煤矿采掘过程中煤岩体电磁辐射特征及应用

运用研制的KBD5矿用本安型电磁辐射监测仪测试了煤矿采掘过程中工作面煤岩体的电磁辐射，分析了电磁信号与采掘工艺及煤岩动力灾害危险性等的关系。研究表明，煤矿采掘过程伴随产生电磁辐射，电磁辐射是煤岩体受到采动影响后应力重新分布或变形破裂趋向新平衡的结果；有煤与瓦斯突出和冲击地压危险时，有明显的电磁异常前兆；采取防治措施后，电磁辐射显著下降。电磁辐射技术在煤矿可以用于预测煤与瓦斯突出、冲击地压等煤岩动力灾害。     

唐山地震开滦煤矿井巷工程的震害

本文论述了1976年7月28日唐山地震中开滦煤矿竖井井筒、井底车场、硐室、大巷、采区巷道、回采工作面和巷道支护等井巷工程的典型震害情况。分析表明井巷工程震害与工程地质条件、地质构造、围岩特征、支护形式、相关巷道、施工质量等直接有关。文中指出强烈地震使电源中断,并使井下涌水量成倍增加,淹没大量巷道和设备,产生了严重的次生灾害。文中并对地震区矿井井巷工程的设计和抗震措施提出了一些建议。     

用微分求积法分析不同支承条件下水下输流管道的动力特性与容许悬跨长度

考虑管道材料的非线性和管外流体的阻尼因素,得到水下管跨段的非线性运动方程,应用DQ法建立其模拟方程,采用数值模拟方法,对管跨段在理想支承和弹性支承条件下的固有频率特性进行仿真,重点探讨了内外流流速、管内压力、轴向力、Strouhal数、所输送介质的密度对管跨段的临界流速及容许悬跨长度的影响。结果表明,不同的支承条件对系统的动力特性影响很大,为此提出了用弹性支承来分析实际水下管跨段动力特性的方法。     

多孔金属材料刚柔吸能结构及其在冲击地压巷道支护中的应用

多孔金属材料是一种新型功能和结构材料,具有良好的吸能、减震和阻尼特性。根据多孔金属材料的吸能特性,研究了多孔金属材料耗散能量准则,分析了多孔金属材料应用于冲击地压巷道支护的可行性。基于多孔金属材料的耗散能量准则,首次建立了刚柔吸能支护结构模型,将多孔金属材料应用于冲击地压巷道支护结构中,并利用FLAC 3D计算软件,对刚柔吸能支护巷道冲击破坏进行数值模拟。研究结果表明,刚柔吸能支护可高效吸收冲击能量、缓冲作用荷载及大幅度提高巷道围岩的可靠程度,是防治冲击地压发生和降低动力灾害的一种有效方法。     

声发射/微震监测煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的研究现状

煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害是深井开采面临的一种由冲击地压和煤与瓦斯突出共同作用的新的灾害表现形式.微破裂前兆是煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾变过程显现的共性本质特征,具有微震和声发射活动性.笔者在收集和阅读大量国内外煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害资料的基础上,对煤岩瓦斯复合型动力灾害的监测技术进行了研究.研究结果表明:声发射监测技术和微震监测技术的原理相同,不同的是频谱范围有差异.煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾变过程要经历从微小破裂萌生→扩展→集结和从无序到有序的发展过程,声发射和微震监测技术可以很好的对灾变的整个过程进行监测,是研究煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的重要手段,对研究煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害机制和前兆辨识具有重要意义.     

煤矿井巷间地质构造及其异常多波联合探测技术与应用

影响煤矿层安全高效开采的最主要的地质因素是断层构造及其异常，特别是落差在3~5m的中小断层构造对生产影响最大.为了保证开采工作的顺利进行，通常需在工作面回采前对面内地质条件进行探测与评价.利用地震波CT多波联合探测反演与解释，可精确确定工作面内的地质构造及异常范围.其弯曲射线追踪SIRT法反演可获得收敛性好的探测区域波速结果，以纵波波速结果为主，高速区代表断层构造迹线，低速区代表煤层增厚，同时结合其它参量成图，可有效识别各种地质构造及其特征.3241工作面的探测与回采实例有效地说明了，多波联合探测技术可为面内生产解决大量的实际地质问题.     

