水声换能器

用来在水中进行声电或电声转换的器件。将电信号转换成声信号向水中发射的称“发射换能器”;将接收到的水声信号转换成电信号的称“接收换能器”,又称“水听器”。这种转换通常是利用某些材料的压电效应、磁致伸缩和电致伸缩特性来实现的。在每种情况下,施加某频率的交变电场或磁场就能引起换能器材料在相同频率下的机械振动。与水接触的换能器把类似的振动传送给水而引起声波向外发射。当振动声压引起材料的机械运动,材料又产生一个电压,这个电压被放大,然而在表头上读出并记录下来,或通过扬声器播放出来。用作压电换能器的常用材料…     

一种新型测磁用传感器的设计与测试

根据磁致伸缩材料的特性,从磁传感器工作原理出发,通过仿真分析研究了结构设计和工艺，并对制作的过程进行了论述,讨论了偏置磁场对此传感器样品的影响,以及在地磁环境下此样品所能测试到的最大精度。     

20~40kHz压电圆管换能器设计及测试

提出了一种水声测量领域常用的压电圆管换能器的设计,并应用有限元方法对压电圆管换能器进行研究。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了圆管换能器的有限元模型,旨在优化换能器结构,分析换能器振动特性、电导特性和辐射特性。在此基础上,设计和制作了一个宽带无指向性圆管换能器.结果表明:换能器工作带宽为20~40 kHz,发射电压响应最大值为142 dB,发送电压响应起伏不超过±5 dB,具有良好的水平无指向性的发射性能。     

水下爆炸信号的定位研究

被动声纳中,目标定位的测定只能利用目标声源发出的信号或噪声,爆炸声源与常用的电声式脉冲声纳发射器比较起来,具有某些明显的优点,可代替发射换能器来实现距离和方位的测定.针对水下爆炸声源,采用三元标量阵进行研究,通过确定信号到达各个阵元的时延信息来测定其目标方位和距离,并利用内插方法提高定位精度.实验结果表明,不同位置处爆...     

一种多波束换能器水平旋转控制系统的设计

在多波束换能器一系列指标检测中,需要控制多波束换能器在不同方向进行声波的发射与接收。介绍了一种以单片机为控制核心、以伺服电机为执行机构的多波束换能器水平旋转控制系统。经过实际运行,该系统实现了对多波束换能器在水平面内旋转角度、速度的良好控制和显示,并利用该系统对多波束测深仪进行了声学指标检测。     

低功耗、大存储量海洋环境噪声监测系统的研究

设计开发了一种超低功耗海洋环境噪声监测系统.它能对水听器采集的噪声信号进行自动增益放大、数字滤波和A/D转换,并对原始采集数据用Flash进行大容量存储及回放.系统在屏蔽室和水槽进行了实验.工作稳定,数据采集完整,数据回放处理结果反映了实际情况.     

高频宽带发射换能器的研制

在水声领域中 ,宽频带换能器是一个极其重要的研究方向。许多学者利用压电陶瓷圆柱各种振动模式的耦合 ,研究设计出各种类型的宽带换能器。Ｍｃｍａｈｏｎ１９６４年采用开口式压电陶瓷圆管 ,利用液柱共振频率与圆管径向共振频率相耦合设计宽带自由溢流式换能器。袁易全１９８３年 ,利用有限长压电薄圆管的径、长耦合设计宽频带发射换能器。上述学者均是对低频宽带换能器进行研究。在作者承担的利用超声波辐射提高海水鱼类精子受精能力的研究课题中 ,需要应用水平方向性均匀、高频宽频带发射器。为此 ,通过合理地设计换能器的结构尺寸 ,采用…     

倒置式回声测深仪

倒置式回声测深仪(Inverted Echo Sounder,简称IES)是专门用于精确测定黑潮流轴的,由日本东京大学海洋研究所和日油技研工业(株)研制。 倒置式回声测深仪与一般的相反,它将发射换能器置于海底上,向上发射声波,经海面反射后回到海底,记录这段往返时间,同样能知道水深。IES的整机分可成三部分,①音响部分:以一定的时间间隔发射声波脉冲,并测定脉冲从海面反射回来的往返时间;②记录装置:用晶体管记忆方式将接收换能器输出信号(脉冲传播时间)记录下来;③读出处理装置:观测结束后从海底取上记录装置,读出记录,进行演算分析。     

基于拉依达准则的自适应小波阈值选取方法

根据潜艇磁异常目标信号持续时间短、海浪磁场噪声依赖于时间和位置的特性,应用拉依达准则提出了一种有效区分海洋背景磁噪声和磁目标信号的自适应小波阈值选取方法。采用不同小波阈值选取法对含有海洋背景噪声的潜艇磁目标信号进行降噪处理,通过对比各阈值法降噪后的峰值信噪比(PSNR)和均方误差(MSE),验证了本文提出的自适应小波阈值选取方法的有效性。     

带内全双工水声通信自干扰成分及信道特性分析

在传统以半双工体制为主的水声通信系统中,常将通信信号传播信道假设为稀疏信道以便于后续处理。但通过目前的实测结果来看,在以单独设备的形式进行带内全双工水声通信实现时,由于发射换能器到近端接收端这一短程传播过程受到通信机电子舱的影响,造成了自干扰成分与信道的复杂性。为了进一步了解壳体材料对自干扰强度、传播路径复杂度的影响,以及不同接收端布置下接收到的自干扰信号成分差异,拟基于有限元法对 2 种壳体材料及不同近端接收端位置处的环路自干扰信号进行仿真,并通过辅助仿真验证各接收位置处接收到的自干扰信号最主要成分,对自干扰信道特征进行分析,为后续自干扰抑制及各域干扰抵消提供初步的理论支持与依据。     

