固化粉质土应力应变特性试验研究

对固化粉质土进行了单轴和三轴应力应变试验,分析了单轴应力-应变曲线和不固结不排水三轴应力-应变曲线的特点,初步探讨了龄期、固化剂掺量及围压对曲线形状的影响。单轴应力应变试验结果表明,固化粉质土后期的强度和变形特性变化较小,随着固化剂掺量的增加,单轴应力-应变曲线形状变化明显。三轴应力应变试验结果表明,随着固化剂掺量的增加,其破坏应变和破坏偏应力均呈现正向增长的态势,曲线在高围压下呈现弱软化型,在较低围压时呈现软化型。     

冻结和林黄土力学性质的试验研究

对饱和冻结和林黄土在-2℃的温度条件下进行了单轴压缩试验和围压范围为1~5MPa的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：单轴压缩的应力应变曲线为应变软化型曲线,而三轴压缩试验中各围压下的应力应变曲线均为应变硬化型曲线,围压主要影响冻结和林黄土的初始变形行为,而对后期的变形影响不大;各围压下冻结黄土的体积应变都呈现出先体缩后体胀的特征,总体变均较小;围压对冻结和林黄土的屈服极限和强度影响不大;研究了初始切线模量的确定方法,用修正的Duncan-Chang模型对不同应变范围内的试验数据进行拟合,并由此确定了相应的初始切线模量,发现在0~4%应变范围拟合试验数据确定初始切线模量最为合理。     

不同温度下冻土单轴抗压强度与电阻率关系研究

为了研究青藏铁路路基在载荷下的力学行为,探索新型手段快速准确地估计冻土的单轴抗压强度参数,采用北麓河粉质黏土在室内进行了不同温度的冻土单轴压缩试验,并全过程监测土样电阻率的变化,得到了冻土的应力-应变-电阻率全过程曲线。试验结果表明,在干密度 1.71 g/cm3且含水率 17.83 %下,冻土的单轴抗压强度随温度降低而线性增加;初始电阻率 随温度降低逐渐增大,从-20℃对温度的敏感性开始显著增强;冻土单轴抗压强度与初始电阻率之间满足半对数线性关系,相关性很好,因此测定初始电阻率可准确估算冻土的 。从应力-应变-电阻率全过程曲线来看,冻土在单轴载荷作用下经历的压密、弹性变形、塑性屈服、破裂后各阶段对应电阻率变化趋势是快速减小至最小、稳定增加、剧烈增加,这种关联的变化关系也说明用电阻率法来研究冻土强度及载荷下的变形问题是可行的。     

冻土蠕变指标试验研究

通过不同温度、不同加载应力作用下冻结兰州黄土、黏土、砂质黏土的蠕变试验,分析了蠕变曲线、初始应变、流变起始应变与流变起始时间、破坏应变与破坏时间及相对蠕变指标.结果表明：3种土质冻土的蠕变曲线变化规律大致相同,加载过程中,应变非线性增加,且加载应力越大、温度越高,初始应变越大;流变起始时间与破坏时间都与加载应力、温度有密切关系,加载应力越大、温度越高,越先出现流变和破坏. 对于相同的土质,加载应力和温度对流变起始应变、破坏应变的影响不大;对于不同土质的初始应变、流变起始应变和破坏应变,都是黏土最大、砂质黏土次之、兰州黄土最小. 3种土质冻土的初始加载段和非稳定蠕变段所占的时间较短,但产生的应变却较大;同时,温度越高,相对流变时间越短、相对破坏时间越长,说明非稳定蠕变阶段所占的时间随温度的升高而变短、稳定蠕变阶段所占的时间随温度的升高而变长.     

高温-高含冰量冻土原位旁压蠕变试验

为了研究高温-高含冰量冻土的蠕变特性,在青藏高原多年冻土区开展了旁压蠕变试验。试验结果表明：旁压蠕变曲线可以借鉴Ladanyi的工程蠕变理论来表示;每个试验中瞬时弹性应变在各级压力下的总应变中所占比例的平均值为3%～7%,冻土温度轻微的改变都会引起剪切模量的大幅变化;冻土的初始蠕变应变可以采用幂函数形式来计算,其强化系数k=1.87,应变系数与负温绝对值之间呈线性正相关关系。稳定蠕变阶段的应变速率可以用Glen蠕变模型来表示,其中参数n随体积含冰量的增加而线性增加;若体积含冰量外推至100%（纯冰）时,n=3.85,这与前人通过室内试验得出的结果有些差异。温度较低时,蠕变速率较小;当温度趋近于0 ℃时,蠕变速率迅速增大。     

