中国地震科学探测台阵数据服务系统

介绍了中国地震科学探测台阵数据中心软件系统开发过程中涉及到的数据库结构,数据快速访问方法,海量数据存储过程中应该注意的事项,以及软件结构等内容.软件系统实现了Web,Ftp及AutoDRM方式的数据服务功能;同时以SEED,MiniSEED,SAC等数据格式提供下载服务,以方便用户的使用.     

测线方位对微动线形台阵探测效果影响研究

微动探测技术是一种经济环保、可靠实用并广泛应用于资源勘探及工程地质领域的新型物探技术。为了探讨测线方位对线形台阵探测结果的影响,研究利用武汉中心地震台实测的小尺度密集台阵数据,对比分析了多时段双重圆形、T形和不同方向线形台阵微动探测结果。研究发现不同方向的线形台阵探测结果具有明显差异,测线方位从北向东变化时实测相速度逐渐增加,且在NE45°角左右时与双重圆形结果最接近。数值模拟结果也显示当测线与主噪声源中心线夹角在30°～55°范围内时,线形台阵探测效果较好,且随着夹角增加实测相速度逐渐增加。在测区周边存在主噪声源时,实测和模拟结果均表明有限地增长观测时间难以弥补线形台阵方位分布的不足。因此,在微动探测实践前应考虑测区周边可能存在的噪声源分布,选择合适的台阵形式进行探测。     

基于微动技术探测盆地浅部地层速度结构1

本文介绍了利用微动技术探测地表浅层速度结构的方法,并在江苏常州地区一个凹陷盆地内进行了一次野外台阵观测试验,采集场地数据的质量良好.利用空间自相关法得到了不同半径下的自相关函数曲线,该场地的自相关函数显示,对于半径较大的台阵,其自相关系数较好;根据自相关函数提取了场地的频散曲线.通过设定初始模型,利用邻域反演算法得到了该场地的基本速度结构和各层深度分布范围;最后通过与场地附近的人工地震剖面进行对比分析表明,试验结果所揭示的土层结构与浅层人工地震勘探解释结果接近.     

基于SeisComP大型地震台阵的数据管理

随着中国科学探测台阵观测系统的建成,大规模流动地震台阵观测项目不断开展。其中,川滇地区安装的由约300台宽频带地震仪组成的地震台阵支持下的"活动地块边界带动力过程与强震预测"探测项目和中国地震局地球物理研究所在首都圈地区进行的约250台地震仪台阵实验探测项目最具代表性,这对流动数字地震台阵数据的有效管理和自动处理提出了前所未有的迫切要求。文中介绍了可用于流动地震数据管理和自动预处理的SeisComP软件及其数据的归档结构,针对台阵仪器众多、参数配置繁琐和数据处理环节复杂的特点,给出了基于SeisComP软件包台阵数据的一种高效管理方案,整合了数据格式转换和参数修正等环节,实现了台阵数据的自动归档和地震信息的自动提取,可以提高数据的管理效率,对台阵地震信息的及时发布和波形数据共享提供了良好的科研条件     

重磁处理解释系统软件设计与关键实现技术

重磁探测是金属矿勘探的主要手段之一,其处理和解释方法技术已得到很大的发展,研发与其相适应的重磁软件是重要的研究课题.在国家863课题的支持下,我们设计并研发了重磁处理解释集成化软件系统.在分析国内外现有软件不足的基础上,我们对重磁软件系统所应具有的操作行为进行了针对性的设计,提出了具有特色的功能设计思路,并进行了针对性的研发实现.为满足深部矿产资源勘探需求和精细化解释需要,提出了更加具有针对性的软件设计解决方案,研发了特色的处理解释模块,核心突出软件的实时可视化和协同交互操作,使软件系统能高效地服务于使用者的目标任务.在优化改进处理、正反演算法的基础上,提出多核并行化方案并实现,提高了软件整体运行速度.最终形成了将数据管理、数据可视化、数据处理及解释有机结合的特色软件系统,为金属矿探测提供了一个高效、有力的工具.     

