厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜与重庆次年夏季涝/旱的非对称关系（英文）

本文详细分析了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜与重庆夏季典型涝/旱年之间的不对称关系。结果表明:(1)厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜对重庆次年夏季降水有不对称影响。厄尔尼诺年的大气环流异常与重庆夏季典型涝年的特征一致;然而,拉尼娜年的大气环流异常与重庆夏季典型旱年的特征不一致。(2)从冬季到次年夏季,厄尔尼诺对重庆夏季典型涝年的影响主要是通过热带印度洋海温的‘接力效应’维持的。     

ENSO对次年夏季西北太平洋降水的非对称影响

通过对1979—2018年Ni?o3.4指数和第二年夏季西北太平洋（Northwest Pacific, WNP）降水异常的分析发现,厄尔尼诺强度与第二年夏季WNP降水异常存在显著的负相关关系,而与拉尼娜并没有显著的相关关系。将厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜分为东部型和中部型以后发现,东部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜对次年夏季WNP降水的影响不对称,东部型厄尔尼诺强度与次年夏季WNP降水异常为负相关关系,而东部型拉尼娜与次年夏季WNP降水异常关系并不显著。相反,中部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜对WNP次年夏季降水的影响较为对称。不管是厄尔尼诺还是拉尼娜,其强度与次年夏季WNP降水异常相关性均非常显著。分析速度势和流函数场以及它们所对应的海表面温度场发现,强东部型厄尔尼诺、强中部型厄尔尼诺、强/弱东部型拉尼娜和强中部型拉尼娜事件中WNP降水主要受风场的辐合辐散控制,其降水异常区与辐合辐散中心对应得很好。而弱东部型厄尔尼诺和弱中部型厄尔尼诺事件中的WNP降水主要与中太平洋海温Gill型对称加热有关,在辐合中心西边产生一对气旋,导致了西北太平洋降水的正异常。而对于弱中部型拉尼娜,由于副热带中太平洋加热的作用,在西北太平洋区东...     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜与淮河流域汛期降水年际关系的稳定性分析

根据1961-2015年淮河流域170站月降水资料、NCEP再分析资料和ERSST海温资料,采用滑动相关、合成分析等方法来探讨厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜与淮河流域汛期降水年际关系的稳定性。结果表明:厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜与淮河流域汛期降水的年际关系存在不稳定性,两者11年滑动相关在1979年出现一次突变,1961-1979年两者为明显的负相关,1980-1992年为正常阶段,1993-2015年为明显的正相关。文中主要讨论两个明显相关时段厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜对淮河流域降水的影响。1961-1979年时段和1993-2015年时段厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜对淮河流域夏季降水的影响是相反的,而且1993-2015年厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜对淮河流域汛期降水预测的指示意义不如1961-1979年时段。厄尔尼诺事件对淮河流域降水的影响较为明显,而拉尼娜的影响不明显,两者的影响表现出不对称的特点。1961-1979年期间厄尔尼诺发展(衰减)年夏季亚洲大气环流配置有利于南北气流在淮河流域上空汇合(辐散),使得流域降水偏多(偏少),而1993-2015年厄尔尼诺事件则相反。     

洞庭湖流域夏季降水特征及旱涝年份大气环流分析

基于洞庭湖流域96个气象站点1961-2015年逐月降水数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对洞庭湖流域55年夏季降水的时空变化与典型夏涝年、夏旱年的大气环流特征进行分析。结果表明:55a间流域夏季降水存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征,存在准3a和20a周期。流域夏季平均降水量呈现由中北部平原地区向四周山区递增的空间分布特征。从大气环流和水汽输送及辐合形势来看,典型夏涝(旱)年,对应着西北太平洋副热带高压面积偏大、强度偏强和流域上空水汽的异常辐合(辐散)。     

