大陆造山带的大地构造特征及研究造山作用的几种学派—以秦岭—大别山造...

文章以秦岭－大别山造山带的研究为例，介绍了运用“开合律”总结的五种造山带类型。运用抽拉－逆冲岩片构造观点研究大陆造山运动发展，演化的新观点以及运用多旋回造山运动观点对造山带的解释。认为秦岭－大别山造山带是多旋回构造运动的场地，但缺少威尔逊旋回。     

大陆造山带的大地构造特征及研究造山作用的几种学派—以秦岭—大别山造山带研究为例

文章以秦岭—大别山造山带的研究为例，介绍了运用“开合律”总结的五种造山带类型。运用抽拉—逆冲岩片构造观点研究大陆造山运动发展、演化的新观点以及运用多旋回造山运动观点对造山带的解释．认为秦岭—大别山造山带是多旋回构造运动的场地，但缺少威尔逊旋回．秦岭—大别山造山带多旋回造山作用实际上是多期次陆内俯冲和拆离构造的体现．     

完达山造山带原型盆地及可能的造山机制

完达山造山带是东亚环太平洋构造带的重要组成部分,是中国北方唯一的中生代深水活动类型沉积建造出露区。三叠纪—侏罗纪硅质岩－碎屑岩系构成了这个造山带的主体,其沉积序列总体表现为一向上变浅、碎屑颗粒变粗的沉积旋回,其中的硅质岩、泥岩稀土元素以Ｃｅ的正异常为特征;砂岩构架颗粒成分与典型的弧前盆地相同。这些特征表明,完达山造山带三叠纪—侏罗纪的原型盆地是东亚陆缘区弧前盆地的组成部分。构造解析结果进一步揭示,造山带只发育一期透入性的变形构造,与增生杂岩的变形序列明显不同。基于上述结论并结合区域构造分析结果提出,完达山造山带的隆升主要是中生代东亚陆缘型岩浆弧东移、本区卷入科迪勒拉型造山带所致。     

桐柏-大别造山带的剪切带阵列

桐柏－大别造山带在长期的韧性再造和脆性改造过程中，形成了有规律的剪切带阵列，包括韧性剪切带阵列和脆性剪切带阵列。它们是多期碰撞造山和造山期后伸展塌陷的产物，并在造山带的流变学和构造演化过程中起着重要的调整作用。造山带内的镁铁、超镁铁质及榴辉岩岩带则是涉及下地壳及上地幔流变的韧性剪切带阵列的代表。这些剪切带阵列经历了长期的演化历史，具正向的、反向的、螺旋形或旋回式的流变学演化轨迹。     

论造山作用和造山带

造山作用和造山带是地学界广泛使用的名词,但不同学者对它们的理解不尽一致,特别是在与成山作用和山脉的关系上出现混淆现象。造山作用,造山带和成山作用,山脉是两组既有联系又有区别的概念,后者是自然地理名词,前者是构造名词,而且限于挤压作用所形成的构造现象和过程。根据这种理解,笔者将造山带划分为俯冲－碰撞造山带,断裂造山带,推覆造山带,断块造山带,增生造生和转换造山６种类型。     

论全球性中-新生代陆内造山作用与造山带

对不同类型造山作用与造山带的深入剖析,在现代地学研究中占有重要的位置。迄今对造山带类型划分以及陆内（ 板内） 造山带是否存在及其形成机制问题,尚有不同认识。文章在阐明造山带分类准则的基础上,将全球性中－ 新生代造山带划分为陆缘型、陆间型与陆内型三大类。对陆内造山带则划分出发育在前寒武纪古克拉通基础上、发育在前中生代陆缘、陆间造山带基础上两种类型。文内还对全球性中－ 新生代陆内造山作用与造山带的展布特点、形成机制及其大陆动力学意义进行概括论述     