地震台阵流动地震仪的检测与标定方法研究

流动地震仪组成的台阵观测系统已经成为地下结构、物性探测的基本工具,高质量观测数据的获取是以地震仪的性能为基础的。本文结合中国地震科学探测台阵系统建设与维护实践,介绍了科学探测台阵系统采用的几项检测标定技术,包括超低频振动台标定、仪器一致性组网检测、白噪声标定和现场快速仪器检测,形成了一套适合地震流动台阵仪器的检测标定方法,并在观测实践中获得较好的应用。     

核查台阵、美国台阵与科学探测台阵现状综述

台阵具有不同的设计理念,因而在各自科学研究和地震探测领域发挥着不同的作用。本文介绍了当前正在运行的核查台阵(Seismic array)、美国台阵(USArray)以及中国地震科学探测台阵(China array)的情况,在此详细解释核查小孔径地震台阵与美国探测台阵、中国地震科学探测台阵的区别。     

天然源面波勘探台阵对比试验

为了对比天然源面波勘探不同台阵布局的探测效果, 筛选出探测成果可靠、 效率高和便于野外施工的天然源面波勘探台阵阵形, 在天水市黄土覆盖区的同一场地分别用4种常见的阵形进行数据采集试验, 并对各种阵形数据使用空间自相关法或扩展空间自相关法提取相应的频散曲线, 通过反演得到了试验点地下的浅层速度结构模型. 分析对比试验结果表明: 4种台阵提取的频散曲线数值很相近; 频散谱能量集中度较高的是嵌套式等边三角形和圆形台阵, L形和直线形台阵相对分散; L形台阵低频段(4—8 Hz)比直线形台阵差, 其高频段(8—40 Hz)比直线形台阵好. 针对直线形台阵在高频段信噪比较低的情况, 在确保探测成果可靠性的前提下, 为了提高探测效率, 提出了在同一直线形台阵开展天然源与人工源面波联合勘探的数据采集方法. 实验结果证实, 这种联合勘探方法不仅可弥补直线形台阵高频段的不足, 确保探测精度和结果的可靠性, 而且还能实现“高低”频兼顾, 即“深浅”兼顾.      

用于微动探测的低成本自存储式数字地震检波器

微动探测是利用地球表面的天然震动信号进行探测的被动源探测方法.相对于传统的物探方法,微动探测野外施工灵活,阵列形状多样,受施工场地限制小,对施工环境影响小.目前进行微动探测所用的地震检波器大多成本较高、重量和体积大,不便于运输与大规模布设.本文由微动探测方法的特点出发,优化改造了自行研发的低成本自存储式数字地震检波器,使其性能满足微动探测的需要.通过对地震计系统噪声的详细分析、微动探测原理的讨论,结合现场试验数据,探讨了该检波器应用于大规模微动探测的可行性.     

基于短周期密集地震台阵观测的空间自相关法及其在粤港澳大湾区的应用

基于空间自相关法从粤港澳大湾区短周期密集台阵的21个观测点记录的微动信号中提取了瑞雷波频散曲线,并反演得到了广州市番禺区内布设的台阵下方1 km深度范围内的浅层S波速度结构。结果显示：台阵下方0.25 km深度以内的速度明显偏低,介于1.17 km/s到1.59 km/s之间;0.25—1 km深度之间的速度平稳增加至2.88 km/s,表明通过空间自相关法可以有效地获取观测台阵下方稳定可靠的浅层速度结构。因此短周期密集台阵技术与空间自相关法结合是在人口稠密的城市群地区进行地下浅层的精细结构探测的一种有效、经济、环保的手段,将在未来城市地区的浅层结构探测中发挥重要作用。     

