九甸峡库区地质灾害发育分布及影响因素

九甸峡水库蓄水后库区地质环境发生较大程度上的改变,地质灾害发育。通过对库区的多次实地调查,分析了地质灾害的发育、分布特性及其影响因素,系统地分析了库区地质灾害的主要类型。结果表明:河流对库区地质灾害的分布具有重要影响,地质灾害点的分布基本位于距离库岸3 km范围内,约有50%位于1 km范围内,随着与库岸的距离增加,表现为递减趋势;地质灾害的分布与地貌有密切的关系,大多数地质灾害发生在高程2 200~2 500 m,尤其是坡度30°~50°的范围内;地质灾害在流域内分布范围广、灾害点多、具有带状分布特征,主要沿库区沿岸发生,多呈线性分布;不同的岸坡结构控制着地质灾害的发育、分布,地质灾害的类型、发育分布也与坡体结构、岩土体性质密切相关;库区滑坡和泥石流主要类型分为3类,分析了灾害形成机制,为库区地质灾害的防治提供可靠依据。     

三峡库区地质灾害发展趋势及其减灾对策

三峡库区是我国地质灾害最严重的地区之一。库区地质灾害的活动状况，不仅影响三峡水库的运行安全。而且还关系到库区人民群众的生命财产安全，必须要防患于未然。在研究三峡库区地质灾害主要特点及其成因的基础上，对库区蓄水后库岸再造过程和人类不合理活动可能引发地质灾害的发展趋势作了比较全面的分析；认为，三峡水库蓄水后，库岸地质灾害和人为诱发的地质灾害将相对增加，并呈现出阶段性。提出了三峡库区地质灾害的减灾对策。     

地质灾害发生时间和空间的预测预报

运用非线性科学的理论和方法,提出了一整套地质灾害预测预报的理论和方法,包括探索地质灾害发生前兆的加卸载响应比方法、地质灾害发生时间预测的协同学模型以及地质灾害区域预测评价的神经网络方法,并建立了基于GIS的地质灾害区域评价系统。同时,通过对向家坝水电站库区的崩滑地质灾害的统计分析,提出了地质灾害发生规模与发生频率间的幂律规则。     

库区公路岸坡稳定性风险评价基本理论体系

针对目前地质灾害风险分析理论存在的不足,提出了适用于大型线性工程风险分析的线评价的概念。同时,结合对库区公路岸坡这类大型线性工程的稳定性风险研究,提出了库区公路岸坡稳定性风险分析的基本定义,并建立了相应的风险评价理论体系及相关的评价指标体系,从而也补充和完善了目前风险分析理论存在的部分缺陷。     

基于GIS的三峡库区生态环境综合评价Ⅰ.地势的区域异质性

随着三峡工程的顺利进行,库区的环境问题及工程对库区资源环境的影响等日益受到关注。地势对区域资源环境影响深刻,库区地势的区域异质性是库区资源环境异质性的基础。因此,对库区地势进行异质性评价对于库区资源环境综合评价以及库区资源环境的保护与建设等均具有重要意义。     

丹江口库区产业发展条件下的生态安全研究——以河南省淅川县辖丹江口水库库区为例

南水北调中线工程是我国全面建设小康社会和实现可持续发展战略的重要基础设施.保证水质达标是工程建设成败的关键,这对调水源头丹江口水库库区的生态环境提出了更高的要求.以河南省浙川县辖丹江口库区为例,研究丹江口库区的生态安全,从库区生态安全的状况出发,分析了主要影响因素,研究提出了实现库区生态安全的建设内容和措施.     

基于GIS的建设项目地质灾害危险性评估方法研究——以云南省师宗县人民医院建设项目为例

地质灾害危险性评估是工程建设中对建设用地进行灾害活动程度及破坏损失情况进行评定估算的重要工作,是保障人民生命和财产安全的重要手段。探讨基于GIS技术对云南省师宗县人民医院建设项目评估区基础数据进行预处理、确定地质灾害影响因子及对其赋予相应的权重、建立空间叠加模型并对评估区地质灾害危险性进行分区处理,实现了基于GIS技术的云南省师宗县人民医院建设项目用地地质灾害危险性评估。研究成果为云南省师宗县人民医院建设项目地质灾害危险性评估提供了强劲的技术支撑,对其它建设项目地质灾害危险性评估具有推广应用意义。     