复合造山作用和中国中央造山带的科学问题

在全球大陆范围内,广泛分布的造山带纪录了板块汇聚的历史和碰撞造山的过程,因此,造山带的研究一直是地球科学经久不衰的重要领域。研究表明,世界上许多造山带是长期活动(300Ma)的复合造山带,活动域的宽度可超过1000km,并具有造山前的热结构,是大陆生长的最好见证。近10年来,全球造山带的研究已摆脱传统地质学和经典板块观念的束缚,面临一个新的起点,即由单一造山带向复合造山带研究转轨,由造山类型、造山作用向造山动力学研究聚焦。复合造山带长期活动的原因、大陆增生机制、造山带的流变学结构和造山热对造山作用的控制等已成为当前大陆复合造山带研究的关键科学问题,复合造山动力学已成为当今地球科学前沿——大陆动力学研究的重要内容。中国中央造山带位于北中国板块与南中国板块之间,是中国大陆上一条十分醒目而又极其重要的巨型(长5000km)构造带。中央造山带是经历了大致600Ma的活动历史,泥盆纪和三叠纪的两次碰撞造山以及白垩纪以来的陆内造山过程而构筑成的典型"复合造山带"。在全球复合造山带中,中国中央巨型造山带具有结构复杂性、活动长期性和非原地型,造山过程多期性以及造山带拼贴与大陆增生方式特殊性的特点,特别是世界最大规模的中央超高压变质带及其两期超高压变质作用的发现,揭示了中央造山带的形成还经历了板块汇聚边界洋壳/陆壳深俯冲至100km以上的地幔深处的两次壮观地质事件,使中央造山带成为全球造山带中最为精彩和不可多得的典型,与青藏高原一样,被国内外地学家们誉为当今中国地学研究的"瑰宝"。中国中央巨型复合造山带可以作为研究复合造山过程与复合造山动力学的重大地学问题的范例,重要的核心科学问题是:中国中央巨型复合造山带的早古生代和三叠纪陆块汇聚、碰撞造山过程以及中新生代陆内造山与周缘盆地互馈;两期高压-超高压变质带的时空关系、形成条件和洋壳/陆壳的俯冲-深俯冲与折返动力学机制;揭示和探讨中国中央复合造山带的长期活动性,造山作用的多期性和叠置性,造山热结构以及复合造山过程;洋壳/陆壳深俯冲、复合造山与大陆增生理论的创新。此外,中央复合造山带的研究对于金属矿产资源的开拓、周缘中新生代盆地含油气资源的战略前景以及现今南北中国的气候、环境、人文、地理、生态和灾害的制约提供新的科学依据与动力学背景。     

桐柏-大别造山带加里东期构造热事件及其意义

桐柏－ 大别造山带是多旋回发展的复合造山带,至少有晋宁期、加里东期和印支期三个造山旋回。加里东旋回结束洋壳发展历史,经历了广泛的区域变质作用和局部强烈的高压超高压变质作用,具有划时代意义。桐柏－ 大别造山带加里东期具小洋盆、微古陆、多岛海古地理面貌,总体向北俯冲,最终形成陆 陆碰撞造山带。进一步可划分为三个各具特色的单元：北淮阳构造带是一个板块碰撞混杂带;中间隆起区相当于岛弧性质,但它部分地段曾一度伴随小洋盆俯冲至深处,形成高压超高压变质带;随应褶皱带为大陆裂谷性质,并具某些弧后盆地特征。它们共同构成了大陆造山带复杂的内部结构构造特征。桐柏－ 大别造山带向东被后期的郯庐断裂所截;向西与秦岭造山带相连。通过区域地质和古地磁对比,加里东期秦岭造山带开裂规模更大,蛇绿岩更发育,构成一个向西开口的喇叭形;碰撞时大别造山带先碰,然而逐渐向西迁移     

南天山：晚古生代还是三叠纪碰撞造山带？

伊犁-哈萨克斯坦板块和塔里木-卡拉库姆板块之间的南天山造山带是‘中亚型造山带’的典型代表之一，经历了复杂的构造演化与地壳增生过程。传统上，它被视为华力西期褶皱带或晚古生代碰撞造山带。但近年来，部分学者提出它可能为三叠纪碰撞造山带。本文在综述南天山造山带的蛇绿岩、高压变质岩、花岗岩类等方面研究成果的基础上，讨论了其碰撞造山的时限。我国境内南天山西段碰撞造山可能开始于早石炭世（345Ma），结束于晚石炭世末（300Ma左右）。二叠纪时期，南天山至整个中亚地区进入后碰撞演化阶段。现有资料证实南天山为一晚古生代碰撞造山带，并非一三叠纪碰撞造山带。     