微动多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数反演方法及应用研究

为充分利用微动信号中基阶和高阶模式瑞雷波,本文研究了基于多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数直接反演的方法.该方法首先基于地层介质响应计算多阶瑞雷波的能量占比,考虑实际观测台阵有限台站个数对SPAC系数影响,正演计算多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数,再采用快速模拟退火算法对其反演以获得地下介质横波速度结构.在此基础上,本文通过数值模拟验证该方法的可靠性,分别选取三种典型地质模型,基于模式叠加算法合成理论微动信号,采用本文方法计算其理论多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数并反演,给出反演结果与真实模型对比.我们将该方法应用于上海中心城区的地质调查中,通过与钻探结果对比,进一步验证该方法的有效性.本文理论与实际应用研究表明,基于多阶瑞雷波SPAC系数直接反演的微动探测方法有助于提高反演结果的可靠性,尤其对含软硬夹层的复杂地层介质,可提高探测精度.     

Application of the Spatial Auto-Correlation Method for Shear-Wave Velocity Studies Using Ambient Noise

Ambient seismic noise or microtremor observations used in spatial auto-correlation (SPAC) array methods consist of a wide frequency range of surface waves from the frequency of about 0.1 Hz to several tens of Hz. The wavelengths (and hence depth sensitivity of such surface waves) allow determination of the site S-wave velocity model from a depth of 1 or 2 m down to a maximum of several kilometres; it is a passive seismic method using only ambient noise as the energy source. Application usually uses a 2D seismic array with a small number of seismometers (generally between 2 and 15) to estimate the phase velocity dispersion curve and hence the S-wave velocity depth profile for the site. A large number of methods have been proposed and used to estimate the dispersion curve; SPAC is the one of the oldest and the most commonly used methods due to its versatility and minimal instrumentation requirements. We show that direct fitting of observed and model SPAC spectra generally gives a superior bandwidth of useable data than does the more common approach of inversion after the intermediate step of constructing an observed dispersion curve. Current case histories demonstrate the method with a range of array types including two-station arrays, L-shaped multi-station arrays, triangular and circular arrays. Array sizes from a few metres to several-km in diameter have been successfully deployed in sites ranging from downtown urban settings to rural and remote desert sites. A fundamental requirement of the method is the ability to average wave propagation over a range of azimuths; this can be achieved with either or both of the wave sources being widely distributed in azimuth, and the use of a 2D array sampling the wave field over a range of azimuths. Several variants of the method extend its applicability to under-sampled data from sparse arrays, the complexity of multiple-mode propagation of energy, and the problem of precise estimation where array geometry departs from an ideal regular array. We find that sparse nested triangular arrays are generally sufficient, and the use of high-density circular arrays is unlikely to be cost-effective in routine applications. We recommend that passive seismic arrays should be the method of first choice when characterizing average S-wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V_s30) and deeper, with active seismic methods such as multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) being a complementary method for use if and when conditions so require. The use of computer inversion methodology allows estimation of not only the S-wave velocity profile but also parameter uncertainties in terms of layer thickness and velocity. The coupling of SPAC methods with horizontal/vertical particle motion spectral ratio analysis generally allows use of lower frequency data, with consequent resolution of deeper layers than is possible with SPAC alone. Considering its non-invasive methodology, logistical flexibility, simplicity, applicability, and stability, the SPAC method and its various modified extensions will play an increasingly important role in site effect evaluation. The paper summarizes the fundamental theory of the SPAC method, reviews recent developments, and offers recommendations for future blind studies.     

地脉动空间自相关方法反演 浅层S波速度结构

在近地表地球物理领域, 基于地脉动(或称背景噪声)提取的面波频散曲线反演地下S波速度结构是一种简单经济的工程勘察方法. 本文基于地脉动的空间自相关方法对一个微型台阵观测的背景噪声记录进行处理, 介绍了一种简单易行的提取频散曲线的数据处理方法, 获得了6.7—23 Hz频段的可靠频散曲线; 通过对该观测频散曲线与预测模型的频散曲线进行拟合, 反演得到S波速度结构. 结果表明, 该速度结构与钻孔直接测试的结果相吻合.      