基于GIS的三峡库区生态环境综合评价 Ⅰ.地势的区域异质性

随着三峡工程的顺利进行,库区的环境问题及工程对库区资源环境的影响等日益受到关注。地势对区域资源环境影响深刻,库区地势的区域异质性是库区资源环境异质性的基础。因此,对库区地势进行异质性评价对于库区资源环境综合评价以及库区资源环境的保护与建设等均具有重要意义。     

地质灾害防治与地质环境利用问题

地质环境是人类赖以生存的地理环境,一旦发生地质灾害,就会对人们的生命财产安全产生影响。目前受到气候变化和各种生产建设活动对地质环境产生的影响越来越突出,地质灾害防治和地质环境利用问题成为人们关注的热点话题。做好地质灾害防治,合理利用地质环境是现代经济社会发展的重要前提。基于此,本文对地质灾害防治和地质环境利用的相关问题进行了分析和探究。     

阿尔山地区地质灾害评价与分析

本文通过阿尔山市已查明地质灾害及隐患点分布、类型、数量、规模、结构特征、影响因素和诱发因素等,对重要地质灾害点的危险性进行了初步评价,圈定了地质灾害易发区并进行了评价与分析。     

西线调水工程对水量调出区的环境影响分析

介绍了南水北调西线工程新的调水方案 ,工程所在位置及其影响所及的区域。在此基础上 ,从自然环境和社会环境两个方面 ,对南水北调西线工程水量调出区可能产生的主要环境影响问题进行了初步研究 ,包括调水对气候、动植物、水质、水库区及周边地质环境、人群健康等的影响 ,以及水库淹没对社会经济的影响等。其主要结论是 :1对库区、坝址临近地区的气温、降水影响均较小 ,由于库区水汽蒸发量增加对局地降水的贡献率约为 0 .0 0 4～ 0 .0 0 8;对干旱河谷区气候虽有影响 ,但很微弱。 2对生物会产生一定影响 ,主要表现在对渔类区系组成、种群结构等方面。对陆生生物造成一定数量的减少 ,但不会造成生物物种资源的减少。3坝址下游水质比现在有所下降 ,但由于河段所在位置人口密度低 ,污染较轻 ,对水质不会有大的影响。 4淹没损失小 ,移民少。本文可为西线调水工程对环境影响研究提供部分参考依据。     

莱芜铁矿区岩溶塌陷危险性评价及生态治理对策

矿产资源开采带来的塌陷及其环境地质灾害已给矿区可持续发展带来严重影响,加快塌陷治理,搞好环境 修复是实现自然经济和谐发展的重要前提。在对莱芜铁矿区岩溶塌陷调查的基础上,探讨了铁矿区岩溶塌陷的影 响因素和形成机理,选取第四系厚度、第四系松散岩类孔隙水含水层厚度及其与岩溶水的水力联系、灰岩顶界面岩 溶发育程度、“天窗”内塌陷坑密度5 个指标对岩溶塌陷危险性进行了定性及半定量评价;根据评价依据将研究区 内不同天窗进行危险性划分;并针对评估结果,提出了相应的治理方案。本文的研究结果可以为区域生态环境修复 规划的编制,实现区域可持续发展提供科学的依据。同时本文提出的评估方法在类似矿山地质灾害危险性评估及 治理中具有参考和借鉴价值。     

三峡库区的新构造应力场及其对库岸滑坡滑动优势方向的影响*

新构造应力场在研究区域边坡稳定性及地表水土流失等方面具有重要作用。该文用地貌学方法——Scheidegger法,研究了三峡库区的新构造应力场及其与库岸滑坡滑动的优势方向问题。库岸滑坡发育的优势方向主要与新构造应力场的Maxl剪切带密切相关。     

Comparison of flood hazard assessments on desert piedmonts and playas: A case study in Ivanpah Valley, Nevada

