基于楼盘表和户型图的分层分户模型建设

随着智慧城市建设的不断升级,城市管理向精细化和智能化方向快速发展.分层分户模型可以承载更复杂、更立体、更详细、更精确的信息,以供全面综合管理、大数据分析和应急指挥使用.本文以"数字郑州三维地理信息及应用服务系统"项目建设实际情况为背景,探索和实现了在SuperMap GIS平台环境下,基于楼盘表提供的层户信息与户型图提供的分户信息,通过数字线划图进行建筑底面定位,利用地名地址将楼盘表和户型图与数字线划图进行关联挂接,并根据LiDAR点云数据的高度信息,快速自动化地建设郑州市800 km2内所有建筑物的分层分户模型的技术方法.进一步探索了通过模型成果与房管信息和公安户籍信息挂接,建立"以图管房、以房管人"的新管理模式,有效提升了政府管理和决策水平.本文提出的方法技术路线先进,实操性强,具有重要的应用推广价值.     

通过训练样本采样处理改善小宗作物遥感识别精度

训练样本质量是决定农作物遥感识别精度的关键因素,虽然高空间分辨率卫星的发展有效地解决了农作物遥感识别过程中的混合像元问题,但是当区域内不同作物种植面积差异较大时,训练集中不同类别样本数量往往相差较大,这样的不均衡数据集影响分类器的训练,导致少数类别的识别精度不理想。为研究作物遥感识别过程中的不均衡样本问题,本文基于GF-2号卫星数据,首先挖掘了地物的光谱信息、纹理信息,用特征递归消除RFE (Recursive Feature Elimination)方法进行特征优选,然后从数据处理的角度采用了5种采样算法对不均衡训练集进行处理,最后使用采样后的均衡数据集训练分类器,对比数据采样前后决策树与Adaboost(Adaptive Boosting)两种分类器的识别结果,发现:(1)经过采样处理后两种分类算法明显提升了小宗作物的分类精度;(2)经过ADASYS (Adaptive synthetic sampling)采样处理后,分类器性能提升最多,决策树的Kappa系数提高了14.32%,Adaboost的Kappa系数提高了10.23%,达到最高值0.9336;(3)过采样的处理效果优于欠采样,过采样对分类器的性能提升更多。综上所述,选择合适的采样方法和分类方法是提高不均衡数据集遥感分类精度的有效途径。     

Linear feature conflation: An optimization-based matching model with connectivity constraints

Geospatial data conflation is the process of combining multiple datasets about a geographic phenomenon to produce a single, richer dataset. It has received increased research attention due to its many applications in map making, transportation, planning, and temporal geospatial analyses, among many others. One approach to conflation, attempted from the outset in the literature, is the use of optimization-based conflation methods. Conflation is treated as a natural optimization problem of minimizing the total number of discrepancies while finding corresponding features from two datasets. Optimization-based conflation has several advantages over traditional methods including conciseness, being able to find an optimal solution, and ease of implementation. However, current optimization-based conflation methods are also limited. A main shortcoming with current optimized conflation models (and other traditional methods as well) is that they are often too weak and cannot utilize the spatial context in each dataset while matching corresponding features. In particular, current optimal conflation models match a feature to targets independently from other features and therefore treat each GIS dataset as a collection of unrelated elements, reminiscent of the spaghetti GIS data model. Important contextual information such as the connectivity between adjacent elements (such as roads) is neglected during the matching. Consequently, such models may produce topologically inconsistent results. In this article, we address this issue by introducing new optimization-based conflation models with structural constraints to preserve the connectivity and contiguity relation among features. The model is implemented using integer linear programming and compared with traditional spaghetti-style models on multiple test datasets. Experimental results show that the new element connectivity (ec-bimatching) model reduces false matches and consistently outperforms traditional models.     

基于高斯过程回归的变形智能预测模型及应用

岩体或建构筑物的变形通常具有复杂性和非线性等特性,一般的回归模型难以精确地进行回归预测,应用高斯过程回归理论对变形监测数据呈现出的非线性特征进行时间序列分析。考虑到监测数据的不断更新和累积,以及超参数与样本集的适应性,首先研究了“递进-截尾式”超参数自动更新模式和训练样本集的选择方法;在此基础上构建了以时间作为输入项的高斯过程回归变形智能预测模型（GPR-TIPM）;将该模型应用于矿山边坡监测点非线性时间序列分析中,通过分析变形趋势,最终采用Matérn 32和平方指数协方差函数相加的方式进行核函数组合。实验结果表明,采用组合核函数的预测性能较单一核函数有所改善,该方法提高了模型的泛化能力,GPR-TIPM模型在短期内的预测效果较理想。     

Use of Markov Random Fields for automatic cloud/shadow detection on high resolution optical images