应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构

为了快速而且廉价地获取北京市详细的场地响应和浅层速度结构,应用于地震动模拟和地震灾害预防,我们开展了微动观测技术和处理方法研究.本文利用2007年夏季北京五棵松地区进行的几个微动观测实验数据,使用单台H/V谱比法分析场地的卓越频率及其对应的放大系数,并对比了不同地震仪和观测时间对H/V曲线的影响;应用高分辨率F-K频谱分析方法从微动台阵数据中得到Rayleigh波的频散曲线并使用邻域算法反演出浅层速度结构.H/V结果表明该地区卓越频率在2.1～2.2 Hz之间,对应的放大系数下限约为3;利用微动H/V方法得到的场地卓越频率具有较高的稳定性.微动台阵反演结果给出了比较合理的波阻抗界面深度和层平均速度结构,认为地下80多米处的波阻抗界面是决定场地卓越频率和其场地放大系数的主要界面.本研究表明微动技术应用于评估城市地震场地响应和浅层速度结构是可行且易于实施的.     

Shear-wave Velocity Structure around Teide Volcano: Results Using Microtremors with the SPAC Method and Implications for Interpretation of Geodetic Results

Deformation analysis and simulation of volcanic edifices require the construction of models of elastic properties of those structures. In this paper we present an analysis of microtremor measurements recorded during the performance tests of two temporary seismic arrays installed in the eastern portion of the Teide caldera in 1994. We take advantage of recent developments of the SPAC method and use spatial cross-correlation computations to estimate phase velocity dispersion of Rayleigh waves at the location of the arrays. We show that the extension of the standard SPAC method is valid in the case of our data, justifying its use and supporting the generalization of the SPAC method to single station pairs. The phase velocity dispersion curve obtained was inverted to recover the shear-wave profile at the site of the arrays. Our results indicate that the subsoil structure of the caldera is laterally homogeneous at the scale of a few km about the location of the arrays. We obtained about 315 m of volcanic sediments overlying rocks with a shear-wave velocity of 2 km/s. These results are robust and are a starting point to further modelling of deformation, permanent or transient, at this volcanic edifice, which can be useful in the interpretation of different observed fields. In fact, the computation of deformations and gravity changes due to possible volcanic intrusions in two models; one considering the volcanic sediments and the other without considering them, provided different results in the near field.     

3D soil structure of the Mygdonian basin for site response analysis

The 3D structure of the Mygdonian sedimentary basin (N. Greece) is investigated. The aim of this study is to propose a 3D model of this sedimentary structure that can later be used to model the seismic records currently being obtained by the permanent accelerograph network operating in the area. This model builds on previous efforts and incorporates new data. The geometry and dynamic properties of the soil layers were inverted using data from microtremor array measurements, seismic refraction profiles, boreholes, and geotechnical investigations. Phase-velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves were determined at 27 sites in the basin using the spatial autocorrelation method (SPAC) introduced by Aki [1]. S-wave velocity profiles were inverted from these dispersion curves and the whole valley structure was interpolated using our new results and all previously available data. The proposed 3D model describes the geometry and shear-wave velocities of the Mygdonian and pre-Mygdonian sedimentary systems, and the top bedrock surface. Our results indicate that this 3D model correctly reflects the geometry and dynamic properties of the sedimentary layers. The case of Euroseistest, where the subsoil structure is the result of bringing together many disparate data, could be used as an example for similar alluvial basins throughout the world, where usually only scarce data is available.     

