2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉地震的前震及其预测意义

本文通过分析2009年1月1日～4月5日意大利及周边地区中小地震的时空分布特征发现,2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉地震是一次具有明显前震的中强地震.震前中小地震从频度和强度上在时间和空间向未来震中聚集的现象,为探索利用前震序列进行地震预测提供了较好的研究案例.     

Light for Earthquake Prediction： Shocks before the L＇Aquila Earthquake of April 6, 2009

The temporal-spatial distribution of mid-small earthquakes in Italy and its surroundings from January 1 to April 5,2009 shows that there were significant foreshocks before the moderate L'Aquila earthquake of April 6,2009.The enhancement of frequency and intensity of small earthquakes and their concentrating tendency to the future main shock have provided a comprehensive case for digging methods of earthquake forecasting with foreshocks.     

Seismological Approaches to Earthquake Prediction

Seismological approaches used in earthquake prediction involve many subjects. To predict large earthquakes from small to moderate foreshocks has a clear meaning in physics. Some of the main methods of earthquake prediction used in China are outlined in this paper. According to the anomalies used for earthquake prediction, seismological approaches can be divided into two groups: those that use the anomalies in seismic patterns, including the increase and decrease in regional seismicity, the appearance of seismic gaps, seismic belts, seismic swarms, and foreshocks and those that use anomalies in special values and in seismic waves, such as the anomalies in b values and f values, in the Vp/VS ratio, Q values, stress drop, and shear stress.     

2013年左贡-芒康MS6.1地震序列震源机制变化过程研究

2013年8月12日西藏自治区昌都地区左贡县、芒康县交界发生6.1级地震,地震序列为前-主-余型,在主震发生前9h内发生了7次ML≥2.0中小地震,最大震级为ML 4.7。本文采用体波谱振幅相关系数方法,基于区域测震台网记录的数字地震波形资料研究左贡-芒康6.1级地震序列震源机制变化过程。结果显示,主震前的中小地震相关系数较高,均值为0.86,表明其震源机制相似程度较高,是具有震兆意义的小震序列;余震的相关系数较低,表明震源机制相似程度较低。     

云南地区强震的短临中强前震序列特征初探

对1965￣2003年云南地区强震前3个月内发生过的短临中强前震进行整理,将其按距离主震发生时间分为直接前震、临震前震与短期前震三类,然后通过地震序列动态分析地震活动,发现各类前震有以下显著特征:(1)直接前震:3、4级地震时间间隔临震时骤减;将地震序列从时间上分成三等分后,第二时段的地震频次没有明显衰减。(2)临震前震:震后第一天地震的频次较高而第二天相对过低,同时同一台站P波初动符号基本上一致或振幅比稳定在某一范围。(3)短期前震:震后10天前震频度衰减至零;20-30天左右地震频度骤增,同时h、p值也反应出类似的特征,30天h值迅速减小接近1或小于1,而b值基本稳定且均低于区域背景值。     

开震害评估之先河创应急救灾之经验--谈山西大同-阳高地震的震害评估与应急救灾

1989年至1999年10a间在山西大同一阳高连续发生了3次中强地震，这是地震预报实用化攻关后，我国大陆地区发生的几次较大地震。叙述了大同一阳高地震的震害评估、应急救灾及其对我国防震减灾工作的贡献。指出，大同一阳高地震为我国开展震害损失评估、地震应急救灾、重建家园及有关法规法律的制订等工作积累了经验、打下了基础。     

Tracing the Forecast of Earthquakes Based on the Seismicity Characteristics of the Chi-Chi Strong Earthquake Swarm Sequence

The data of earthquakes with M≥3.0 during the 7 years from September 21, 1993 to September 20, 2000 recorded by the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB) show that there were 6 types of clear characteristics of seismicity during the Chi-Chi strong earthquake swarm of September 21. These 6 types of characteristics are (1) foreshock types, (2) seismic gaps, (3) seismic bands, (4) clustering activity of foreshocks and signal shock, (5) quiescence before the main shock and (6) secondary aftershocks in the aftershock sequence. Using the procedures for analyzing the yearly strong earthquake tendency, further tracing based on the earthquake sequence characteristics, and taking the Chi-Chi earthquake sequence as an example, tracing analysis of the earthquake tendency was attempted using the shorter time range of monthly rather than in a yearly time scale. An attempt was made to establish the procedures for tracing analysis of shallow-focus earthquakes in the seismic belt of western Taiwan. It is hoped that this can provide an analystical method for approaching the short-imminent time scale of seismometry-based earthquake forecasting.     