In this study, we propose an automatic detection algorithm for cloud/shadow on remote sensing optical images. It is based on physical properties of clouds and shadows, namely for a cloud and its associated shadow: both are connex objects of similar shape and area, and they are related by their relative locations. We show that these properties can be formalized using Markov Random Field (MRF) framework at two levels: one MRF over the pixel graph for connexity modelling, and one MRF over the graph of objects (clouds and shadows) for their relationship modelling. Then, we show that, practically, having performed an image pre-processing step (channel inter-calibration) specific to cloud detection, the local optimization of the proposed MRF models leads to a rather simple image processing algorithm involving only six parameters. Using a 39 image database, performance is shown and discussed, in particular in comparison with the Marked Point Process approach.     

生成式对抗网络的高光谱遥感图像分类方法研究

针对基于深度学习的分类模型在训练样本较少时所遭受的潜在过拟合问题,提出一种具备过拟合抑制的生成式对抗网络分类算法,并应用于高光谱图像分类.该算法在每次迭代时,首先,依据训练样本的标签信息使判别器网络拟合训练样本的数据分布;然后对训练样本的高维特征进行均值最小化,该过程会重新更新判别器网络参数,减小参数的值和方差,以抑制...     

A comparison of unsupervised segmentation parameter optimization approaches using moderate- and high-resolution imagery

Unsupervised segmentation optimization methods have been proposed to aid in selecting an “optimal” set of scale parameters quickly and objectively for object-based image analysis. The goal of this study was to qualitatively assess three unsupervised approaches using both moderate-resolution Landsat and high-resolution Ikonos imagery from two study sites with different landscape characteristics to demonstrate the continued need for analyst intervention during the segmentation process. The results demonstrate that these methods selected parameters that were optimal for the scene which varied with method, image type, and site complexity. Several takeaways from this exercise are as follows: (1) some methods do not work as intended, (2) single-scale unsupervised optimization procedures cannot be expected to properly segment all the features of interest in the image every time, and (3) many multi-scale approaches require subjectively chosen weights or thresholds or additional testing to determine those values that meet the objective. Visual inspection of segmentation results is still required in order to assess over and under-segmentation as no method can be expected to select the best parameters for land cover classifications every time. These approaches should instead be used to narrow down parameter values in order to save time.     

Multi-hazard assessment using machine learning and remote sensing in the North Central region of Vietnam

Natural hazards constitute a diverse category and are unevenly distributed in time and space. This hinders predictive efforts, leading to significant impacts on human life and economies. Multi-hazard prediction is vital for any natural hazard risk management plan. The main objective of this study was the development of a multi-hazard susceptibility mapping framework, by combining two natural hazards—flooding and landslides—in the North Central region of Vietnam. This was accomplished using support vector machines, random forest, and AdaBoost. The input data consisted of 4591 flood points, 1315 landslide points, and 13 conditioning factors, split into training (70%), and testing (30%) datasets. The accuracy of the models' predictions was evaluated using the statistical indices root mean square error, area under curve (AUC), mean absolute error, and coefficient of determination. All proposed models were good at predicting multi-hazard susceptibility, with AUC values over 0.95. Among them, the AUC value for the support vector machine model was 0.98 and 0.99 for landslide and flood, respectively. For the random forest model, these values were 0.98 and 0.98, and for AdaBoost, they were 0.99 and 0.99. The multi-hazard maps were built by combining the landslide and flood susceptibility maps. The results showed that approximately 60% of the study area was affected by landslides, 30% by flood, and 8% by both hazards. These results illustrate how North Central is one of the regions of Vietnam that is most severely affected by natural hazards, particularly flooding, and landslides. The proposed models adapt to evaluate multi-hazard susceptibility at different scales, although expert intervention is also required, to optimize the algorithms. Multi-hazard maps can provide a valuable point of reference for decision makers in sustainable land-use planning and infrastructure development in regions faced with multiple hazards, and to prevent and reduce more effectively the frequency of floods and landslides and their damage to human life and property.     

特征提取策略对高分辨率遥感图像场景分类性能影响的评估

高分辨率遥感图像场景分类方法主要涉及两个环节:特征提取以及特征分类,分类器的设计已经相对成熟,当前工作的重点是特征提取策略的研究。为了进一步推动特征提取策略的研究,将特征提取策略对高分辨率遥感图像场景分类性能的影响进行了定性和定量评估。首先,回顾了高分辨率遥感图像场景分类的发展历程;然后,对现有高分辨率遥感图像场景分类方法的特征提取策略进行分类总结,并从理论上将各类特征提取策略对场景分类性能的影响进行定性评估;最后,在3个规模较大的数据集上对多种特征提取策略进行实验对比,将不同特征提取策略对场景分类性能的影响和各数据集的复杂度进行定量评估。     