西江流域夏季严重旱涝的气候背景及前兆强信号

分别将西江流域夏季出现严重洪涝和干旱年份的500 hPa高度和太平洋海温的距平进行合成,讨论了洪涝期和干旱期大气环流和海温变化的气候背景特征。结果表明,西江流域严重涝或旱期的大气环流和海温场存在着显著的差异:涝年欧洲槽强而活跃,旱年乌拉尔山高脊为强势;涝年赤道东太平洋的海温偏低,旱年的海温场呈现暖事件的特征。以2个异常涝和旱年为例,使用信噪比的方法识别发生异常旱涝的前期大气环流的强信号。异常洪涝和干旱的前期,大气环流表现出的强信号位置分布是相反的。东亚地区大气环流的异常,特别是青藏高原的东侧与南侧,我国东北部至日本海附近500hPa高度的异常变化,是西江流域出现异常旱涝的前兆强信号。其异常变化表现出涝年与旱年的高度场为相反的分布形势特征:涝年是东低西高,旱年是东高西低。     

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对广东气候异常影响的研究进展

从台风、降水(旱涝)和气温(寒冷、冷空气)等角度,对近年来厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对广东气候异常的影响研究进行了综述,可以得到厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对广东气候会产生不同的影响,分析结果表明:(1)台风:厄尔尼诺年登陆台风频数少于拉尼娜年,拉尼娜(厄尔尼诺)当年10月份热带气旋频数偏多(少)、生命史偏长(短)、影响时间较长(短)、强度较强(弱),即厄尔尼诺当年及次年台风季偏短,拉尼娜年当年台风季偏长;(2)降水:厄尔尼诺年,广东冬、春、夏季降水明显偏多,拉尼娜年,冬、春降水偏少不明显,但中等及强厄尔尼诺事件以及连续性的厄尔尼诺事件和夏季发生的厄尔尼诺事件,广东易发生旱灾;(3)气温、寒潮、冷空气:研究结论不一致。然而即便是厄尔尼诺事件,其不同的分布型、强度和发生时间等也都会对广东气候异常产生不同影响,且具有很强的区域性。     

青藏高原上对流层水汽“典型异常年”成因分析

青藏高原(下称高原)上对流层水汽变化在对流层—平流层水汽交换中起着重要作用,利用AIRS卫星数据、NOAA全球海温数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和国家气候中心NCC提供的74项环流特征量资料,从海气耦合角度对2003-2011年高原上对流层水汽典型异常偏多年的成因进行了分析。结果表明,ENSO事件对于高原上对流层水汽的多少具有一定的指示作用:在厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)事件开始的次年夏季,高原上对流层水汽偏多(偏少);受海温异常强迫的大气环流异常是造成2010年高原上对流层水汽异常偏多的直接原因。2010年夏季高原上对流层位势高度偏高、东亚地区阻塞形势发展、西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸的异常环流型有利于西太平洋和南海水汽持续向高原地区输送,而高原上空异常反气旋环流的存在以及冷暖气流的交汇使水汽垂直向上输送加强,共同导致了2010年高原上对流层水汽异常偏多。     

海温变化与500 hPa环流系统的响应对夏季旱涝的影响

分析了北太平洋海温与黑龙江省夏季降水的关系,表明黑龙江省夏季降水与东太平洋海温相关。重点分析了厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜发展的不同阶段所对应的５００ｈＰａ大气环流异常及其对黑龙江省夏季旱涝的影响。     

夏季长江中下游旱涝年季节内振荡气候特征

利用1951—2004年我国740站逐日降水资料对夏季长江中下游典型旱涝年季节内振荡周期、强度和位相等特征进行合成对比分析发现:长江中下游涝年降水季节内振荡周期较旱年长, 涝年以30~60 d周期为主, 而旱年以10~30 d周期为主。旱涝年长江中下游地区夏季降水的10~30 d振荡整体上均强于30~60 d振荡; 10~30 d及30~60 d振荡, 涝年的强度都大于旱年。季节内振荡在旱年的北传较涝年强, 能达到50°N附近; 而涝年不仅有明显的季节内振荡从低纬度地区向北传播, 同时还有弱的振荡从中高纬度地区向南传播, 两者汇合于长江流域形成强的振荡中心。影响我国低频降水的低频异常环流分布模态在旱涝年是一致的, 但涝年的低频环流强于旱年, 而这种低频环流场的差异正是造成涝年的低频降水强于旱年的原因之一。     