Earthquake Prediction Research in China

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前震研究进展综述

介绍了当前国内外前震研究领域的一些进展。 对比了不同前震定义条件下前震序列的共性特征, 对几种主要的前震机理及主要的前震识别方法进行了简要综述, 对其特点及存在的问题进行了评述和讨论。 前震指主震之前在主震断层面上、 紧邻主震破裂起始点发生的小地震。 主震发生之前的一系列前震活动构成前震序列。 在不同的前震定义条件下, 具有“直接前震”的震例比例从10%至40%不等。 理论上前震可用级联应力触发或预滑动模型进行解释。 前震空间上主要集中分布在距离主震10~75 km范围内, 但其时间分布形式复杂, 大多发生在主震前1~2天, 部分前震序列的地震活动率显示明显的加速特征, 但许多前震序列单独来看却往往显示主-余型序列的衰减特征。 序列地震震源机制一致、 序列b值偏低是前震序列最突出的特征。 前震的发生与主震破裂形式和构造环境似有一定关系, 在有限的前震震例中, 逆冲型主震似乎具有相对较多的前震。 部分震例的研究结果显示, 随主震的临近, 前震震源深度有逐渐下迁的特点。 到目前为止, 震前很难判定一次地震或一个地震序列是否为前震或前震序列, 所使用的前震识别主要有基于统计类比的方法、 基于震源机制一致及衍生的相关方法以及基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法。 从现有不多的震例研究结果来看, 尽管地震时空丛集和震源机制高度一致是前震序列的最显著特征, 但却不是判定前震序列的充分条件。 由于成核的破裂扩展速度和滑动位移有随时间较快增大的趋势, 因而基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法有望在前震识别中发挥更为重要的作用, 但需更多震例进行验证。     

豫北地区地震活动性研究

利用豫北地区1485年至今M≥4.7级地震和1970年以来ML≥3.0级地震资料,采用了地震活动韵律、6级地震的减震效应、P轴方向变化等方法,对豫北地区,特别是聊兰地震带近几年地震活动特点进行了分析,并剖析了其与1983年菏泽6.0级地震震前异常的差异。     

山西大同-阳高地震的震源机制及发震模式

根据全国地震台网的记录资料及前人对山西大同-阳高地震的研究结果，通过对大同-阳高地震震源机制及大同遥测地震台网的单（多）台小震综合断层面解的研究，结合当地地质构造条件，推断出大同-阳高地震的震源应力场及前震、主震、最大余震的发震断层。通过对大同-阳高地震中余震随时间分布、烈度等震线分布和构造裂缝的研究，给出了大同-阳高地震中几次主要地震的破裂方向、破裂长度等。     

Probability of earthquake recurrence with nonuniform stress rates and time-dependent failure

Current methods for calculation of long-term probabilities for the recurrence of large earthquakes on specific fault segments are based upon models of the faulting process that implicitly assume constant stress rates during the interval separating earthquakes and instantaneous failure at a critical stress threshold. However, observations indicate that the process of stress recovery following an earthquake involves rate variations at all time scales in addition to stress steps caused by nearby earthquakes. Additionally, the existence of foreshocks, aftershocks and possible precursory processes suggest that there may be significant time dependence of the earthquake nucleation process. A method for determining the conditional probabilities for earthquake occurrence under conditions of irregular stressing is developed that could be useful at all time scales including those pertinent to short-and intermediate-term prediction. Used with models for earthquake occurrence at a stress threshold, the addition of variable stressing introduces a simple scaling of the conditional probabilities by stress level and stress rate. A model for the time-dependent nucleation of earthquake slip has been proposed recently that is based upon laboratory observations of fault strength. This failure criterion results in large but relatively short duration changes in the probability of earthquake recurrence particularly following stress steps. Applied to populations of earthquakes the models predicts a 1/t decay of seismicity following stress steps as observed for aftershocks and for frequency of foreshock-mainshock pairs. The model suggests that variations of seismicity rates of small earthquakes in the nucleation zone of the expected earthquake directly indicate variations in probability of recurrence of the large earthquake.     

内蒙古和林格尔6.3级地震前地震的空段异常

1976年4月6日内蒙古和林格尔6．3级地震是华北北部地区1次重要的地震，该地震前出现了明显的地震空段异常。介绍了该地震空段的时空特征，分析了地震空段的形成至解体与中强地震成组活动的关系。认为，地震空段可作为华北北部地区中强地震预测的中期判据，这对该地区地震预测有帮助意义。     

2003年巴楚-伽师6.8级地震中短期异常与预测

对2003年2月24日P楚—伽师6．8级地震中短期异常和中短期预测进行了较系统的分析与总结。结果认为,6．8级地震前新疆6级地震平静4年多,5级地震平静2年,中期阶段地震平静显著;短期阶段5级地震显著增强,震源区出现前震活动,同时全疆定点前兆观测资料出现较为明显的短期异常并观测到少量的临震异常。不同孕震时段的异常特征是6．8级地震中短期预测的依据,因而也是当前经验预报的基础。     