地理要素的分布式空间近似查询处理方法

针对传统空间查询无法满足地理数据交互式可视化对处理时间要求的问题,以窗口查询为例,提出了一种空间近似查询处理方法。该方法包括预处理和查询两步:在预处理阶段,利用分布化的线简化算法对空间对象进行顾及误差的预处理采样,将采样过程及误差值用树型结构保存;在查询阶段,以豪斯多夫距离定义数据可视化的误差,进行误差可知的顶点即时采样与截取,从而实现针对可视化应用的高效的空间近似查询处理。在Hadoop集群上利用77GB的OpenStreetMap数据集进行了实验,证实了本方法的效力与效率。     

中国区域MuSyQ叶面积指数产品验证与分析

对多源遥感数据协同生产的2010年—2015年中国区域1 km空间分辨率5天合成的MuSyQ（Multi-source data Synergized Quantitative remote sensing production system）叶面积指数LAI产品进行验证。参考现有的LAI产品（MODIS c5，GLASS LAI）和中国生态系统研究网络部分农田和森林站点可用的LAI地面测量数据，从时空连续性、时空一致性、精度和准确性等方面对中国区域的MuSyQ LAI产品进行定性和定量分析与评价。结果表明：（1） MuSyQ LAI产品在保证精度优于MODIS产品的情况下，时间分辨率和时空连续性均有提高。MuSyQ LAI与其他LAI产品（MODIS c5，GLASS LAI）在整体上有很好的一致性（RMSE=1.0，RMSE=0.81），但对常绿阔叶林高值处的描述不稳定；（2） 与LAI地面测量数据相比，MuSyQ LAI产品与地面参考图对比结果较好（最高相关性（R²=0.54）和较低总体误差（RMSE=0.96）），其在阔叶作物生长季高值处有些许低估且在某些阔叶林站点有些高估。整体上，MuSyQ LAI产品呈现出较高的精度，可靠的空间分布和连续稳定的时间分布，且对森林LAI的描述具有更可靠的动态范围。     

A comparative study on groundwater spring potential analysis based on statistical index,index of entropy and certainty factors models

The main aim of this study is to generate groundwater spring potential maps for the Ningtiaota area (China) using three statistical models namely statistical index (SI), index of entropy (IOE) and certainty factors (CF) models. Firstly, 66 spring locations were identified by field surveys, out of which, 46 (70%) spring locations were randomly selected for training the models and the rest 20 (30%) spring locations were used for validation. Secondly, 12 spring influencing factors, namely slope angle, slope aspect, altitude, profile curvature, plan curvature, sediment transport index, stream power index, topographic wetness index, distance to roads, distance to streams, lithology and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were derived from the spatial database. Subsequently, using the mentioned factors and the three models, groundwater spring potential values were calculated and the results were plotted in ArcGIS 10.0. Finally, the area under the curve was used to validate groundwater spring potential maps. The results showed that the IOE model, with the highest success rate of 0.9126 and the highest prediction rate of 0.9051, showed the preferable performance in this study. The results of this study may be helpful for planners and engineers in groundwater resource management and other similar watersheds.     

一种遗传算法优化的卫星钟差预报

针对导航卫星钟差预报精度不高的问题,该文引入了GM-LSSVM钟差预报模型,采用全局寻优能力较强的遗传算法对模型的参数选取过程进行优化,避免模型陷入局部最优,从而改善了组合模型中惩罚因子和核函数参数选择的盲目性。最后选取国际GPS服务组织提供的卫星钟差数据,分别建立GM(1,1)模型、LSSVM模型、GM-LSSVM模型和遗传算法优化的GM-LSSVM模型进行短期钟差预报分析和仿真实验。仿真结果表明,优化后的模型预报精度小于1.3ns,精度比前3种模型提高了45%~60%,符合钟差预报的要求。     

SARBuD 1.0： 面向深度学习的GF-3 精细模式SAR建筑数据集

合成孔径雷达SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar）是开展城市建筑区信息获取与动态监测的重要数据源。本文建立了一个面向深度学习建筑区提取的中高分辨率SAR建筑区数据集SARBuD1.0 （SAR BUilding Dataset）。该数据集包含了覆盖中国不同区域的27景高分三号（GF-3）精细模式SAR图像,并从中获取了建筑区共计60000个SAR样本数据,结合光学图像与专家解译,制作了与样本数据对应的标签图像。SARBuD1.0数据集包含了不同地形场景类型、不同分布类型、不同区域的建筑区。该数据集可支持研究者对建筑区进行图像特征分析、辅助图像理解,并可对当前热点深度学习方法提供训练、测试数据支持。本文以山区建筑为例,使用传统纹理特征与深度学习特征对建筑区进行了特征分析与比较,相比于传统的人工设计的纹理特征,卷积神经网络具有更深、更多的特征,利用网络模型浅层的不同卷积核采样可得到各种纹理特征,在网络的深层卷积结构中可获取代表着类别的深层语义特征,使得分类器能更好地检测并提取图像中指定的目标。基于本数据集利用深度学习方法对不同地形区域的建筑区进行提取实验。实验结果表明基于本数据集训练的深度学习模型,对建筑区提取可以取得良好的结果,说明该数据集可以很好支持面向大数据的深度学习方法。其他学者可以基于SARBuD1.0数据集开展建筑区图像特征分析与语义分割提取等方面的研究。     