ENSO事件与河南旱涝年型的关系

利用河南省1951～1998年旱涝灾害影响资料,划分了旱涝灾害年型,并分析了ENSO事件与河南旱涝年型的关系：在厄尔尼诺当年、次年及反厄尔尼诺年,干旱年成灾面积大于67万公顷的大旱年占旱年总数的61％,涝年成灾面积大于67万公顷的大涝年占涝年总数的65％;厄尔尼诺年旱年频率大于涝年频率,反厄尔尼诺年旱、涝年频率相当;弱、最弱及最强的厄尔尼诺开始年涝灾影响为主,中等及偏强厄尔尼诺开始年以旱灾为主;厄尔尼诺开始年与次年旱涝影响趋势相一致的频率达92％。     

前冬印度洋海盆一致模对ENSO衰减期华南春季降水的影响

利用逐月台站观测降水、HadISST1.1海温和ERA5大气再分析资料,研究了前冬印度洋海盆一致模（Indian Ocean Basin,IOB）对华南春季降水（SCSR）与ENSO关系的影响,并分析了IOB通过调控ENSO环流异常进而影响SCSR的可能机制。结果表明:当前冬El Ni?o（La Ni?a）与IOB暖（冷）位相同时发生时,SCSR显著增多（减少）;而当El Ni?o或La Ni?a单独发生而IOB处于中性时,SCSR并无明显多寡倾向。其原因在于,当El Ni?o与IOB暖相位并存时,前冬热带印度洋和赤道中东太平洋均为正海温异常（Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA）,且印度洋SSTA强度可一直维持至春季。在对流层低层,春季赤道中东太平洋的正SSTA激发出异常西北太平洋反气旋（Western North Pacific Anticyclone,WNPAC）。而热带印度洋的正SSTA在副热带印度洋激发出赤道南北反对称环流,赤道以北的东风异常有利于异常WNPAC西伸;赤道以南的西风异常与来自赤道西太平洋的东风异常在东印度洋辐合上升,气流至西北太平洋下沉,形成经向垂直环流,有利于春季WNPAC维持。在对流层高层,印度洋的正SSTA在热带印度洋上空激发出位势高度正异常,随之形成的气压经向梯度加强了东亚高空副热带西风急流,进而在华南上空形成异常辐散环流。WNPAC的西伸和加强可为华南提供充足的水汽,同时高空辐散在华南引发水汽上升运动,共同导致SCSR正异常。而若El Ni?o发生时IOB处于中性状态,El Ni?o相关的SSTA衰减较快,春季WNPAC不显著,SCSR无明显多寡趋势。      

Cross-season relation of the South China Sea precipitation variability between winter and summer

The present study reveals cross-season connections of rainfall variability in the South China Sea (SCS) region between winter and summer. Rainfall anomalies over northern South China Sea in boreal summer tend to be preceded by the same sign rainfall anomalies over southern South China Sea in boreal winter (denoted as in-phase relation) and succeeded by opposite sign rainfall anomalies over southern South China Sea in the following winter (denoted as out-of-phase relation). Analysis shows that the in-phase relation from winter to summer occurs more often in El Niño/La Niña decaying years and the out-of-phase relation from summer to winter appears more frequently in El Niño/La Niña developing years. In the summer during the El Niño/La Niña decaying years, cold/warm and warm/cold sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies develop in tropical central North Pacific and the North Indian Ocean, respectively, forming an east–west contrast pattern. The in-phase relation is associated with the influence of anomalous heating/cooling over the equatorial central Pacific during the mature phase of El Niño/La Niña events that suppresses/enhances precipitation over southern South China Sea and the impact of the above east–west SST anomaly pattern that reduces/increases precipitation over northern South China Sea during the following summer. The impact of the east–west contrast SST anomaly pattern is confirmed by numerical experiments with specified SST anomalies. In the El Niño/La Niña developing years, regional air-sea interactions induce cold/warm SST anomalies in the equatorial western North Pacific. The out-of-phase relation is associated with a Rossby wave type response to anomalous heating/cooling over the equatorial central Pacific during summer and the combined effect of warm/cold SST anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific and cold/warm SST anomalies in the western North Pacific during the mature phase of El Niño/La Niña events.     

