Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet,China

The nature of Phanerozoic carbonate factories is strongly controlled by the composition of carbonate‐producing faunas. During the Permian–Triassic mass extinction interval there was a major change in tropical shallow platform facies: Upper Permian bioclastic limestones are characterized by benthic communities with significant richness, for example, calcareous algae, fusulinids, brachiopods, corals, molluscs and sponges, while lowermost Triassic carbonates shift to dolomicrite‐dominated and bacteria‐dominated microbialites in the immediate aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. However, the spatial–temporal pattern of carbonates distribution in high latitude regions in response to the Permian–Triassic mass extinction has received little attention. Facies and evolutionary patterns of a carbonate factory from the northern margin of peri‐Gondwana (palaeolatitude ca 40°S) are presented here based on four Permian–Triassic boundary sections that span proximal, inner to distal, and outer ramp settings from South Tibet. The results show that a cool‐water bryozoan‐dominated and echinoderm‐dominated carbonate ramp developed in the Late Permian in South Tibet. This was replaced abruptly, immediately after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, by a benthic automicrite factory with minor amounts of calcifying metazoans developed in an inner/middle ramp setting, accompanied by transient subaerial exposure. Subsequently, an extensive homoclinal carbonate ramp developed in South Tibet in the Early Triassic, which mainly consists of homogenous dolomitic lime mudstone/wackestone that lacks evidence of metazoan frame‐builders. The sudden transition from a cool‐water, heterozoan dominated carbonate ramp to a warm‐water, metazoan‐free, homoclinal carbonate ramp following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the result of the combination of the loss of metazoan reef/mound builders, rapid sea‐level changes across Permian–Triassic mass extinction and profound global warming during the Early Triassic.     

Lower Triassic δC isotope curve from shallow-marine carbonates in Japan, Panthalassa realm: Confirmation of the Tethys δC curve

δ¹³C data from Tethyan sections provide evidence of profound changes in the carbon cycle during the Lower Triassic. Sections from the Panthalassa realm were investigated to establish whether these variations are also present there. In the Jurassic accretionary wedges in Japan, exotic blocks having a Panthalassan affinity, have been incorporated. The majority of the blocks are pelagic cherts but rare shallow-water carbonates are also present. We present a δ¹³C study on the Lower Triassic of a shallow-water carbonate succession deposited on a mid-oceanic seamount and accreted to the Chichibu Belt, Japan. Two sections have been measured at Kamura, central Kyushu Island. The carbon isotope curve shows depleted values across the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB), subsequently followed by an increase to heavier values into the Dienerian, culminating in a maximum of almost +4‰ V-PDB, before a steep drop at a stratigraphic gap. Low values are recorded in the Smithian, but rise to enriched δ¹³C values > +3.5‰ near the Smithian–Spathian boundary. The observed trend of the stable carbon isotope curve from Japanese sediments mirrors the curves derived from sections in the Tethys (e.g. Italy, Iran, Turkey, Oman and the South China Nanpanjing Basin). Our results support the interpretation of this curve as representing a global trend across the PTB and in the Lower Triassic, although some distinct features are absent around the Dienerian/Smithian boundary. Profound variations of the carbon isotope curve in the Lower Triassic are presented for the first time from a marine section outside of the Tethys. They indicate severe, global changes in the Lower Triassic carbon cycle, and the causative processes must have significantly contributed to the delayed biotic recovery after the PTB. Large amounts of carbon were shifted between carbon reservoirs, most probably between shallow- and deep-ocean waters, and/or ocean and sediment. Anoxia followed by overturn of the ocean water masses may have been the mechanism which quickly altered ecological conditions in the ocean leading to variable availability of nutrients and oxygen, and changes in isotope composition of the available carbon in the surface waters that was incorporated in the precipitated carbonate.     

Late Wenlock carbon isotope excursions and associated conodont fauna in the Podlasie Depression,eastern Poland: a not‐so‐big crisis?

