：（1）在渗流-应力耦合作用下,砂岩表面变形场云图经历了从均匀到非均匀的演化过程。在峰前的变形较为均匀,在峰值处出现应变集中,在峰后较短时间内迅速形成变形局部化带;（2）随着渗透水压的增大,岩石的峰值强度、弹性模量呈现指数型非线性衰减,峰值强度弱化系数和弹性模量弱化系数均增大,且渗透率逐渐增大,最大渗透率出现的时间点越早;（3）随着渗透水压的增大,砂岩变形局部化带从剪切状过渡到张拉-剪切状,轴向和径向变形局部化带带内外应变在峰后短时间内出现较大差异,且带内应变远大于带外应变;（4）随着渗透水压的增大,砂岩变形局部化启动应力水平越高,启动的时刻点越早。渗透水压与砂岩变形局部化启动应力水平呈线性相关性,轴向变形局部化启动水平受渗透水压的影响比径向更为显著。     

分级加卸载下南海珊瑚泥一维固结长期变形试验及模型研究

南海珊瑚泥是珊瑚群体死后的骨胳、碎屑聚积形成的海洋岩土体钙质软泥,具有特殊的工程性状,研究其在荷载作用下与时间相关的长期非线性变形对吹填岛礁建设和长期稳定分析具有重要意义。对珊瑚泥进行了3组不同加卸载方案的一维固结压缩试验,通过改变加载时间与加卸载循环圈数探究应力历史对其长期变形性质的影响,并针对珊瑚泥在加卸载试验条件下呈现出的瞬时变形、延时衰减与延时稳定变形3阶段规律,采用改进的Burgers模型拟合不同竖向应力作用下的ε-t（应变-时间）曲线,具有较高拟合精度。同时分析模型参数后发现,随着分级加载时间提高,瞬时应变增量及其增长率下降,最终荷载下的延时衰减时间缩短,延时稳定应变速率及最终荷载下的总应变增量减小。同一加卸载循环圈数中,同竖向应力下卸载阶段的瞬时应变增量小于加载阶段。随着加卸载循环圈数的增加,加、卸载各阶段瞬时应变增量均减小且二者相近,延时衰减时间缩短,延时稳定应变速率及最终荷载下的总应变增量减小。研究了分级加载时间与加卸载循环圈数对珊瑚泥长期变形性质的影响,旨在为岛礁建设中的堆载预压方案提供理论依据。     

单轴压缩下岩石应变局部化的应变梯度塑性解

通过在屈服函数中引入材料内部长度建立应变梯度塑性增量本构关系,对岩石材料在单轴压缩条件下应变局部化的二维情况进行了研究。首先,建立了在Mises屈服准则下平面应变情况的岩石材料应变局部化带的带宽与其倾角的关系式,讨论了其带宽的分布范围和最大值与最小值形成的条件,给出岩石材料破坏Ⅰ, Ⅱ类变形的条件,并推出破坏的临界角度;其次,对岩石材料Ⅰ类变形进行了详细地分析,讨论了在不同泊松比 和 条件下材料应变局部化带的倾角的变化范围;最后,利用所得的结论同材料破坏的库仑准则进行对比研究,对内摩擦系数给予了合理的解释。     

土体应变局部化现象的理论解析

引起土体失稳的应变局部化现象是在特定应力状态下,土体本构产生的分叉特性。基于有限变形理论推导了应变局部化产生的三维解析解。基于应变局部化的理论解析,分析了轴对称和平面应变条件下应变局部化现象在弹塑性硬化阶段的存在性以及剪切带的方向性。 理论分析表明,在轴对称条件下,土体应变局部化产生于土体应力-应变的软化阶段,而平面应变条件下,土体应变局部化一般出现在应力-应变的硬化阶段,其剪切带方向角的理论预测与Arthur等[1]建议值较为一致。     