2008年汶川8.0级地震对地震预测研究的启示思考

2008年汶川8.0级地震已经过去10年, 在此期间关于地震预测相关的基础研究和实践工作从未停止, 本文作者从地震预测业务人员角度, 分析了2008年汶川8.0级地震相关的地震地质、 大地测量、 地震学、 前兆观测异常等方面的现象。 针对不同研究方向, 从震情跟踪角度提出了预测意义的讨论、 可能问题的分析、 不成熟的一些建议, 并就综合预测给出了一些粗浅的思考和认识, 期望对地震预测预报工作起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

1997年伽师强震群及预报概况

１９９７年１月２１日以来，新疆伽师地区发生了强震群活动，至４月１６日共发生７次６级地震，新疆维吾尔自治区地震局追踪分析了强震群序列和前兆资料，对其中３次６级，３次５级地震公开向社会作出临震预报，取得了明显的社会减灾实效。     

前震研究进展综述

简要介绍了当前国内外前震研究领域的一些进展。对比了不同前震定义条件下前震序列的共性特征,对几种主要的前震机理及主要的前震识别方法进行了简要综述,对其特点及存在的问题进行了评述和讨论。前震指主震之前在主震断层面上、紧邻主震破裂起始点发生的小地震。主震发生之前的一系列前震活动构成前震序列。在不同的前震定义条件下,具有“直接前震”的震例比例从10%至40%不等。理论上前震可用级联应力触发或预滑动模型进行解释。前震空间上主要集中分布在距离主震10~75km范围内,但其时间分布形式非常复杂,大多发生在主震前1~2天,部分前震序列的地震活动率显示明显的加速特征,但许多前震序列单独来看却往往显示主-余型序列的衰减特征。序列地震震源机制一致、序列b值偏低是前震序列最突出的特征。前震的发生与主震破裂形式和构造环境似有一定关系,在有限的前震震例中,逆冲型主震似乎具有相对更多的前震。部分震例的研究结果显示,随主震的临近,前震震源深度有逐渐下迁的特点。到目前为止,震前很难判定一次地震或一个地震序列是否前震或前震序列,所使用的前震识别主要有基于统计类比的方法、基于震源机制一致及衍生的相关方法以及基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法。从现有不多的震例研究结果来看,尽管地震时空丛集和震源机制高度一致是前震序列的最显著特征,但却不是判定前震序列的充分条件。由于成核的破裂扩展速度和滑动位移有随时间较快增大的趋势,因而基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法有望在前震识别中发挥更为重要的作用,但需更多震例进行验证。     

Earthquake swarms and volcanism in New Zealand

The term « swarm » is used to describe a group of related earthquakes, concentrated in space and time, without an obvious principal event. Large shallow earthquakes are often followed by aftershocks, but the pattern in which aftershocks occur differs in detail from that of a swarm. Sequences of New Zealand earthquakes that have been called swarms differ markedly from one another. The most vigorous of them, near Taupo in 1922, appears to have been an ordinary tectonic earthquake accompanied by foreshocks and aftershocks, and by surface faulting. No fault movements accompanied the 1964 swarm in the same area. Other localities that have experienced swarms include Great Barrier Island, Matamata, Kawerau, and Opunake. Swarms are considered by some writers to be characteristic of volcanic regions. Although all New Zealand swarms have occurred in areas of Quaternary volcanism, there are still no observations showing what part, if any, volcanism plays in the generation of earthquake swarms.     

利用GIS进行地震滑坡分析

地震滑坡是由地震引发的一种十分严重的震害，它对人类生命财产所造成的损失是巨大的。地震滑坡事件是一个复杂的过程．影响因素多种多样，滑坡的形成机制十分复杂。为正确认识地震滑坡，以1920年宁夏海原大地震为例，利用GIS强大的空间分析功能，多角度、多层次地对地震滑坡的形成、发生、发展机制进行了研究。指出了用GIS技术研究地震烈度等对地震滑坡的影响作用、合理评价和预测某一地区地震滑坡发生的可能性。     

Summary of Global Earthquake Disasters in 2018

According to global seismic hazards data in 2018, the paper summarizes major hazards data of the global earthquakes, describes the major seismic hazards, and analyzes the characteristics of disasters losses of hazard earthquakes in this year. Focusing on the disaster and the cause of the September 28, 2018, Indonesia earthquake, and listing the major earthquakes triggered the tsunami disasters in history. Finally, giving suggestions and measures to deal with the earthquake disasters effectively.