冻土的单轴抗压、抗拉强度特性试验研究

在寒区工程建筑物设计中,冻土的抗压、抗拉强度是两个重要的力学指标.在负温条件下,对粉质黏土、黄土和砂土进行单轴抗压和劈裂抗拉试验,研究冻土破坏时的破坏形态、破坏机理、应力-应变曲线和拉应力与径向位移关系曲线的形式,分析单轴抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的差异以及这两种强度随土质特性和温度的变化规律.试验结果表明：单轴载荷作用下试样破坏后呈鼓状,且表现为应变软化型塑性破坏特征;劈裂作用下产生沿直径向试样两侧延伸的裂缝,不同土质破坏后裂缝扩展的宽度和深度不同;冻土的抗压强度与抗拉强度均与负温存在很好的线性相关性,随温度的降低而增大;在相同温度条件下,冻土的抗压强度大于其抗拉强度;对于同一种冻土,其抗压强度的温度效应比抗拉强度的温度效应显著.本试验分析结果可为寒区工程的实际应用提供参考.     

单轴载荷下冻土的导电性及机敏性能试验研究

针对青藏铁路北麓河粉质黏土,利用电阻率－应力－应变试验设备,获取了不同温度单轴压缩条件下的电阻率-应力-应变全过程曲线,探讨了冻土导电性能及其机敏性。试验结果表明,在含水率 、干密度 、加载应变率为1 mm/min试验条件下,初始电阻率 、最大电阻率 、最大切线模量对应的电阻率 随温度降低而同步增大;冻土在压缩过程中具有较强的压敏性,随着压应力增大,电阻率变化可分为电阻率减小区、平衡区和剧增区;冻土单轴最大切线模量与温度之间呈线性关系,最大切线模量对应的应力及应变 、 、峰值应力对应应变 表现出温度敏感性,当 ℃时, 、 、 值最小;当 ℃时, 、 、 值随T降低而增大,冻土随温度降低延性增强脆性减弱;当 ℃时 、 、 值随 降低而增大,冻土随温度降低,脆性增强,延性减弱。     

冻结膨胀土应力-应变关系试验研究

通过冻结膨胀土三轴力学试验,主要研究了土体在不同温度与围压条件下的应力-应变关系.结果表明：冻结膨胀土的应力-应变曲线为应变硬化型,具有明显的弹塑性变形阶段;在相同围压条件下,随着温度的降低,偏应力增量随应变的增加而增大,最终达到塑性破坏时应力也随之增大. 通过回归分析,抗压强度与温度呈良好的线性关系.随着围压的增加,土体进入塑性变形阶段时的应力有所提高,抗压强度也随之增加,相比温度,围压对抗压强度的影响不是很大.对试验数据进行拟合表明,应用邓肯-张模型能够很好的描述冻结膨胀土应力-应变关系.     

基于旁压试验土体弹塑性本构模型初探

在大量旁压试验数据分析的基础上,通过曲线拟合,建立了旁压试验弹塑性阶段曲线的椭圆方程,利用土体SMP屈服准则和Rowe流动法则,推导出土体塑性阶段应力增量与应变增量间关系矩阵。在弹性阶段,假设土体应力-应变服从广义虎克定律,建立了基于旁压试验的土体弹塑性本构模型。编制了相应的计算程序,将文中模型计算结果与实际旁压试验曲线进行对比,初步验证了模型的正确性。将本构模型编译为ABAQUS自定义材料子程序UMAT,通过有限元对比分析,文中模型计算变形较弹性模型小,较摩尔-库仑模型大,与模型建立的假设一致。基于旁压试验的土体弹塑性本构模型参数少,且易于获取,便于在实际工程中应用。     

高围压下冻结粘土的抗压强度试验研究

以取自华东某地的深部粘土为研究对象,根据室内单轴和三轴压缩试验的试验结果,分析了高围压下冻结粘土的应力-应变行为与单轴压缩条件下应力-应变行为的异同,并讨论了围压和温度对冻结粘土强度的作用.     