Accurate and realistic characterizations of flood hazards on desert piedmonts and playas are increasingly important given the rapid urbanization of arid regions. Flood behavior in arid fluvial systems differs greatly from that of the perennial rivers upon which most conventional flood hazard assessment methods are based. Additionally, hazard assessments may vary widely between studies or even contradict other maps. This study's chief objective was to compare and evaluate landscape interpretation and hazard assessment between types of maps depicting assessments of flood risk in Ivanpah Valley, NV, as a case study. As a secondary goal, we explain likely causes of discrepancy between data sets to ameliorate confusion for map users. Four maps, including three different flood hazard assessments of Ivanpah Valley, NV, were compared: (i) a regulatory map prepared by FEMA, (ii) a soil survey map prepared by NRCS, (iii) a surficial geologic map, and (iv) a flood hazard map derived from the surficial geologic map, both of which were prepared by NBMG. GIS comparisons revealed that only 3.4% (33.9 km²) of Ivanpah Valley was found to lie within a FEMA floodplain, while the geologic flood hazard map indicated that ~ 44% of Ivanpah Valley runs some risk of flooding (Fig. 2D). Due to differences in mapping methodology and scale, NRCS data could not be quantitatively compared, and other comparisons were complicated by differences in flood hazard class criteria and terminology between maps. Owing to its scale and scope of attribute data, the surficial geologic map provides the most useful information on flood hazards for land-use planning. This research has implications for future soil geomorphic mapping and flood risk mitigation on desert piedmonts and playas. The Ivanpah Valley study area also includes the location of a planned new international airport, thus this study has immediate implications for urban development and land-use planning near Las Vegas, NV.     

黄河下游游荡段河床萎缩的影响因素分析

黄河下游河床萎缩典型地表现为平滩水位下河床断面面积的趋势性减小,本文根据黄河下游实测断面和水沙资料采用相关分析方法研究了游荡段河床萎缩的主要影响因素。1960~1997年游荡段河床平滩水位下断面面积经历了1960~1964年和1974~1985年的扩张时期及1965~1973年和1986~1997年的萎缩时期,这种变化是多种因素共同作用的结果。在来水来沙中,年径流量是主要因素,洪峰流量和年平均含沙量是较次要的因素;本文所讨论的其它4个因素中,花园口以上引水量影响最大,降雨量影响次之,兰州以上水库的调节作用对河床断面面积的变化也有较明显的影响;三门峡水库三种不同的使用方式对下游河床有不同的影响,采取"蓄清排浊"方式后对下游河床的影响较小。     

Variogram Identification Aided by a Structural Framework for Improved Geometric Modeling of Faulted Reservoirs: Jeffara Basin, Southeastern Tunisia

This article describes a proposed work-sequence to generate accurate reservoir-architecture models, describing the geometry of bounding surfaces (i.e., fault locations and extents), of a structurally complex geologic setting in the Jeffara Basin (South East Tunisia) by means of geostatistical modeling. This uses the variogram as the main tool to measure the spatial variability of the studied geologic medium before making any estimation or simulation. However, it is not always easy to fit complex experimental variograms to theoretical models. Thus, our primary purpose was to establish a relationship between the geology and the components of the variograms to fit a mathematically consistent and geologically interpretable variogram model for improved predictions of surface geometries. We used a three-step approach based on available well data and seismic information. First, we determined the structural framework: a seismo-tectonic data analysis was carried out, and we showed that the study area is cut mainly by NW–SE-trending normal faults, which were classified according to geometric criteria (strike, throw magnitude, dip, and dip direction). We showed that these normal faults are at the origin of a large-scale trend structure (surfaces tilted toward the north-east). At a smaller scale, the normal faults create a distinct compartmentalization of the reservoirs. Then, a model of the reservoir system architecture was built by geostatistical methods. An efficient methodology was developed, to estimate the bounding faulted surfaces of the reservoir units. Emphasis was placed on (i) elaborating a methodology for variogram interpretation and modeling, whereby the importance of each variogram component is assessed in terms of probably geologic factor controlling the behavior of each structure; (ii) integrating the relevant fault characteristics, which were deduced from the previous fault classification analysis, as constraints in the kriging estimation of bounding surfaces to best reflect the geologic structure of the study area. Finally, the estimated bounding surfaces together with seismic data and variogram interpretations were used to obtain further insights into the tectonic evolution of the study area that has induced the current reservoirs configuration.     