The middle Silurian ‘big crisis’ refers to a graptolite extinction event and faunal turnover at the onset of a double‐peaked positive carbon isotope excursion. The crisis has been proposed to affect conodonts, giving rise to a sophisticated palaeoecological model of their stepwise extinction, known as the Mulde Event. However, the impact of the event on conodont faunas outside Gotland and the Silurian Baltic Basin remains unknown. Here, it is examined in the Widowo IG‐1 core (E Poland). The middle Silurian succession in this core represents foreshoal, shoal, and lagoonal settings on a tropical carbonate ramp on the shelf of the Eastern European Craton. Three positive δ¹³C_carb excursions have been identified; the two upper excursions correlate with the Mulde isotope anomaly and with two global eustatic regressions. Conodont species proposed to be affected by the extinction event either were not observed or ranged through the extinction interval. Changes in their frequencies are best explained by the sequence stratigraphic architecture of the late Wenlock strata in the Widowo IG‐1 core. The little impact of the ‘big crisis’ may reflect facies homogeneity across the studied interval, supporting the hypothesis that the late Wenlock conodont turnover in epicontinental settings was primarily driven by eustatically controlled facies shifts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西东岭剖面P-T界线碳同位素变化与沉积物输入的关系

二叠纪末期发生了显生宙以来规模最大的生物灭绝事件,利用江西修水东岭剖面二叠-三叠系界线的碳同位素、主量元素及微量元素分别研究全球碳循环的变化及其相对应的物源的变化进而分析环境变化与生物灭绝的关系。研究结果表明,东岭剖面二叠-三叠系界线存在阶梯式碳同位素负偏,第一阶段阶梯式负偏幅度为2‰,第二阶段阶梯式负偏幅度为2.5‰,总的负偏幅度高达4.5‰。在阶段阶梯式碳同位素负偏过程,碳酸盐岩中的硅酸盐组分物源由基性火成岩转变为岛弧性质的酸性火成岩。后者可能与我国华南周围岛弧火山喷发有关。这些碳同位素负偏在时间上与物源的转变及火山灰层基本一致,推测其与我国华南岛弧火山及西伯利亚大火成岩省喷发有关。大规模火山作用喷出或诱发出的二氧化碳及甲烷温室气体有可能是造成二叠-三叠系阶梯式碳同位素负偏的主要原因。火山喷发造成的环境恶化如全球变暖、海洋缺氧、海洋酸化、植被破坏形成的大量沉积物输入海洋致使生物生存压力增大,从而造成二叠末期生物的大灭绝。     

Global and regional factors responsible for the drowning of the Central Apennine Chattian carbonate platforms

This work discusses and interprets the factors responsible for the Oligocene–Miocene drowning of the Central Apennine platform deposits, based on facies and stable‐isotope analyses of two representative stratigraphic sections. The Mediterranean carbonate platforms were affected during the Oligocene–Miocene boundary by a carbonate production crisis that was induced by global factors and amplified by regional events, such as volcanic activity. The positive δ¹³C shift observed in the studied sections corresponds to vertical facies changes reflecting the evolution from middle carbonate ramp to outer ramp‐hemipelagic depositional environments. This drowning event is recorded not only in the Apennine platforms, but also in other Mediterranean platforms such as in southern Apulia, Sicily and Malta, and outside the Mediterranean Basin. The ~24–23.5 Ma Mi‐1 glacial maximum may have had a significant influence on this drowning event because it was associated with high rates of accumulation of continent‐derived sediments. The increased continental weathering and runoff sustained high trophic conditions. These probably were a consequence of the Aquitanian–Burdigalian volcanic activity in the Central‐Western Mediterranean, that may have led to an increase in nutrient content in seawater and an increase in atmospheric and marine CO₂ concentrations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Molecular carbon isotope variations in core samples taken at the Permian–Triassic boundary layers in southern China

Stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) of carbonate sediments and the molecular (biomarker) characteristics of a continuous Permian–Triassic (PT) layer in southern China were studied to obtain geochemical signals of global change at the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB). Carbonate carbon isotope values shifted toward positive before the end of the Permian period and then shifted negative above the PTB into the Triassic period. Molecular carbon isotope values of biomarkers followed the same trend at and below the PTB and remained negative in the Triassic layer. These biomarkers were acyclic isoprenoids, ranging from C₁₅ to C₄₀, steranes (C₂₇ dominates) and terpenoids that were all significantly more abundant in samples from the Permian layer than those from the Triassic layer. The Triassic layer was distinguished by the dominance of higher molecular weight (waxy) n-alkanes. Stable carbon isotope values of individual components, including n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids such as phytane, isop-C₂₅, and squalane, are depleted in δ¹³C by up to 8–10‰ in the Triassic samples as compared to the Permian. Measured molecular and isotopic variations of organic matter in the PT layers support the generally accepted view of Permian oceanic stagnation followed by a massive upwelling of toxic deep waters at the PTB. A series of large-scale (global) outgassing events may be associated with the carbon isotope shift we measured. This is also consistent with the lithological evidence we observed of white thin-clay layers in this region. Our findings, in context with a generally accepted stagnant Permian ocean, followed by massive upwelling of toxic deep waters might be the major causes of the largest global mass extinction event that occurred at the Permian–Triassic boundary.     

Carbonate platform development in a Paleoproterozoic extensional basin,Vempalle Formation,Cuddapah Basin,India

Sedimentological investigation of the late Paleoproterozoic (Orosirian) Vempalle Formation of the Cuddapah Basin, Dharwar craton, India, reveals three facies association that range from supratidal to deep subtidal. Sedimentary rocks of this succession are dominated by heterolithic carbonate mudstone, intraformational carbonate conglomerate, and a variety of columnar, domal, and stratiform microbialite facies. Deposition occurred in an extensional regime during development of a low-gradient ramp, where the distribution of microbialite facies is distinctly depth-partitioned. A gradual increase in synoptic relief of columnar stromatolites through the section, and the upward transition from stratiform to columnar microbialites, record a prolonged marine transgression with little or no influx of terrigenous detritus. Siliciclastic influx along the northeastern side of the shelf reflects the redistribution of topographic highs concomitant with large scale volcanic activity. Redistribution of topographic highs eventually led to progradation of peritidal facies and shutting down of the carbonate factory. Earthquake-induced ground shaking and voluminous volcanism experienced by this platform point to the reactivation of a deep-seated mantle-plume that resulted in thermal doming of the Dharwar crust prior to the onset of Cuddapah deposition. Isotopic and elemental chemistry of a selection of Vempalle Formation carbonate rocks record elevated Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ concentrations and depleted carbon isotope values in inner ramp lagoonal facies, relative to more open marine stromatolitic facies. Patterns of isotopic and elemental variation suggest the presence of geochemically distinct water masses—either within the water column or within substrate pore fluids—that resulted from a combination of globally low marine oxygenation and restricted oceanographic circulation in inner ramp environments. These data suggest that, even in the aftermath of Early Paleoproterozoic oxygenation, that ocean chemistry was heterogeneous and strongly affected by local basin conditions.     

Organic carbon content and carbon isotope variations across the Permo-Triassic boundary in the Gartnerkofel-1 borehole,Carnic Alps,Austria

The Gartnerkofel borehole is one of the most thoroughly studied and described Permo-Triassic sections in the world. Detailed bulk organic carbon isotope studies show a negative base shift from ? 24‰ to ? 28‰ in the Latest Permian which latter value persists into the Earliest Triassic after which it decreases slightly to ? 26‰. Two strongly negative peaks of > ? 38‰ in the Latest Permian and a lesser peak of ? 31‰ in the Early Triassic are too negative to be due to a greater proportion of more negative organic matter and must be due to very negative methane effects. The overall change to more negative values across the Bulla/Tesero boundary fits the relative rise in sea level for this transition based on the facies changes. A positive shift in organic carbon isotope values at the Late Permian Event Horizon may be due to an increase in land-derived organic detritus at this level—a feature shown by all Tethyan Permo-Triassic boundary sections though these other sections do not have the same values. Carbonate carbon isotope trends are similar in all sections dropping by 2–3 units across the Permo-Triassic boundary. Gartnerkofel carbonate oxygen values are surprisingly, considering the ubiquitous dolomitization, compatible with values elsewhere and indicate reasonable tropical temperatures of 60 °C in the Latest Permian sabkhas to 20–40 °C in the overlying marine transition beds. Increased land-derived input at the Late Permian Event Horizon may be due to offshore transport by tsunamis whose deposits have been recognized in India at this level.     