论碰撞造山带的分类

近年来碰撞造山带研究取得了很大进展,为碰撞造山带分类奠定了基础。1992年,Sengor提出了一个三分法的分类。但是,这个分类不能涵盖所有的碰撞造山带,同时其内部还有重叠。本文主要依据参与碰撞的单元,即板块、微板块、前缘弧、残留弧和增生弧,提出一个新的分类方案,即将碰撞造山带分为陆-陆,陆-前缘弧,陆-残留弧,陆-增生弧,弧-弧,陆-弧-陆6种类型。从世界各地的碰撞造山带来看,陆-陆碰撞型是很少见的,也就是说,威尔逊旋回不论在现代还是古代地质历史上都是罕有发生的,而大多数碰撞造山带都是非威尔逊旋回型的。     

西南三江地区造山演化过程及成矿时空分布

三江地区单凭“一次造山”是难以圆满解释的,在此试以“多次造山”和“多期成矿”的思路作出合理的说明。晚古生代－中生代早期为多岛海造山阶段,羌塘弧、江达弧和临沧弧应为前锋弧,其后由一系列弧 后盆地和岛弧或残余弧（微大陆）组成。中生代中一晚期为陆内俯冲造山阶段,推测金沙江带、哀牢山带和龙门山－锦屏山带为俯冲主边界,从而形成该区燕山期重熔型花岗岩带,并控制相应矿产的分布特性。新生代陆内转换造山阶段造成具特征的构造－岩浆－成矿带,具有生成大型或超大型矿床的潜力。     

西南三江地区造山演化过程及成矿时空分布

三江地区单凭“一次造山”是难以圆满解释的。本文试以“多次造山”多期成矿”的思路作出合理说明。晚古生代－中生代早期多岛海造山阶段,羌塘弧、江达弧和临沧弧应为前锋弧,其后由一系列弧后盆地和岛弧或残余弧（或微大陆）组成。中生代中－晚期为陆内俯冲造山阶段,推测金沙江带、哀牢山带和龙门山－锦屏山带为俯冲主边界,从而形成本区燕山期重熔型花岗岩带,控制相应矿产的分布特征。新生代陆内转换造山阶段,造成特征的构造－岩浆－成矿带,具有生成大型或超大型矿床的潜力。     

Orogenic evolution of the External Dinarides in the NE Adriatic region: a model constrained by tectonostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene carbonates

Mesozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the central part of the Adriatic plate (External Dinarides and Adriatic foreland) is still a matter of debate. This is expressed by opposing paleogeographic models: single carbonate platform (Adriatic or Adriatic-Dinaridic) versus two carbonate platforms (Adriatic and Dinaridic) separated by the inter-platform Budva-Cukali basin. Estimates of shortening during Adria NE subduction, that resulted in the development of the Dinaric Alps, differ substantially. The single-platform model involves minor shortening achieved by folding and faulting along steep reverse faults. The two-platform model involves significant shortening achieved mainly by thrust stacking, which resulted in almost complete underthrusting of the intervening basinal deposits.Analysis of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene stratigraphical data from both outcrops and boreholes allows regional correlation and the interpretation of major lithostratigraphic units. As a result, a few tectonostratigraphic units are recognized. The tectonostratigraphy is used as a basis for a new model on the late Mesozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the region.Generally, Adriatic and Dinaridic segments acted as major regional crustal entities of Adria. The upper portions of the sedimentary cover were differentially affected by progressive, southwestward verging thin-skinned deformations during the Paleocene to Eocene (Miocene?). The Adriatic foreland stayed out of the deformations, and is characterized predominantly by wrench and salt tectonics. The regional tectonic map shows arcuate thrust fronts of the External Dinarides. They could be a consequence of both, differential propagation of early-orogenic thin-skinned deformations over crustal fragments separated by transversal faults, and/or differential (isostatic?) movements of the fragments. The collision zone of the Adriatic and Dinaridic segments is characterized by late-orogenic (Oligocene to Miocene) thick-skinned compressional uplift (exhumation), related gravity gliding, and still active escape tectonics (wrenching). These processes masked primary thin-skinned deformations. A significant amount of shortening within and between the thin-skinned sedimentary covers is proposed. Therefore, the question of the general paleogeography of the region and the original NW extent of the Budva-Cukali basin (NE Adriatic trough) remains open.     