Are Fractal Dimensions of the Spatial Distribution of Mineral Deposits Meaningful?

It has been proposed that the spatial distribution of mineral deposits is bifractal. An implication of this property is that the number of deposits in a permissive area is a function of the shape of the area. This is because the fractal density functions of deposits are dependent on the distance from known deposits. A long thin permissive area with most of the deposits in one end, such as the Alaskan porphyry permissive area, has a major portion of the area far from known deposits and consequently a low density of deposits associated with most of the permissive area. On the other hand, a more equi-dimensioned permissive area, such as the Arizona porphyry permissive area, has a more uniform density of deposits. Another implication of the fractal distribution is that the Poisson assumption typically used for estimating deposit numbers is invalid. Based on datasets of mineral deposits classified by type as inputs, the distributions of many different deposit types are found to have characteristically two fractal dimensions over separate non-overlapping spatial scales in the range of 5–1000 km. In particular, one typically observes a local dimension at spatial scales less than 30–60 km, and a regional dimension at larger spatial scales. The deposit type, geologic setting, and sample size influence the fractal dimensions. The consequence of the geologic setting can be diminished by using deposits classified by type. The crossover point between the two fractal domains is proportional to the median size of the deposit type. A plot of the crossover points for porphyry copper deposits from different geologic domains against median deposit sizes defines linear relationships and identifies regions that are significantly underexplored. Plots of the fractal dimension can also be used to define density functions from which the number of undiscovered deposits can be estimated. This density function is only dependent on the distribution of deposits and is independent of the definition of the permissive area. Density functions for porphyry copper deposits appear to be significantly different for regions in the Andes, Mexico, United States, and western Canada. Consequently, depending on which regional density function is used, quite different estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits can be obtained. These fractal properties suggest that geologic studies based on mapping at scales of 1:24,000 to 1:100,000 may not recognize processes that are important in the formation of mineral deposits at scales larger than the crossover points at 30–60 km.     

中国北方季风边缘区自然灾害环境和成灾过程的特征

在分析中国北方季风边缘区自然灾害形成环境的基础上,讨论了该区自然灾害过程所具有的如下基本特征:孕灾过程具有多样性、频发性和地域差异性;受灾过程特征集中表现为季风边缘区受灾环境对各种自然致灾因子的放大作用;成灾过程特征表现为本区更易成灾,虽然绝对灾情较低,但相对灾情较大和关键农事期气象致灾因子发生频率高等。     

北川地震重灾区泥石流特征与减灾对策

汶川大地震的同震次生灾害以滑坡、崩塌居多,泥石流相对较少。但地震导致滑坡、崩塌为震后泥石流提供了极为丰富的物质来源,使得地震灾区在一年多的时间里已经多次暴发了大面积的泥石流。以北川地震重灾区的苏宝河和魏家沟流域为研究区域,通过野外实地考察、遥感图像分析、历史资料对比等方法,概括总结出受地震强烈影响区域的泥石流具有成因多样、时间同步、颗粒粗大、多灾种复合、空间近似对称和小沟大灾等特征。并提出了"面上监控为主、点上工程为主、分类防治和开展风险评估"的减灾对策。     

龙羊峡库区土地资源的可持续利用

黄河上游的龙羊峡水利枢纽位于青海省共和盆地 ,盆地内以高寒干旱为主要特征的气候导致这里的生物—土地系统较为脆弱。近年来 ,随着人口的增加 ,对土地的掠夺式利用日甚 ,生态环境恶化有加重的趋势。共和盆地各种环境问题集中分布于龙羊峡库区。库区内土地沙漠化、草场退化、水土流失等环境问题与当地农牧民的贫因、草场超牧、滥采滥樵相互影响 ,成一恶性循环机制 ,严重影响着龙羊峡水库的正常运营及其下游地区的安全 ,制约着龙羊峡水库周边民族地区经济的可持续发展。利用国家自然科学基金项目“龙羊峡库区环境遥感动态监测系统”中所获近十年来龙羊峡库区环境恶化的有关证据 ,用持续发展的观点 ,对龙羊峡库区土地资源的持续利用提出了一些见解 ,认为库区生态环境治理和保护是当前区内经济发展的最迫切要求 ,文章中所提的土地可持续利用原则皆围绕此而进行