透射与反射槽波联合探测小构造应用研究——以山西龙泉矿区为例

矿井勘探方法中,槽波地震是探测小构造最重要的一种方法,小构造的定量探测对于工作面的设计和开采具有重要的意义,通过透反射联合勘探并以揭露信息进行约束能够取得准确的结果.对山西龙泉矿4203工作面进行槽波透反射勘探,巷道的煤厚为6.8 m,巷道揭露的断层f29落差为7 m,f30落差为11.8 m,利用椭圆切线法和透射层析成像信息得出槽波的解释成果,从构造发育规律和三维地震解释的断层的数量、延伸长度、走向进行统计分析,合理推断槽波探测断层在工作面内外分布及延伸长度,并通过钻探得到了验证,得出在有效利用先验地质资料条件下矿井槽波地震透反射法具有广泛的应用前景.     

煤矿灾害超前注水综合防治技术研究

针对高瓦斯易自燃厚煤层开采时所引发的系列安全问题,以研究煤层超前注水为切入点,以义马耿村矿12200综放工作面为研究背景,展开煤层注水工艺参数及效果的研究。研究发现,采用＂多排扇形立体注水＂可使煤体含湿率显著增加。对煤体注水前后相关参数的实测数据分析表明,＂多排扇形立体注水＂的超前压注工艺措施对降低工作面及进回风顺槽粉尘浓度、预防采空区浮煤自燃及抑制工作面瓦斯涌出的作用显著。此研究对高瓦斯易自燃综放面的综合灾害防治具有一定的理论及现实意义。     

地震后泥石流灾害柔性防治冲击动力响应分析

采用当前方法分析地震后泥石流灾害柔性防治冲击的动力响应时,不能准确的分析柔性防护体系随时间变化产生的位移变化以及落石在冲击过程中对柔性防护体系的冲击时间与能量关系,得到的分析结果与实际不符,存在分析准确率低的问题。提出地震后泥石流灾害柔性防治冲击动力响应分析方法 ,构建防护体系有限元模型,利用Lagrange描述方法在连续介质力学的基础上构建撞击系统对应的控制方程以及弹塑性材料接触力学模型,在以上两个模型的基础上通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件模拟甘肃省陇南市某泥石流治理工程环境,通过分析柔性防护体系随时间变化产生的位移变化以及落石在冲击过程中对柔性防护体系的冲击时间与能量关系,实现地震后泥石流灾害柔性防治冲击动力的响应分析。实验结果表明,所提方法的的分析准确率较高。     

大寒岭倒转背斜复杂煤层结构冲击地压研究

受大寒岭倒转背斜的影响,大安山煤矿14槽煤后槽形成了极为复杂的煤层结构,其轴部及附近和两翼形成的急倾斜煤层是高应力区,具有冲击倾向性。首先用ANSYS有限元软件建立了包括复杂煤层结构在内的矿山模型,利用单元生死技术模拟轴部及右翼开挖;在此基础上,分析了采场围岩的应力场和位移场,圈定了冲击地压发生的危险区域,分析了冲击地压发生的机理;预测了14槽煤后槽开采的冲击倾向性,并指出在实际开采时,必须采取防冲措施,为避免冲击地压事故的发生提供了技术支持,具有一定的参考价值。     

土石坝安全监测与有限元模拟

土石坝的安全监测包括两个部分,一是关于应力的监测,主要是孔隙水压力的监测;二是变形的监测,包括地表沉降、地基深层分层沉降、坝肩水平位移等.实际工程表明,土石坝在填筑施工中出现安全问题时,超孔隙水压力与坝肩水平位移会明显偏大,结合地表沉降与坝基深层位移监测结果能够对坝体施工安全有效预警.为研究土石坝坝体与软弱地基的沉降、...     