Stratigraphy,palaeoenvironments and geochemistry across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary transition at Carnduff,County Antrim,Northern Ireland

The latest Triassic to earliest Jurassic transition has been widely studied due the occurrence of a major global extinction associated with a global hyperthermal event in this interval. Furthermore, a number of distinct geochemical events in the global carbon cycle can be recognised in the stable-isotope record across this boundary interval at many localities. Two fully-cored boreholes from East Antrim in Northern Ireland (Carnduff-1 and Carnduff-2) have penetrated sediments of latest Triassic to Early Jurassic age (Rhaetian to Early Sinemurian). Ammonites, foraminifera, ostracods and palynomorphs provide a robust chronology as well as insights to palaeoenvironmental conditions during this period. The sedimentary and palynological evidence support a largely marginal-marine setting for the sediments of the Triassic Penarth Group while a range of palaeontological evidence shows that the Early Jurassic Waterloo Mudstone Formation represents shallow-marine, shelf conditions that represent generally well-oxygenated bottom waters, with little evidence for dysoxia. Detailed ammonite biostratigraphy (ammonites first occur about 7.5 m up from the base of the Lias Group) indicates that the cores represent largely continuous sedimentation through the Hettangian and earliest Sinemurian (to Turneri Chronozone, Birchi Subchronozone). Stable-isotope analysis of both carbonate and organic carbon show a distinct carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in both fractions through the Cotham and Langport members (Lilstock Formation, Penarth Group, latest Triassic) which are considered to correlate with the distinctive ‘Initial’ CIE witnessed in SW England and probably the GSSP and other sites across the world.     

Lithofacies modelling and sequence stratigraphy in microtidal cool-water carbonates: a case study from the Pleistocene of Sicily, Italy

ABSTRACT Quaternary carbonates in SE Sicily were deposited in seamount and short ramp settings during glacio‐eustatically driven highstand conditions. They provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the depositional and erosional aspects of cool‐water carbonate sedimentation in a microtidal marine water body. The derived ramp facies model differs significantly from modern‐day, open‐ocean ramp scenarios in projected facies depth ranges and in the preservation of inshore facies. A sequence stratigraphic study of the carbonates has confirmed many established aspects of carbonate sedimentation (e.g. production usually only occurred during highstands). It has also revealed several new features peculiar to water bodies with little tidal influence, including ‘catch‐up’ surfaces taking the place of transgressive facies, second‐order sequence boundary events being most important as triggers for initiating resedimentation and a virtual absence of sediment shedding to the basin during the terminal lowstand. Production in the carbonate factory lasted for about 0·5 Myr. Despite this, carbonate production was considerable and included both bioconstructional and bioclastic‐dominated facies and the production of abundant lime muds. A model for eustatically controlled cool‐water carbonate production and resedimentation in microtidal marine water bodies is presented. This is considered to be more applicable to Neogene and Quaternary strata in the Mediterranean region than are current open‐ocean models.     

准噶尔盆地中生代演化的地层学和沉积学证据

准噶尔盆地是一个构造演化复杂、由多个含油气凹陷构成的盆地。根据盆地中生界地层发育特征、地震资料及前人研究成果,探讨了准噶尔盆地中生代的沉积特征、沉积范围、沉积中心迁移特征及断裂对沉积的控制作用,将中生代准噶尔盆地划分为三叠纪—侏罗纪断—拗盆地和白垩纪陆内坳陷盆地两个发育阶段,其中晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期可能是盆地由张性背景向挤压背景转化的重要时期。     

Response and recovery of the Comanche carbonate platform surrounding multiple Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events,northern Gulf of Mexico