Linking deformation, migmatite formation and zircon U–Pb geochronology in polymetamorphic orthogneisses, Sveconorwegian Province, Sweden

Absolute ages of migmatization in the polymetamorphic, parautochthonous basement of the Sveconorwegian Province, Sweden, have been determined using U–Pb ion probe analysis of zircon domains that formed in leucosome of migmatitic orthogneisses. Migmatite zircon was formed by recrystallization whereas dissolution–reprecipitation and neocrystallization were subordinate. The recrystallized migmatite zircon was identified by comparison of zircon in mesosomes and leucosomes. It is backscatter electron‐bright, U‐rich (800–4400 ppm) with low Th/U‐ratios (generally 0.01–0.1), unzoned or ‘oscillatory ghost zoned’, and occurs as up to 100 μm‐thick rims with transitional contacts to cores of protolith zircon. Protolith ages of 1686 ± 12 and 1668 ± 11 Ma were obtained from moderately resorbed, igneous zircon crystals (generally Th/U = 0.5–1.5, U < 300 ppm) in mesosomes; protolith zircon is also present as resorbed cores in the leucosomes. Linkage of folding, synchronous migmatization and formation of recrystallized zircon rims allowed direct dating of south‐vergent folding at 976 ± 7 Ma. At a second locality, similar recrystallized zircon rims in leucosome date pre‐Sveconorwegian migmatization at 1425 ± 7 Ma; an upper age bracket of 1394 ± 12 Ma for two overprinting phases of deformation (upright folding along gently SSW‐plunging axes and stretching in ESE) was set by zircon in a folded metagranitic dyke. Lower age brackets for these events were set at 952 ± 7 and 946 ± 8 Ma by zircon in two crosscutting and undeformed granite–pegmatite dykes. Together with previously published data the present results demonstrate: (i) Tectonometamorphic reworking during the Hallandian orogenesis at 1.44–1.42 Ga, resulting in migmatization and formation of a coarse gneissic layering. (ii) Sveconorwegian continent–continent collision at 0.98–0.96 Ga, involving (a) emplacement of an eclogite unit, (b) regional high‐pressure granulite facies metamorphism, (c) southvergent folding, subhorizontal, east–west stretching and migmatization, all of which caused overprint or transposition of older Mesoproterozoic and Sveconorwegian structures. The Sveconorwegian migmatization and folding took place during or shortly after the emplacement of Sveconorwegian eclogite and is interpreted as a result of north–south shortening, synchronous with east–west extension and unroofing during late stages of the continent–continent collision.     

Multi-mechanism Orogenic Model of the Su-Jiao Orogenic Belt

The Su-Jiao orogenic belt is the eastern part of the Central Mountain System of China. Recent studies on its erogenic system indicate that the Su-Jiao erogenic belt is a complex orogenic belt which suffered at least 3 orogenies of different mechanisms in the Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic and Triassic respectively. The Meso-Neoproterozoic orogenies belong to the Wilson cycle on the plate margins. The belt is a part of the Late Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia. The Triassic orogeny belongs to the re-orogeny of the non-Wilson cycle. Delamina-tion of mountain roots occurred after both the Wilson and non-Wilson cycles in the Su-Jiao erogenic belt. The large-amplitude isostatic uplift of mountains, magmatic activities and basin-forming and mountain-making in the upper crust, all indicate the general significance of delamination in the development of erogenic belts.     