地下通道浅埋暗挖对城市道路结构的影响

城市地下通道浅埋暗挖法施工会导致地层变形和地表沉降。采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS,对地下通道浅埋暗挖施工过程进行数值模拟,根据围岩开挖引起的位移响应和应力响应计算,结合现场实测数据,评价地下通道浅埋暗挖法施工对城市道路路面结构的影响,并讨论长管棚超前预支护对减小围岩开挖引起的路面结构附加弯拉应力的意义。分析结果表明：浅埋地下通道,围岩软弱,暗挖施工会引起显著的地层损失和路表沉降,这会导致沥青混凝土路面结构内形成较大的附加弯拉应力;采用长管棚超前预支护可控制地层损失和路表沉降,并可减小由此引起的路面结构附加弯拉应力。     

受载煤体表面电位效应的实验研究

利用建立的煤体表面电位实验系统,研究了煤体在单轴压缩、拉伸、三点弯曲等不同破坏方式下的表面电位效应特征和规律. 研究结果表明, 煤体在受载破坏时能够产生表面电位, 并且表面电位与载荷呈较好的一致性,它们之间的相关系数可达到0.6～0.9;同时,载荷的变化会引起表面电位相应的变化,表面电位信号一般随载荷的增加而增强, 随载荷的降低而减弱;并且表面电位在煤样表面上的分布是随载荷增加及煤样的破坏而变化的. 通过煤体表面电位的研究, 对进一步深入研究煤体破裂电磁辐射的产生机理, 促进煤岩电磁辐射技术的发展和应用具有一定的作用. 同时,对于煤体表面电位的深入研究,可望为评定煤矿现场煤体应力状态及其稳定性、监测预报煤岩动力灾害提供一种新的方法和手段.     

Evaluation of pore water pressure fluctuation around an advancing longwall face

Large deformations that accompany longwall mining result in complex spatial and temporal distributions of changes in undrained pore fluid pressures around the advancing face. These seemingly anomalous changes are recorded in the rapid water level response of undermined and adjacent wells, and may be explained in the short-term as a undrained poroelastic effect. A three-dimensional finite element model is applied to define anticipated pore fluid response both around the advancing mining face, at depth, and in the near surface region. The results are carefully verified against the response recorded at three well-instrumented longwall sites. Pore pressure changes are indexed directly to volumetric strains defining zones of significant depressurization in the caving zone and in zones of extension adjacent to the subsidence trough on the ground surface. Overpressurization occurs in the abutment region, at panel depth, and in the surface compressive zone immediately inside the angle-of-draw. These results are confirmed with available, short-term water level response data, defining the strongly heterogeneous spatial response and the significance of well depth on anticipated water level response.     

Progressive failure of sheeted rock slopes: the 2009–2010 Rhombus Wall rock falls in Yosemite Valley,California, USA

Progressive rock‐fall failures in natural rock slopes are common in many environments, but often elude detailed quantitative documentation and analysis. Here we present high‐resolution photography, video, and laser scanning data that document spatial and temporal patterns of a 15‐month‐long sequence of at least 14 rock falls from the Rhombus Wall, a sheeted granitic cliff in Yosemite Valley, California. The rock‐fall sequence began on 26 August 2009 with a small failure at the tip of an overhanging rock slab. Several hours later, a series of five rock falls totaling 736 m³ progressed upward along a sheeting joint behind the overhanging slab. Over the next 3 weeks, audible cracking occurred on the Rhombus Wall, suggesting crack propagation, while visual monitoring revealed opening of a sheeting joint adjacent to the previous failure surface. On 14 September 2009 a 110 m³ slab detached along this sheeting joint. Additional rock falls between 30 August and 20 November 2010, totaling 187 m³, radiated outward from the initial failure area along cliff (sub)parallel sheeting joints. We suggest that these progressive failures might have been related to stress redistributions accompanying propagation of sheeting joints behind the cliff face. Mechanical analyses indicate that tensile stresses should occur perpendicular to the cliff face and open sheeting joints, and that sheeting joints should propagate parallel to a cliff face from areas of stress concentrations. The analyses also account for how sheeting joints can propagate to lengths many times greater than their depths behind cliff faces. We posit that as a region of failure spreads across a cliff face, stress concentrations along its margin will spread with it, promoting further crack propagation and rock falls. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Forces acting on bridge abutments over liquefied ground