循环载荷下含水砂岩裂纹演化与损伤特征试验研究

基于矿井地下水库岩体频繁受到矿震、采动应力等循环荷载扰动这一工程背景,在实验室条件下开展了不同含水率砂岩单轴及循环加卸载试验,采用数字散斑技术,揭示了不同含水率砂岩裂纹扩展及破坏规律,基于电镜扫描微观分析,获得了循环载荷下不同含水砂岩微观劣化机制。试验结果表明：单轴及循环加卸载条件下,随着含水率增大,砂岩峰值强度均逐渐降低。干燥砂岩峰值轴向应变经历初始变形、等速变形、加速变形和失稳破坏4个阶段,含水砂岩经历初始变形、等速变形和失稳破坏3个阶段;随着含水率的增大,对应阶段内峰值轴向应变逐渐减小。通过变形率分析法验证发现,水对砂岩的变形记忆特性并无影响。单轴循环加卸载条件下,砂岩的破坏模式由干燥时的张拉−劈裂破坏逐渐向拉−剪混合破坏过渡,至饱和状态时呈现单一的剪切破坏。电镜扫描结果表明,随含水率增大,破裂结构面逐渐由光滑结构、浑圆状结构、片状结构向完全破碎结构过渡。随着含水率增大,绝对损伤参数不断增大,从侧面反映水岩耦合损伤的正相关性;累计损伤参数累积速率更快,同一循环周次下,累计损伤参数也更大。     

软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性与含水率关系研究

软弱结构面往往控制着岩体的蠕变变形,含水率又是影响软弱结构面蠕变特性的重要因素,通过开展不同含水率条件下砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变试验,得到了不同含水率条件下剪切蠕变曲线,并考虑加载历史对试验曲线进行了修正。在此基础上,通过模型辨识选取Burgers模型描述砂岩软弱结构面蠕变的黏弹性特性。分析了含水率对砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响,并对含水率影响软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性的机制进行了探讨。     

基于数字图像相关方法的等应变率下不同含水率砂样剪切带观测

在压缩位移控制加载条件下（加载速率为5 mm/min）,针对不同含水率（12.7%~16.5%）砂样,利用自主开发的基于粒子群优化的数字图像相关方法,开展了最大剪切应变场的观测研究,获取了子区尺寸对砂样不同位置最大剪切应变的影响规律。研究发现,随着砂样含水率的增加,变形更加均匀,最大剪切应变高值区分布变得宽广,反映了剪切带的数目增加,微裂纹出现之前的最大剪切应变提高;随着纵向应变的增加,在应变高值区,最大剪切应变以非线性方式迅速增加,但在应变低值区,一般以线性方式增加。当剪切带出现以后,特别是在变形后期,子区尺寸对最大剪切应变有明显的影响。最大剪切应变随子区尺寸变化的演变规律与子区所处位置密切相关。     

初始固结应力对平面应变黄土剪切破坏特性影响

针对黄土工程中大量存在的平面应变问题,在均压固结条件下研究的较多,但与土实际的应力状态不符,利用平面应变改造后的真三轴仪,模拟土体的实际应力状态,通过原状黄土在不同初始固结应力比、含水率和围压条件下的竖向加载平面应变试验,揭示不同初始固结应力比、含水率和围压对原状黄土强度特性影响及破坏时中主应力变化规律。研究结果表明:偏压固结原状黄土的强度随着初始固结应力比的增大而增大,且明显大于均压固结;抗剪强度及破坏时p、q随着初始固结应力比的减小或含水率的增大而减小;土体原生结构损伤程度随着初始固结应力比的增大而增大使得黏聚力减小;当次生结构形成土颗粒间挤密使得内摩擦角增大;破坏时刻的中主应力随初始固结应力比增大而增大;破坏时刻的中主应力系数范围在0.15~0.45之间;平面应变条件下原状黄土破坏时的固结围压及含水率对中主应力系数的影响较明显。研究结果对进一步完善原状黄土的平面应变试验研究,进而解决平面应变条件下的黄土工程建设问题,提供试验依据和理论基础。     

超固结粘土的剪切带数值模拟

基于中井的子负荷面本构关系模型,采用高精度的隐式应力积分算法,研究了平面应变试验中超固结粘土试样的变形局部化问题。模拟了不同的加载速度和边界约束条件,得到了超固结比为8的藤森粘土土体内部明显可见的X型剪切带和单一型剪切带。结果表明：土体的剪胀特性、孔隙水在土体内的移动规律以及边界约束条件对剪切带的形成和发展起着控制作用。     