The ubiquity of carbonate platforms throughout the Cretaceous Period is recognized as a product of high eustatic sea-level and a distinct climatic optimum induced by rapid sea-floor spreading and elevated levels of atmospheric carbon-dioxide. Notably, a series of global oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) punctuate this time-interval and mark periods of significantly reduced free oxygen in the world's oceans. The best records of these events are often from one-dimensional shelf or basin sections where only abrupt shifts between oxygenated carbonates and anoxic shales are recorded. The Comanche Platform of central Texas provides a unique opportunity to study these events within a well-constrained stratigraphic framework in which their up-dip and down-dip sedimentologic effects can be observed and the recovery of the platform to equilibrium states can be timed and understood. Stable isotope data from whole cores in middle Hauterivian through lower Campanian mixed carbonate-siliciclastic strata are used to construct a 52-myr carbon isotope reference profile for the northern Gulf of Mexico. Correlation of this composite curve to numerous global reference profiles permits identification of several anoxic events and allows their impact on platform architecture and facies distribution to be documented. Oceanic anoxic events 1a, 1b, 1d, and 2 occurred immediately before, after, or during shale deposition in the Pine Island Member, Bexar Member, Del Rio Formation, and Eagle Ford Group, respectively. Oceanic anoxic event 3 corresponds to deposition of the Austin Chalk Group. Platform drowning on three occasions more closely coincided with globally recognized anoxic sub-events such as the Fallot, Albian-Cenomanian, and Mid-Cenomanian events. This illustrates that the specific anoxic event most affecting a given carbonate platform varied globally as a function of regional oceanographic circumstances.Using chemo- and sequence-stratigraphic observations, a four-stage model is proposed to describe the changing facies patterns, fauna, sedimentation accumulation rates, platform architectures, and relative sea-level trends of transgressive-regressive composite sequences that developed in response to global carbon-cycle perturbations. The four phases of platform evolution include the equilibrium, crisis, anoxic, and recovery stages. The equilibrium stage is characterized by progradational shelf geometries and coral-rudist phototrophic faunal assemblages. Similar phototrophic fauna typify the crisis stage; however, incipient biocalcification crises of this phase led to retrogradational shelf morphologies, transgressive facies patterns, and increased clay mineral proportions. Anoxic stages of the Comanche Platform were coincident with back-ground deposition of organic-rich shale on drowned shelves and heterotrophic fauna dominated by oysters or coccolithophorids. Eustatic peaks of this stage were of moderate amplitude (∼30 m), yet relative sea-level rises were greatly enhanced by reduced sedimentation rates. In the recovery stage, heterotrophic carbonate factories re-established at the shoreline as progradational ramp systems and sediment accumulation rates slowly increased as dysoxia diminished. Full recovery to equilibrium conditions may or may not have followed. Geochemical and stratigraphic trends present in the four stages are consistent with increased volcanism along mid-ocean ridges and in large-igneous provinces as primary drivers of Cretaceous OAEs and the resulting transgressive-regressive composite sequences.     

Sedimentary Facies Architectures of Third-Order Sequences from Early to Middle Triassic in Nanpanjiang Basin

There are complex and regular changes on sedimentary facies from the Early to the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang basin. After the obvious drowned event of carbonate platforms in the transitional period between Permian and Triassic, carbonate platforms have evolved into the ramp type from the rimmed-shelf type. The differentiation of sedimentary facies becomes dearer in space, which are marked by the changes from an attached platform to a turbidity basin and several isolated platforms in the basin. The striking characteristics are the development of oolitic banks on isolated platforms in Nanning and Jingxi and the reef- and bank-limestones in the margin of the attached platform in the Early Triassic. Despite the difference of the time-span and the architectnre of fades succession of third-order sedimentary sequences, the process of the third-order relative sea-level changes reflected by the sedimentary facies succession of the third-order sequences is generally synchronous. Therefore, six third-order sequences could be discerned in the strata from the Early to the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang basin. Using two types of facies changing surfaces and two types of diachronisms in stratigraphic records as the key elements, the sedimentary facies architectures of the third-order sequences that represent sequence stratigraphic frameworks from the Early to the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang basin could be constructed.     