Large earthquake-induced displacements of a bridge abutment can occur, when the bridge is built on a floodplain or reclaimed area, i.e., liquefiable ground, and crosses a water channel. Seismic responses of a bridge abutment on liquefiable ground are the consequence of complex interactions between the abutment and surrounding soils. Therefore identification of the factors dominating the abutment response is important for the development of simplified seismic design methods. This paper presents the results of dynamic three-dimensional finite element analyses of bridge abutments adjacent to a river dike, including the effect of liquefaction of the underlying ground using earthquake motions widely used in Japan. The analysis shows that conventional design methods may underestimate the permanent abutment displacements unless the following two items are considered: (1) softening of the soil beneath the liquefiable layer, due to cyclic shearing of the soil surrounding the piles, and (2) the forces acting on the side faces of the abutment.     

岩层倾角对顺倾向边坡地震效应的影响

利用FLAC3D软件模拟地震作用下不同岩层倾角的顺倾向边坡,对比坡面峰值加速度放大系数、峰值位移、地震作用结束后坡体剪应变增量的变化规律,探讨岩层倾角对顺倾边坡地震效应的影响。研究表明:(1)在水平地震波作用下,坡面水平峰值加速度放大作用随岩层倾角增大而线性减小;(2)当岩层倾角小于软弱岩层内摩擦角时,坡面峰值位移较小且变化规律受岩层倾角影响不明显,当岩层倾角大于软弱岩层内摩擦角且小于30°时坡面峰值位移增大,大于60°时减小;(3)岩层倾角小于坡角时,残余剪应变增量最大值集中在坡面中下部软弱岩层处,反之,剪应变增量最大值出现在整个坡面并呈弧形区。     

SV波入射下饱和地层浅埋平行隧道动力响应机制

目前城市核心区交叠紧邻的隧道群大量涌现,其抗震安全性问题日益突出,但近邻隧道之间以及与地层的动力相互作用机制尚不清晰.本文针对饱和地层浅埋平行隧道,基于Biot两相介质理论,采用边界积分方程法分别建立了饱和地层水平和竖向双线隧道动力作用分析模型,并与典型算例精确解对比验证了本模型的有效性;在此基础上,研究了SV波入射频...     

Static and dynamic analysis on slope stability using a DFN-DEM approach on the right abutment of the Karun 4 dam

Uncertainty in input fracture geometric parameters during analysis of the stability of jointed rock slopes is inevitable and therefore the stochastic discrete fracture network (DFN) — distinct element method (DEM) is an efficient modeling tool. In this research, potentially unstable conditions are detected in the right abutment of the Karun 4 dam and downstream of the dam body as a case study. Two extreme states with small and relatively large block sizes are selected and a series of numerical DEM models are generated using a number of validated DFN models. Stability of the rock slope is assessed in both static and dynamic loading states. Based on the design basis earthquake (DBE) and maximum credible earthquake (MCE) expected in the dam site, histories of seismic waves are applied to analyze the stability of the slope in dynamic earthquake conditions. The results indicate that a MCE is likely to trigger sliding of rock blocks on the rock slope major joint. Furthermore, the dynamic analysis also shows a local block failure by the DBE, which can consequently lead to slope instability over the long term. According to the seismic behavior of the two models, larger blocks are prone to greater instability and are less safe against earthquakes.