Influence of Lode angle‐dependent failure criteria on shear localization analysis in sand

Geotechnical experiments show that Lode angle‐dependent constitutive formulations are appropriate to describe the failure of geomaterials. In the present study, we have adopted one such class of failure criteria along with a versatile constitutive relationship to theoretically analyze the effects of Lode angle on localized shear deformation or shear band formation in loose sand for both drained and undrained conditions. We determine the variation in the possible stress states for shear localization due to the introduction of Lode angle by considering the localized deformation as a bifurcation problem. Further, similar bifurcation analysis is performed for the stress states along a specific loading path, namely, plane strain compression at the constitutive level. In addition, the plane strain compression tests have been simulated as a boundary value finite element problem to see how Lode angle affects the post‐localization response. Results show that the inclusion of a Lode angle parameter within the failure criterion has considerable effects on the onset, plastic strain, and propagation of shear localization in loose sand specimens. For drained condition, we notice early inception of shear localization and multiple band formation when the Lode angle‐dependent failure criterion is used. Undrained localization characteristics, however, found to be independent of Lode angle consideration.     

Deformation mechanism of strain localization in 2D numerical interface tests

Heterogeneity arises in soil subjected to interface shearing, with the strain gradually localizing into a band area. How the strain localization accumulates and develops to form the structure is crucial in explaining some significant constitutive behaviors of the soil–structural interface during shearing, for example, stress hardening, softening, and shear-dilatancy. Using DEM simulation, interface shear tests with a periodic boundary condition are performed to investigate the strain localization process in densely and loosely packed granular soils. Based on the velocity field given by grains’ translational and rotational velocities, several kinematic quantities are analyzed during the loading history to demonstrate the evolution of strain localization. Results suggest that tiny concentrations in the shear deformation have already been observed in the very early stage of the shear test. The degree of the strain localization, quantified by a proposed new indicator, α, steadily ascends during the stress-hardening regime, dramatically jumps prior to the stress peak, and stabilizes at the stress steady state. Loose specimen does not develop a steady pattern at the large strain, as the deformation pattern transforms between localized and diffused failure modes. During the stress steady state of both specimens, remarkable correlations are observed between α and the shear stress, as well as between α and the volumetric strain rate.     

Drained instability analysis of sand under biaxial loading using a 3D material model

The diffused and localized instabilities in sand under drained biaxial loading have been analyzed here following a plane strain bifurcation framework, where the rate independent material is defined using a generalized 3D non-associative constitutive model. This study is focused on how various instability modes emerge with respect to initial density, confining pressure, and the applied boundary conditions. Results from large deformation framework have been compared with those from small deformation approximation and the later is noticed to fail in capturing the emergence of diffused modes and predicts delayed onset of localization. The theoretical predictions compares well with existing experimental observations.     

颗粒物质在等比例应变加载下的分散性失稳模式

由地下水引起的静力液化可能是边坡失稳的隐含机制之一,松砂在不排水剪切条件下可能发生静力液化,密实的颗粒集合体在特定的应变路径下也会出现相似的现象,即试样整体发生急剧的失稳,应力状态尚处于峰值强度线以内。该种失稳模式称为分散性失稳,是为了强调失稳模式中没有出现应变局部化或者剪切带。采用连续-离散耦合分析方法,研究由不规则形状颗粒组成的密实集合体在等比例应变加载路径下的力学特性。根据Hill的材料失稳理论,当试样的应力增量 和应变增量 对应的2阶功 为负时,试样即发生不可逆的整体失稳破坏。以根据不同等比例应变路径得到 曲线为界,在 平面内将试样的应力状态分为剪缩区、剪胀-稳定区和剪胀-非稳定区,连接不同围压下试样发生分散性失稳时的应力状态形成失稳线发现,峰值强度线高于临界状态线,临界状态线高于失稳线。     

Localized failure of fibre‐reinforced elastic–plastic materials subjected to plane strain loading