Assessing the suitability of data from Sentinel-1A and 2A for crop classification

Sentinel-1A C-SAR and Sentinel-2A MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) provide data applicable to the remote identification of crop type. In this study, six crop types (beans, beetroot, grass, maize, potato, and winter wheat) were identified using five C-SAR images and one MSI image acquired during the 2016 growing season. To assess the potential for accurate crop classification with existing supervised learning models, the four different approaches namely kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM), multilayer feedforward neural networks, random forests, and support vector machine were compared. Algorithm hyperparameters were tuned using Bayesian optimization. Overall, KELM yielded the highest performance, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 96.8%. Evaluation of the sensitivity of classification models and relative importance of data types using data-based sensitivity analysis showed that the set of VV polarization data acquired on 24 July (Sentinel-1A) and band 4 data (Sentinel-2A) had the greatest potential for use in crop classification.     

Channel bar feature extraction for a mining-contaminated river using high-spatial multispectral remote-sensing imagery

Mapping and monitoring changes of geomorphological features over time are important for understanding fluvial process and effects of its controlling factors. Using high spatial resolution multispectral images has become common practice in the mapping as these images become widely available. Traditional pixel-based classification relies on statistical characteristics of single pixels and performs poorly in detailed mapping using high resolution multispectral images. In this work, we developed a hybrid method that detects and maps channel bars, one of the most important geomorphological features, from high resolution multispectral aerial imagery. This study focuses on the Big River which drains the Ozarks Plateaus region in southeast Missouri and the Old Lead Belt Mining District which was one of the largest producers of lead worldwide in the early and middle 1900s. Mapping and monitoring channel bars in the Big River is essential for evaluating the fate of contaminated mining sediment released to the Big River. The dataset in this study is 1 m spatial resolution and is composed of four bands: Red (Band 3), Green (Band 2), Blue (Band 1) and Near-Infrared (Band 4). The proposed hybrid method takes into account both spectral and spatial characteristics of single pixels, those of their surrounding contextual pixels and spatial relationships of objects. We evaluated its performance by comparing it with two traditional pixel-based classifications including Maximum Likelihood (MLC) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The findings indicate that derived characteristics from segmentation and human knowledge can highly improve the accuracy of extraction and our proposed method was successful in extracting channel bars from high spatial resolution images.     

Area-to-point Kriging in spatial hedonic pricing models

This paper proposes a geostatistical hedonic price model in which the effects of location on house values are explicitly modeled. The proposed geostatistical approach, namely area-to-point Kriging with External Drift (A2PKED), can take into account spatial dependence and spatial heteroskedasticity, if they exist. Furthermore, this approach has significant implications in situations where exhaustive area-averaged housing price data are available in addition to a subset of individual housing price data. In the case study, we demonstrate that A2PKED substantially improves the quality of predictions using apartment sale transaction records that occurred in Seoul, South Korea, during 2003. The improvement is illustrated via a comparative analysis, where predicted values obtained from different models, including two traditional regression-based hedonic models and a point-support geostatistical model, are compared to those obtained from the A2PKED model.     

高分辨率遥感影像场景的多尺度神经网络分类法

高分辨率遥感影像场景分类是实现复杂场景快速自动识别的基础,在军事、救灾等领域有十分重要的意义。为了在有限的遥感数据集上获得高识别精度,本文提出了一种基于联合多尺度卷积神经网络模型的高分辨率遥感影像场景分类方法。不同于传统的卷积神经网络模型,JMCNN建立了一个具有3个不同尺度通道的端对端多尺度联合卷积网络模型,包括多通道特征提取器、多尺度特征联合和Softmax分类3个部分。首先,多通道特征提取器提取图像中、高层多尺度特征;然后,多尺度特征联合对多个通道的中、高层多尺度特征进行多次融合以增强特征表达;最后,Softmax对高层特征进行分类。本文在UC Merced和SIRI遥感数据集进行测试,试验表明JMCNN模型在特征表达和计算速度方面均有显著提高,在小样本数据量下分别达到89.3%和88.3%的识别精度。