Mechanical and Physical Characterization of Tabriz Marls, Iran

Three types of marls can be found in the Tabriz area (Iran): yellow, green, and gray/black marls. In the present paper, strength and deformation characteristics of Tabriz marls and their stress–strain behavior are investigated by various in situ and laboratory tests. In order to study the deformation behavior of these marls, various experiments such as the pressuremeter test, plate loading test (PLT), seismic wave velocity test, uniaxial compression test, standard penetration test (SPT), and direct shear test were carried out. Ranges of strain at the elastic and failure points were determined. Young’s and shear modulus were obtained. Test results showed that the strength characteristics increase with depth. The value of deformation modulus determined by the pressuremeter test was in good agreement with those obtained from the PLT. This implies that pressuremeter is a suitable in situ test for characterizing the deformation modulus of marl. Deformation modulus obtained from pressuremeter and plate loading tests were approximately 4–5 times the results of uniaxial compressive test and the deformation modulus obtained from seismic data was about 30–50 times the static deformation modulus. Stress–strain curves showed that the maximum value of strain at the elastic and failure points and the minimum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the yellow marls while the minimum value of strain and the maximum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the gray/black marls. Some empirical relationships between different characteristics of Tabriz marls were also derived.     

岩石力学性质的应变率效应试验

以玄武岩为试样,开展了中低应变率下的岩石单轴抗压试验。本次研究分析应变率对岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数的影响,分别提出了岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等参数与应变率之间的拟合关系式。以峰值应力对应的应变和峰值后的软化模量为脆性评价指标,分析加载应变率对岩石脆性的影响。研究表明:(1)岩石抗压强度、弹性模量均随应变率的增加而增加。(2)岩石泊松比随应变率增加而减小。(3)随着应变率增加大,峰值应力对应的应变增大,峰值后的应变软化程度减小,岩石脆性减弱。(4)应变率对岩石抗压强度影响较大,对弹性模量和泊松比的影响较小。(5)曲线拟合效果良好,提出的拟合关系式合理。     

锦屏二级水电站大理岩复杂加卸载应力路径力学特性研究

地下洞室开挖围岩经历典型径向卸载、环向加载应力路径,由此引起的岩体强度、变形特征和破坏机制也不尽相同。针对锦屏二级水电站高地应力赋存环境,对施工排水洞大理岩开展常规单轴全应变、三轴压缩、卸围压、卸围压-加载轴压等4种不同应力路径力学试验,得到应力-应变全过程曲线、变形破坏特征和极限储能变化规律。试验研究结果表明, （1）锦屏二级水电站大理岩破坏时轴向应变一般较小,为硬脆性材料,卸荷应力路径下该脆性特征更为明显;（2）卸围压同时加载轴压试验峰值强度对应轴向应变、环向应变及体积应变值一般高于单纯的卸围压值,而对应峰值强度则一般低于卸围压值;（3）卸荷速率较大时,变形模量越大,大理岩峰值强度越低。加载速率越大,变形模量越小,峰值强度越高。初始围压越高,变形模量值越低,峰值强度越高;（4）无侧限作用时试件主要为张拉破坏,低侧限作用时为剪切破坏为主,局部存在张拉破坏,较高侧限时,剪切面为典型X或Y型;（5）岩石试件具有极限储能值,该值受多种因素的影响。一般情况下试件破坏对应围压越高,极限储能值越高,卸载速率越大,极限储能值越小。研究结果对于岩爆孕育发生机制解释以及工程实际问题的解决均有参考价值。     

青藏高原多年冻土钻孔旁压试验研究

In-situ borehole pressuremeter tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, and the test data were analyzed. The test results show that the short-term strength parameters of several types of frozen soils are linearly related to water content and soil temperature.     