湖北崇阳二叠纪—三叠纪之交生物灭绝和沉积微相演化

二叠纪—三叠纪之交,湖北崇阳地区处于浅水碳酸盐岩台地环境.二叠纪末的全球事件在该剖面的沉积微相和生物演化上均留下了清楚的记录.二叠纪末生物大灭绝之前,崇阳地区为典型的正常浅海台地环境,生物种类多样,数量丰富,主要生物化石有钙藻、有孔虫、腕足、棘皮类和海绵等.生物大灭绝之后,钙藻、(筳)类、棘皮类、海绵、绝大部分有孔虫开始消失,取而代之的是个体微小的腹足、介形虫和大量的蓝细菌化石.大灭绝界线之上,首先出现的是25 cm厚的纹层状的微生物岩,含较丰富的种类单调的有孔虫化石.之后逐渐相变为花斑状微生物岩和穹隆状微生物岩,厚度分别为6.4,2.3m.不同类型微生物岩在结构构造和生物组成上存在差别.微生物岩沉积结束之后,则相变为浅滩相鲕粒灰岩.共划分出3种沉积相,即开阔台地相、潮坪相和浅滩相.崇阳剖面的生物灭绝和沉积微相变化是二叠纪—三叠纪之交浅水台地环境生物与环境过程的典型代表,为认识二叠纪末浅海沉积相演化和全球事件提供了新材料.     

湖南慈利礁相二叠系-三叠系界线地层及其对大灭绝事件的启示

湖南慈利康家坪长兴组礁相地层上直接覆以大冶组"错时相"钙质微生物岩、鲕状灰岩、蠕虫状灰岩等沉积物。岩相、生物地层和碳同位素演变表明大灭绝事件处地层连续;剖面上长兴期末的化石分布呈现一种单幕式灭绝型式和过程;占据大灭绝后浅水碳酸盐相的是一种以微生物主导的"异常生态系"。     

Evaluation of bulk carbonate δ13C data from Triassic hemipelagites and the initial composition of carbonate mud

Bulk carbonate samples of hemipelagic limestone–marl alternations from the Middle and Upper Triassic of Italy are analysed for their isotopic compositions. Middle Triassic samples are representative of the Livinallongo Formation of the Dolomites, while Upper Triassic hemipelagites were sampled in the Pignola 2 section, within the Calcari con Selce Formation of the Southern Apennines in Southern Italy. Triassic hemipelagites occur either as nodular limestones with chert nodules or as plane‐bedded limestone–marl alternations which are locally silicified. In the Middle Triassic Livinallongo Formation, diagenetic alteration primarily affected the stable isotopic composition of sediment surrounding carbonate nodules, whereas the latter show almost pristine compositions. Diagenesis lowered the carbon and oxygen isotope values of bulk carbonate and introduced a strong correlation between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. In the Middle Triassic successions of the Dolomites, bulk carbonate of nodular limestone facies is most commonly unaltered, whereas carbonate of the plane‐bedded facies is uniformly affected by diagenetic alteration. In contrast to carbonate nodules, plane‐bedded facies often show compaction features. Although both types of pelagic carbonate rocks show very similar petrographic characteristics, scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that nodular limestone consists of micrite (< 5 μm in diameter), whereas samples of the plane‐bedded facies are composed of calcite crystals ca 10 μm in size showing pitted, polished surfaces. These observations suggest that nodular and plane‐bedded facies underwent different diagenetic pathways determined by the prevailing mineralogy of the precursor sediment, i.e. probably high‐Mg calcite in the nodular facies and aragonite in the case of the plane‐bedded facies. Similar to Middle Triassic nodular facies, Upper Triassic nodular limestones of the Lagonegro Basin are also characterized by uncorrelated δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values and exhibit small, less than 5 μm size, crystals. The alternation of calcitic and aragonitic precursors in the Middle Triassic of the Dolomites is thought to mirror rapid changes in the type of carbonate production of adjacent platforms. Bioturbation and dissolution of metastable carbonate grains played a key role during early lithification of nodular limestone beds, whereby early stabilization recorded the carbon isotopic composition of sea water. The bulk carbonate δ¹³C values of Middle and Upper Triassic hemipelagites from Italy agree with those of Tethyan low‐Mg calcite shells of articulate brachiopods, confirming that Triassic hemipelagites retained the primary carbon isotopic composition of the bottom sea water. A trend of increasing δ¹³C from the Late Anisian to the Early Carnian, partly seen in the data set presented here, is also recognized in successions from tropical palaeolatitudes elsewhere. The carbon isotopic composition of Middle and Upper Triassic nodular hemipelagic limestones can thus be used for chemostratigraphic correlation and palaeoenvironmental studies.     