祁连山地区大地构造演化及其性质特征

祁连山地区大地构造演化历经了元古代至早古生代的地槽阶段、晚古生代的地台阶段和中、新生代的地洼阶段。地槽阶段元古代为陆块奠基、成长和扩展时期，早古生代为洋壳化板缘构造活动和陆间碰撞构造作用时期。地台阶段大型沉积盆地发育。地洼阶段以陆内造山－造盆作用和块断推覆构造活动为特征。祁连山地区遭受了三次不同性质的造山作用：元古代未托莱运动的陆块挤压褶皱造山作用、加里东晚期祁连运动的陆间碰撞造山作用和中、新生代的陆内块断造山作用。由上，祁连山及其邻区的构造单位由北至南划分如下：（１）走廊地洼；（２）北祁连地穹；（３）中祁连洼陷；（４）南祁连地穹；（５）柴达木地洼。     

大地构造学研究的新兴前沿课题——造山过程中的流体作用

流体活动研究已从俯冲带转移到造山过程。主要研究如下几个问题：（１）造山过程中流体的运移方式和分布规律，即造山带古流体场的重建；（２）流体在造山过程中对各种地质作用的参与；（３）造山带演化特征与流体活动幕次的关系；（４）盆山成矿与流体活动的关系等。选择研究程度高、具明显的流体活动特征，同造山成矿发育的年轻造山带或其中一段通过多学科综合研究，将使人们更深入地理解造山过程中的各种地质作用和盆山转化规律及动力学特征。     

清流南部地区的滑脱构造

清流南部及邻区广泛存在的加里乐、印支期滑脱构造应是该区造山作用的一个重要方面，它们的形成，发展与分隔闽西北，闽西南两大构造单元的南平－宁化北东东向构造－岩浆带密切相关。     

Intracontinental Orogenic Igneous Rocks and Orogenic Processes in Qinghai-Xizang-Himalaya

Based on the discussion on the intracontinental orogenic igneous rocks formed after India- Asia collision (40 or 45 Ma ),the intracontinemal orogenic processes of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)-Himalaya are traced . Muscovite/two mica granite is considered as a petrological record of intracontinental subduction. Volcanic rocks of shoshonite series are believed to be the products of the orogenic and outside cratonic lithosphere convergence . The intracontinental orogenic igneous rocks are developed only on the margins of the orogenic belt. The pairing phenomenon of the igneous rock zones is regarded as one of the best signs to recognize the special range of orogenic belt . The stage of magmatic activity is a representation and indicator of orogenic episode . Three pairs of the igneous events in Oligocene , Miocene and Pleistocene and their space distribution indicate three corresponding orogenic episodes and the horizontal expansion across the orogenic belt , respectively , On the northern and southern margins of     

胶东和小秦岭:两类不同构造环境中的造山型金矿省

胶东和小秦岭是我国排名前两位的金矿产地,根据对这两个地区的实地野外考察、室内研究及对已有大量研究成果的总结,我们认为胶东与小秦岭地区的金矿床均可归入造山型金矿的范畴,它们分别形成于增生型造山体制和碰撞型造山体制.胶东金矿床形成于早白垩世(130～120Ma左右)与洋壳俯冲(增生)造山相关的活动大陆边缘环境,矿床主要产于中生代花岗岩岩体中,严格受断裂带(NNE向或NE向为主)控制,成矿流体具有低盐度高CO_2含量的特征,He-Ar同位素研究显示成矿过程有幔源物质的加入.综合金矿床及中生代岩浆岩(特别是与成矿近同时的早白垩世郭家岭花岗岩及基性岩脉)的地质地球化学特征与成岩成矿动力学,我们提出在俯冲的太平洋板块后退的背景下,胶东地区增厚地壳中的榴辉岩相下地壳及下伏岩石圈地幔发生两阶段拆沉,强烈的壳幔相互作用最终导致了早白垩世普遍的岩浆活动及金的爆发成矿的模式.小秦岭地区金矿床主要以大型含金石英脉的形式产出于太华群变质基底的脆性-韧性剪切带(EW向为主)中,而与区域内燕山期大型花岗岩岩基没有直接联系,矿床地质特征(如低盐度高CO_2,以变质流体为主的成矿热液)与造山型金矿吻合,He-Ar同位素特征表明金矿床形成时有幔源物质的加入.小秦岭地区脉状Au-Mo矿床印支期成矿年龄(215～256Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os)表明印支期是小秦岭地区金成矿的主要时期,小秦岭金矿属于陆陆(华北与扬子)碰撞造山过程中形成的造山型金矿.