Identifying parameters controlling soil delayed behaviour from laboratory and in situ pressuremeter testing

The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for identifying the soil parameters controlling the delayed behaviour from laboratory and in situ pressuremeter tests by using an elasto‐viscoplastic model (EVP‐MCC) based on Perzyna's overstress theory and on the elasto‐plastic Modified Cam Clay model. The influence of both the model parameters and the soil permeability was studied under the loading condition of pressuremeter tests by coupling the proposed model equations with Biot's consolidation theory. On the basis of the parametric study, a methodology for identifying model parameters and soil permeability by inverse analysis from three levels of constant strain rate pressuremeter tests was then proposed and applied on tests performed on natural Saint‐Herblain clay. The methodology was validated by comparing the optimized values of soil parameters and the values of the same parameters obtained from laboratory test results, and also by using the identified parameters to simulate other tests on the same samples. The analysis of the drainage condition and the strain rate effect during a pressuremeter test demonstrated the coupled influence of consolidation and viscous effects on the test results. The numerical results also showed that the inverse analysis procedure could successfully determine the parameters controlling the time‐dependent soil behaviour. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粗粒土剪胀性大型三轴试验研究

剪胀性是土体显著区别于一般弹性材料的基本特性,与土体的强度和变形特性密切相关。通过4组不同初始密度的塔城砂砾石常规大型三轴试验,研究剪胀性对粗粒土强度和变形特性的影响。试验结果表明,（1）若体变速率（体变和轴向应变均以压缩为正）先从正值减小到负值并达到最小值,随后又有所增大但仍小于0,则应力-应变曲线为软化型,在比值为最小值时土体剪胀性最大,对应于峰值强度,若体变速率从某一正值单调减小并一直大于0,则应力-应变曲线为硬化型;（2）体变变化趋势取决于剪胀性和压缩性的大小,剪切后期若剪胀速率大于压缩速率,则体变先压缩后膨胀,应力-应变曲线呈软化型,反之若剪胀速率小于压缩速率,则体变一直是压缩的,应力-应变曲线呈硬化型。研究结果对于加深认识粗粒土的强度和变形特性具有重要意义。     

A fractional order creep constitutive model of warm frozen silt

A series of triaxial creep tests were conducted on warm frozen silts extracted from Qinghai–Tibet Plateau at temperature of ?1.5 °C under confining pressures of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 MPa, respectively. The applied test stress levels were 30, 50, 60, and 70% of triaxial shear strength, respectively. The test results indicate that the creep strain increases with the increase in applied stress level and there is a stress threshold, based on which the test results can be classified into two types of creep strain curves. The creep strain curve only includes primary and secondary creep stages when the stress level is less than the threshold value. When the stress level exceeds the threshold value, the creep strain velocity gradually increases and the specimen quickly fails in tertiary creep stage. Based on the creep test results, a fractional order rheological element model is established for warm frozen silt, which is also generalized from uniaxial stress state to the three-dimensional stress state. From the analysis on the features of the stress threshold, a creep strength criterion is also proposed simultaneously. Comparing the calculated results of the warm frozen silt with the tested ones, it is found that the predicted results of the proposed model are in good agreement with the test results. In the proposed fractional order model, the relationship between the damage factor and time is established to describe the damage degree of the specimen. Compared with the existing creep constitutive model of frozen soil, the proposed fractional order model has advantages of fewer model parameters, higher simulation precision and wider applicability in analyzing the mechanical properties of warm frozen silt.     

应力状态对粗粒料力学特性影响的大型真三轴试验

土石坝所处的应力状态较接近平面应变应力状态或三维应力状态,而常规三轴试验低估了粗粒料的力学性能。应用大型真三轴仪对常规三轴应力状态、平面应变应力状态和真三轴应力状态（ 0.25, 为中主应力系数, 、 、 分别为大、中、小主应力）下粗粒料的力学特性进行了压缩试验研究。试验结果表明：相同小主应力下,常规三轴试验、平面应变试验、真三轴试验的大、小主应力之差与大主应力方向应变的关系曲线依次变高变陡。某一试验加载条件下,体应变随球应力的增大而增大,初始剪切阶段增加较慢,随后呈线性增大,不同小主应力的体应变曲线较为接近。平面应变试验强度和真三轴试验强度比常规三轴试验强度有较大增长,真三轴试验强度增加百分比大于平面应变试验强度增加百分比。初始弹性模量随小主应力的增大呈线性增大。平面应变状态下中主应力系数随大主应力方向应变的增大而增大,初始剪切阶段增长较缓,之后近似呈线性增大。相同小主应力下,从常规三轴应力状态至平面应变应力状态再到真三轴应力状态,小主应力方向应变均为膨胀变形,且膨胀变形依次增大。同一试验加载条件下,小主应力较小时,应力比（偏应力与球应力之比）与偏应变的关系曲线位于上方。