城市微动高阶面波在浅层勘探中的应用：以苏州河地区为例

频率-贝塞尔变换方法(Frequency-Bessel Transform method,简称F-J方法)是一种分析微动信号的新方法,由于该方法采用频率矢量波数变换处理水平层状各向同性弹性模型中时空平稳随机分布的微动信号,所以从理论上可以提取出清晰的瑞利波基阶和高阶模态频散曲线,但是目前还没有相关的野外实验对此进行研究和应用.本文首先采用该方法对上海市苏州河地区采集的城市微动信号进行处理获得了频率-相速度谱,然后提取了多模态瑞利波频散曲线,最后通过粒子群算法对频散曲线进行联合反演,得到了浅地表0~70 m深度范围的S波速度结构,并且利用钻孔数据对反演的速度结构进行了验证.另外,本文还通过对比F-J方法和传统的SPAC(SPatial AutoCorrelation method)方法分别提取的频散曲线,展示了F-J方法在处理城市微动信号方面的优势.本文研究结果表明:(1)F-J方法可以从少量台站(21个台站)短时记录(1小时)的微动信号垂直分量中提取出清晰的基阶和高阶模态瑞利波频散曲线;(2)F-J方法提取的高阶模态频散曲线比传统SPAC方法提取的更加清晰,高频部分(>13 Hz)优势更为明显;(3)联合基阶和高阶模态频散曲线反演的浅地表速度结构更加精确,可以分辨出第四系沉积层中物性相差较小的速度界面和低速异常,在城市浅地表精细结构成像方面具有较好的应用前景.     

煤巷小构造Rayleigh型槽波超前探测数值模拟

对煤巷小构造地震波场进行了数值模拟研究,分析了层状煤层中地震波的传播特征.研究表明:(1)在煤巷迎头前方煤层内以纵波震源激发的Rayleigh型槽波相对于体波能量较强,波列较长,波速较低.(2)沿煤层传播的Rayleigh型槽波在小构造面上产生Rayleigh型槽波反射波,反射Rayleigh型槽波垂直分量相对于水平分量能量较强.沿煤层反向传播的反射Rayleigh型槽波在煤巷迎头面上转换为沿煤巷底板传播的Rayleigh面波.沿煤巷底板可以接收到能量较强的反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波,其可以作为超前探测小构造面的特征波.在地震记录上反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波波至最迟,在时间域与其他波列时间间隔较大,其垂直分量能量相对于水平分量较强,在地震记录上容易识别.(3)在相同的地质条件下应用反射地震超前探测方法,标志煤巷迎头前方存在小构造面的反射地震波能量较弱,受煤巷顶、底板界面和采煤迎头面的强反射波干扰,在地震记录中难以识别.     

Soil characterization of Tınaztepe region (İzmir/Turkey) using surface wave methods and nakamura (HVSR) technique

To determine the shear wave velocity structure and predominant period features of T?naztepe in ?zmir, Turkey, where new building sites have been planned, active–passive surface wave methods and single-station microtremor measurements are used, as well as surface acquisition techniques, including the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), refraction microtremor (ReMi), and the spatial autocorrelation method (SPAC), to pinpoint shallow and deep shear wave velocity. For engineering bedrock (V _s > 760 m/s) conditions at a depth of 30 m, an average seismic shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of soil (AV_s30) is not only accepted as an important parameter for defining ground behavior during earthquakes, but a primary parameter in the geotechnical analysis for areas to be classified by V _s30 according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). It is also determined that Z1.0, which represents a depth to V _s = 1000 m/s, is used for ground motion prediction and changed from 0 to 54 m. The sediment–engineering bedrock structure for T?naztepe that was obtained shows engineering bedrock no deeper than 30 m. When compared, the depth of engineering bedrock and dominant period map and geology are generally compatible.     

基于萤火虫算法的雷瑞波非线性反演(英文)

雷瑞波具有强振幅、低频和低速的特点,在反射地震勘探中通常是需要被压制的强噪声。本文研究如何利用雷瑞波获取近地表地层的横波速度和地下结构,选取萤火虫优化算法进行面波的反演,萤火虫优化算法是一种新的粒子群算法理论,具有稳定、快捷、全局搜索等特点。针对萤火虫优化算法优缺点进行了讨论和改进,通过对理论模型和野外数据的测试应用,将提取的瑞利面波频散曲线反演得到横波速度信息。结果表明萤火虫优化算法能实现面波非线性反演,并具有分辨率高、抗干扰能力强等优点和实际使用前景。