We consider discontinuous bifurcations as the indicator of a localized failure for a class of composites that are characterized by elastic fibres reinforcing an elastic–plastic matrix. A macroscopic tangent stiffness tensor for the fibre‐reinforced composite is developed by consistently homogenizing the contribution of fibres in a spherical representative volume element. Analytical solutions are derived for the critical hardening modulus and corresponding bifurcation directions for the case of plane strain loading. Properties of the solutions are further illustrated on the example of the non‐associated Drucker–Prager model at onset of yielding. Results show that presence of fibres decreases the critical hardening modulus, thus inhibiting the onset of strain localization. The rate of decrease in the critical hardening modulus is the highest for pure shear, followed by uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, biaxial tension and biaxial compression. The main fibre parameters that control the onset of strain localization are their volumetric content and their stiffness modulus whereby very stiff fibres can produce the most significant decrease in the critical hardening modulus, especially for the state of biaxial tension. The critical hardening modulus for the non‐associated Drucker–Prager model exhibits a full range of localization modes including compaction bands, dilation bands, and transition in the form of shear bands regardless of the presence of fibres. Presence of fibres affects bifurcation directions, except in the case when Poisson's ratio of the matrix is equal to 0.25. The results demonstrate stabilizing effects of fibres by which they provide the control against the onset of strain localization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic analysis of strain localization in water‐saturated clay using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic model

A computational framework is presented for dynamic strain localization and deformation analyses of water‐saturated clay by using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model. In the model, the nonlinear kinematic hardening rule and softening due to the structural degradation of soil particles are considered. In order to appropriately simulate the large deformation phenomenon in strain localization analysis, the dynamic finite element formulation for a two‐phase mixture is derived in the updated Lagrangian framework. The shear band development is shown through the distributions of viscoplastic shear strain, the axial strain, the mean effective stress, and the pore water pressure in a normally consolidated clay specimen. From the local stress–strain relations, more brittleness is found inside the shear bands than outside of them. The effects of partially drained conditions and mesh‐size dependency on the shear banding are also investigated. The effect of a partially drained boundary is found to be insignificant on the dynamic shear band propagation because of the rapid rate of applied loading and low permeability of the clay. Using the finer mesh results in slightly narrower shear bands; nonetheless, the results manifest convergency through the mesh refinement in terms of the overall shape of shear banding and stress–strain relations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modeling of plastic deformation and failure around a wellbore in compaction and dilation modes

In many wellbore stability analyses, the ability to forecast both the occurrence and extent of plastic deformation and failure hinges upon a fundamental understanding of deformation mode and failure mechanism in the reservoir rock. This study focuses on analyzing plastic zones, localized deformations, and failures around a borehole drilled overbalanced or underbalanced through a highly porous rock formation. Based on several laboratory experiments, porous rocks are prone to deform under both shear-induced dilation and shear-enhanced compaction mechanisms depending on the stress state. The shapes of the deformation and failure patterns around the borehole are shown, depending on the initial stress state and the local stress paths. The inquiry of the local stress paths in the near-wellbore zone facilitates the understanding of the reasons for different types of failure mechanisms, including the mixed-mode and the plastic deformation structures. The modification of the 2D plane strain condition by imitating third stress in the numerical scheme helps us bring the stress paths closer to the real state of loading conditions. Our modeling reveals that the transition from isotropic to anisotropic stress state is accompanied by an increase in the deviatoric part of effective shear tensor that leads to the development of inelastic deformation, degradation, and subsequent rock failure. Particular interest is devoted to the modeling of strain localization especially in compaction mode around a wellbore and computing the amount of stress concentration at the tips of dog-eared breakouts. Stress concentration can result in a change in irreversible deformation mode from dilatancy to compaction, elucidating the formation of the shear-enhanced compaction phenomenon at the failure tips in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress.     

饱和多孔介质材料的应变局部化萌生条件

在单相介质和非渗流饱和多孔介质应变局部化萌生条件的基础上,应用饱和多孔介质控制方程和Liapunov稳定理论,导出了渗流条件下的固相应力-应变描述和有效应力-应变描述的多孔介质固相部分的应变局部化的萌生条件。不同应力描述下的萌生条件的形式有一定变化。应用简单算例,讨论了Terzaghi有效应力描述的应变局部化萌生条件中两种固、液相对运动特例下的饱和多孔介质应变局部化破坏的形式。