Seasonal Phase-Locking of Peak Events in the Eastern Indian Ocean

The sea surface temperature （SST） anomaly of the eastern Indian Ocean （EIO） exhibits cold anomalies in the boreal summer or fall during E1 Nino development years and warm anomalies in winter or spring following the E1 Nino events. There also tend to be warm anomalies in the boreal summer or fall during La Nina development years and cold anomalies in winter or spring following the La Nina events. The seasonal phase-locking of SST change in the EIO associated with E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation is linked to the variability of convection over the maritime continent, which induces an atmospheric Rossby wave over the EIO. Local air-sea interaction exerts different effects on SST anomalies, depending on the relationship between the Rossby wave and the mean flow related to the seasonal migration of the buffer zone, which shifts across the equator between summer and winter. The summer cold events start with cooling in the Timor Sea, together with increasing easterly flow along the equator. Negative SST anomalies develop near Sumatra, through the interaction between the atmospheric Rossby wave and the underneath sea surface. These SST anomalies are also contributed to by the increased upwelling of the mixed layer and the equatorward temperature advection in the boreal fall. As the buffer zone shifts across the equator towards boreal winter, the anomalous easterly flow tends to weaken the mean flow near the equator, and the EIO SST increases due to the reduction of latent heat flux from the sea surface. As a result, wintertime SST anomalies appear with a uniform and nearly basin-wide pattern beneath the easterly anomalies. These SST anomalies are also caused by the increase in solar radiation associated with the anticyclonic atmospheric Rossby wave over the EIO. Similarly, the physical processes of the summer warm events, which are followed by wintertime cold SST anomalies, can be explained by the changes in atmospheric and oceanic fields with opposite signs to those anomalies described above.     

Decadal Changes in Interannual Dependence of the Bay of Bengal Summer Monsoon Onset on ENSO Modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Interannual variations of the Bay of Bengal summer monsoon (BOBSM) onset in association with El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are reexamined using NCEP1, JRA-55 and ERA20C atmospheric and Hadley sea surface temperature (SST) reanalysis datasets over the period 1900?2017. Decadal changes exist in the dependence of the BOBSM onset on ENSO, varying with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A higher correlation between the BOBSM onset and ENSO arises during the warm PDO epochs, with distinct late (early) onsets following El Ni?o (La Ni?a) events. In contrast, less significant correlations occur during the cold PDO epochs. The mechanism for the PDO modulating the ENSO?BOBSM onset relationship is through the variations in SST anomaly (SSTA) patterns. During the warm PDO epochs, the superimpositions of the PDO-related and ENSO-related SSTAs lead to the SSTA distribution of an El Ni?o (La Ni?a) event exhibiting significant positive (negative) SSTAs over the tropical central?eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean along with negative (positive) SSTAs, especially over the tropical western Pacific (TWP), forming a strong zonal interoceanic SSTA gradient between the TWP and tropical Indian Ocean. Significant anomalous lower tropospheric easterlies (westerlies) together with upper-tropospheric westerlies (easterlies) are thus induced over the BOB, favoring an abnormally late (early) BOBSM onset. During the cold PDO epochs, however, the superimpositions of PDO-related SSTAs with El Ni?o-related (La Ni?a-related) SSTAs lead to insignificant SSTAs over the TWP and a weak zonal SSTA gradient, without distinct circulation anomalies over the BOB favoring early or late BOBSM onsets.     