南盘江盆地早—中三叠世层序地层格架及相对海平面变化研究

南盘江盆地的早—中三叠世地层中 ,沉积相形成复杂而有序的空间变化和时间变化。二叠纪与三叠纪之交的大规模台地淹没事件之后 ,三叠纪碳酸盐台地从缓坡型演化为镶嵌陆架型 ;空间上 ,从连陆台地到浊积盆地相分异特别明显 ,而且在盆地中发育若干的孤立台地 ,特别是南宁和靖西一带 ,孤立台地上早三叠世的鲕粒滩以及连陆台地边缘的礁滩相灰岩更是引人注目。尽管不同相带的三级沉积层序相序组构千差万变 ,并且它们的形成时限也不尽相同 ,但是由其所表征的相对海平面变化则具有大致的同步性 ,因此在早—中三叠世地层中可以识别出 6个三级沉积层序。以地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性为基本要素 ,可以建立南盘江盆地早—中三叠世的层序地层格架。     

川东地区早三叠世碳、锶同位素演化及地质意义

早三叠世作为地球发展史上一个高度的反常时期,人们对其关注程度远不及二叠纪/三叠纪界线。海相碳酸盐的碳、锶同位素组成与演化是了解重大突变期的生态环境事件和地球过程的重要切入点。根据前人公布的川东地区早三叠世锶、碳同位素数据,绘制同位素演化散点图,根据曲线的演化特征以及不同地区的对比,分析其控制因素和地质过程。研究表明,川东地区早三叠世锶同位素演化曲线单调上升,具有很高的全球一致性,由河流注入到海水的高放射成因的锶含量增加是加剧87Sr/86Sr比值单调上升的主要原因。碳同位素演化曲线在短时间内发生的一系列高频率、大幅度波动,大量的磷酸盐注入海洋使菌藻类大量繁殖,海洋的初级生产力增强,有机碳埋藏量增大,使δ13C偏高。甲烷水合物吸收与释放等暂时性效应不是引起曲线来回波动的主要因素,海洋水体倒转等持续性效应可以很好地解释曲线异常,但对其驱动机制有待进一步研究。此外δ13Ccarb和δ13Corg的同步研究并参考早寒武世是下一步研究的重点。     

西藏海相三叠系-侏罗系界线及晚三叠世生物绝灭事件研究

1998—2004年间在西藏聂拉木、林周、墨竹工卡和洛扎等地进行的三叠系/侏罗系界线地层研究表明,西藏隆子县和洛扎县尚未发现具有连续菊石层序的三叠系/侏罗系界线地层剖面。拉萨以北地区广泛分布的火山岩时代确定为晚三叠世—早侏罗世早期,这有助于解释晚三叠世末期生物绝灭与晚三叠世岩浆侵入和大规模的火山活动有关,但T/J界线尚待精确限定。聂拉木县格米格剖面是特提斯地区唯一未曾“压缩”的三叠系/侏罗系界线地层剖面,具有瑞替阶MARSHI菊石带、赫塘阶Tibeticum、Callyphyllum和Pleuro-notum菊石带。格米格剖面三叠系/侏罗系界线碳稳定同位素曲线记录了晚三叠世瑞替阶末期(Marshi菊石带)突然的负偏移,它很有可能和晚三叠世末期的由超级温室效应所产生的生物绝灭事件相对应。     

四川盆地东北部长兴期沉积特征与沉积格局

四川盆地东北部长兴组（大隆组）为海洋环境的产物,根据沉积特点,可以分为碳酸盐台地沉积体系和盆地沉积体系。碳酸盐台地沉积体系又可进一步分为局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘礁滩及缓坡等沉积相。在详细研究分析各沉积体系的沉积特点的基础上,探讨了该期沉积相带的空间分布,提出了不存在“开江一梁平”海槽的认识。笔者等认为在“开江梁平海槽”区域内,长兴组只是水体相对台地较深环境（台棚环境）的产物,为碳酸盐缓坡,不宜称为海槽。指出台地边缘浅滩及生物礁是储层最有利相带,礁白云岩及颗粒白云岩等是储层的有利微相。研究区的生物礁为碳酸盐台地边缘缓坡点礁群,沿着台地边缘断续分布。