近40a铜仁夏季旱涝时空分布及典型旱涝年环流特征分析

本文基于铜仁市10个国家自动观测站1981-2020年近40a降水资料,计算多时间尺度标准化降水指数（SPI）,确定旱涝程度,分析旱涝时空分布特征,筛选典型旱、涝年进行环流分析。结果表明：(1)铜仁市20世纪80年代后期总体偏旱,90世纪后期总体偏涝。铜仁市夏季呈现出旱涝交替变化特征。(2)铜仁市中西部、东北部干旱相对频繁,并向四周逐渐减弱;市中西部、东南部发生雨涝的频率相对较高,西北部最低。夏季的干旱和雨涝均以轻、中程度为主,特重程度情况发生很少。(3)夏季偏涝年整个欧亚中高纬均为位势高度的负异常,偏旱年欧亚中高纬的乌拉尔山和中国东北的位势高度异常中心转为正异常分布。（4）赤道中东太平洋的厄尔尼诺现象与南、北太平洋海温异常分布对铜仁夏季偏涝现象的发生发展有密切关系;赤道中东太平洋拉尼娜现象、印度洋及西太平洋的海温异常分布对铜仁夏季偏旱现象的发生发展有密切关系。     

ENSO冷暖位相影响东亚冬季风与东亚夏季风联系的非对称性

东亚冬季风（East Asian Winter Monsoon,简称EAWM）和东亚夏季风（East Asian Summer Monsoon,简称EASM）作为东亚季风系统的两个组成部分,他们之间存在显著的转换关系。前人的研究表明EAWM与次年EASM的转换关系只有在ENSO事件发生时才显著,然而这些研究都是基于ENSO对大气环流的影响是对称的这一假设下进行的。本文的研究表明EAWM和次年EASM的转换关系在ENSO冷暖事件中存在着明显的不对称性。通过将EAWM分为与ENSO有关的部分（EAWM_EN）和与ENSO无关的部分（EAWM_RES）,我们发现在强EAWM_EN年（即La Ni?a年）,在西北太平洋会存在一个从冬季维持到次年夏季的气旋性环流异常（the anomalous western North Pacific Cyclone,WNPC）,从而造成EASM偏弱;而在弱EAWM_EN年（即El Ni?o年时）,在西北太平洋会存在一个从冬季维持到次年夏季的反气旋性环流异常（the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone,WNPAC）,从而引起次年EASM偏强。比较而言,WNPAC的位置比WNPC的位置偏南,且强度更强,因而在El Ni?o年能够引起次年EASM更大幅度的增强。造成这一不对称联系的主要原因是热带太平洋和印度洋异常海温的演变差异。在强EAWM_EN年,热带太平洋的负海温异常衰减地较慢,使得在次年夏季仍然维持着显著的负异常海温;相反,在弱EAWM_EN年,热带太平洋的正海温异常衰减地较快,以至于在次年夏季的异常海温信号已经基本消失,但此时印度洋却有着显著的暖海温异常。海温演变的差异进一步造成了大气环流的差异,从而导致EAWM与次年EASM联系的不对称性。     

两类El Ni?o对应的印度洋偶极子事件的比较研究

利用多种大气和海洋再分析资料,采用合成分析及2.5层简化海洋模型数值模拟等方法,研究了1951—2012年期间,与东部和中部型El Ni?o事件相伴随的热带印度洋海温偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)出现时,热带印度洋海温异常增暖及其上空海气耦合特征的物理机制。结果表明:夏秋季节,伴随东部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(EP-IOD)和伴随中部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(CP-IOD)中,热带印度洋海温正异常的强度与空间分布具有很大差异。对于EP-IOD事件,夏季,海温正异常中心最先出现在热带西北印度洋;随后秋季,海温正异常向东南发展并扩大至热带中南印度洋,强度较强。对于CP-IOD事件,夏季和秋季,海温正异常中心都位于热带中南印度洋,呈东西向带状分布,但海温正异常强度较EP-IOD事件中弱。进一步分析表明,在EP-IOD事件中,夏季,热带西北印度洋海区西南季风偏弱,通过影响夹卷混合过程导致热带西北印度洋海温上升;秋季,热带西北印度洋上空的异常偏东风导致垂向夹卷混合的正异常,对热带西北印度洋增暖的维持起到重要作用;热带中南印度洋的增暖主要受赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波影响。而在CP-IOD事件中,夏秋两季,热带中南印度洋海区出现显著的西北风异常,其上空风速的负异常是增温的主要原因;同时赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波对热带中南印度洋的增暖也起到重要作用。      

Influence of Intraseasonal Oscillation on the Asymmetric Decays of El Ni?o and La Ni?a

Warm and cold phases of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibit a significant asymmetry in their decay speed. To explore the physical mechanism responsible for this asymmetric decay speed, the asymmetric features of anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation over the tropical Western Pacific (WP) in El Nino and La Nina mature-to-decay phases are analyzed. It is found that the interannual standard deviations of outgoing longwave radiation and 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial WP during El Nino (La Nina) mature-to-decay phases are much stronger (weaker) than the intraseasonal standard deviations. It seems that the weakened (enhanced) intraseasonal oscillation during El Nino (La Nina) tends to favor a stronger (weaker) interannual variation of the atmospheric wind, resulting in asymmetric equatorial WP zonal wind anomalies in El Nino and La Nina decay phases. Numerical experiments demonstrate that such asymmetric zonal wind stress anomalies during El Nino and La Nina decay phases can lead to an asymmetric decay speed of SST anomalies in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific through stimulating di erent equatorial Kelvin waves. The largest negative anomaly over the Nino3 region caused by the zonal wind stress anomalies during El Nino can be threefold greater than the positive Nino3 SSTA anomalies during La Nina, indicating that the stronger zonal wind stress anomalies over the equatorial WP play an important role in the faster decay speed during El Nino.     

Cause of Extreme Heavy and Persistent Rainfall over Yangtze River in Summer 2020

Record-breaking heavy and persistent precipitation occurred over the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) in June-July (JJ) 2020. An observational data analysis has indicated that the strong and persistent rainfall arose from the confluence of southerly wind anomalies to the south associated with an extremely strong anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNPAC) and northeasterly anomalies to the north associated with a high-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia. A further observational and modeling study has shown that the extremely strong WNPAC was caused by both La Ni?a-like SST anomaly (SSTA) forcing in the equatorial Pacific and warm SSTA forcing in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO). Different from conventional central Pacific (CP) El Ni?os that decay slowly, a CP El Ni?o in early 2020 decayed quickly and became a La Ni?a by early summer. This quick transition had a critical impact on the WNPAC. Meanwhile, an unusually large area of SST warming occurred in the tropical IO because a moderate interannual SSTA over the IO associated with the CP El Ni?o was superposed by an interdecadal/long-term trend component. Numerical sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that both the heating anomaly in the IO and the heating anomaly in the tropical Pacific contributed to the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC. The persistent high-pressure anomaly in Northeast Asia was part of a stationary Rossby wave train in the midlatitudes, driven by combined heating anomalies over India, the tropical eastern Pacific, and the tropical Atlantic.     

The Asymmetric Connection of SST in the Tasman Sea with Respect to the Opposite Phases of ENSO in Austral Summer

This study uses linear regression and composite analyses to identify a pronounced asymmetric connection of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Tasman Sea with the two opposite phases of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during austral summer. In El Ni?o years, the SST anomalies (SSTAs) in the Tasman Sea exhibit a dipolar pattern with weak warmth in the northwest and modest cooling in the southeast, while during La Ni?a years the SSTAs exhibit a basin-scale warmth with greater amplitude. Investigations into the underlying mechanism suggest that this asymmetry arises from a mechanism related to oceanic heat transport, specifically the anomalous Ekman meridional heat transport induced by the zonal wind stress anomalies, rather than the surface heat fluxes on the air-sea interface. Further analysis reveals that the asymmetry of oceanic heat transport between El Ni?o and La Ni?a years is driven by the asymmetric atmospheric circulation over the Tasman Sea stimulated by the asymmetric diabatic heating in the tropical Pacific between the two opposite ENSO phases.