Waveform Shaping of Sonar Transducers for Improving the Vertical Resolution in Sub-bottom Sediments Profiling

Vertical resolution is of fundamental importance in sonar exploration and is directly related to the duration of the acoustic pulse generated by the transducer. The shorter the radiated pulse, the higher the vertical resolution. Many sub-bottom profiling sonar systems use piezoelectric transducers because they are reversible and well understood. Piezoelectric projectors are normally resonant transducers, which are intrinsically narrowband. A piezoelectric transducer is usually driven by a tone-burst. However, it is possible to use Fourier techniques to find a pre-compensated electrical driving function so that the transducer radiates a prescribed wider band acoustic waveform. This technique can be applied to synthesize zero-phase cosine-magnitude, Gaussian, and bionic pulses, with a conventional sandwich transducer. Zero-phase cosine-magnitude waveforms provide minimum length pulses (and therefore maximum resolution) within a prescribed frequency band.The aim of this paper is to illustrate the synthesis of wideband acoustic pulses using an underwater piezoelectric projector. The conventional acoustic waveform radiated when a Tonpiltz transducer is transiently excited using a “click” and allows its frequency response function to be measured. This function is used to design the electrical signal which then drives the transducer so that it radiates the shortest pulse compatible with its mechanical response. The significant resolution enhancement of the waveform shaping process is illustrated by its application to a sediment wedge model.     

Statistics of biological noise and performance of generalizedenergy detectors for passive detection

Underwater noise due to snapping shrimp is highly impulsive, and often dominates the ambient noise environment of warm, shallow waters at frequencies above 1 kHz. We report here on the statistics of bandpass snapping shrimp noise data, and on the modeling of the joint distribution of the in-phase and quadrature components using bivariate versions of the generalized Gaussian (GG), generalized Cauchy, and Gaussian-Gaussian mixture models. We evaluate the performance of several generalized energy detectors for passive bandpass detection, by inserting stochastic signals into the noise data. Detection thresholds were measured for an integration time of 0.5 s and false alarm probabilities down to 1%. The locally optimum detector based on the mixture model gave the best weak signal detection performance, with an 8 dB reduction in detection threshold over conventional energy detection. A significance test detector based on the GG model performed 1-2 dB worse, but exhibited better strong signal performance     

Potential performance of parametric communications

From a designer viewpoint, a parametric array should not appear different from any other type of acoustic transducer and should be described by a limited set of design equations together with their range of validity. In this paper, these design equations are stated and discussed. They are used to optimize the acoustic parameters of an underwater communication system using parametric transduction and to evaluate its performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and data-rate limits as a function of transmission range. It turns out that, for a maximum data transmission rate at a given range, there is a set of optimum design parameters which is a function of the array size only. This means that, once given an operational range, the primary frequency, the electrical power, the maximum acoustic source level, and the directionality of the transducer can be deduced directly from the array diameter     

Full scale wake and boundary layer instrumentation feasibility study

Fluid-flow measuring devices intended for full scale use were designed and tested. One device consisted of a rake supporting different types of pitot tubes. This will be used to obtain a velocity profile of the boundary layer of a test ship. The other device was a five-hole pitot tube that was used in a wake survey. The pressure transport medium (i.e. the medium that carried the pressure signal from the pitot tube to the pressure transducer) was air instead of water. This proved to be successful, as the results indicate.     

The use of spectral information in optimal detection of a source inthe presence of a directional interference

The detection of a passive sonar target in the presence of ambient noise and a plane wave interference is discussed. Intuitively, such a detector consists of a spatial filter which nulls the interference, followed by a temporal filter. In this paper we study the role of the a priori knowledge of the spectrum of the interference and/or signal in improving detector performance. We develop three different generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detectors, resulting from different cases of prior spectral information. We show that, for all cases of known/unknown source and/or interference power spectrum, the GLRT detectors are, as expected, null steering systems. The depth and shape of the null, as well as the postbeamforming temporal filter, are different and are functions of the a priori known spectrum. Under the assumption that all signals and noise are zero-mean Gaussian processes, we analyze the performance of the different detectors and we exploit their dependency on the array beampattern, as well as on the source and interference signal-to-noise ratio. This analysis serves to identify scenarios where the use of prior spectral information leads to significant performance improvement     

LabVIEW设计中压力传感器的RBF神经网络温度补偿

在石油平台注水压力监测系统设计中 ,采用LabVIEW虚拟仪器平台 ,嵌入逼近能力强和收敛速度快的RBF神经网络 ,以人工环境实验数据为样本进行训练 ,实现了压力传感器的智能网络温度补偿。结果显示 ,此方法能够在压力、温度变化较大的恶劣环境下 ,获得很高的补偿精度。     

Improvements in acoustic sediment concentration profiling using anLMS compensation algorithm

In sediment concentration profiling, sound attenuation becomes important for high-frequency acoustic backscattering systems (ABSS) when sediment concentration is high and/or the range of remote sensing is long. In the present study, a test of a least mean square (LMS) compensation algorithm was performed in order to determine the advantages over the more frequently used iteration algorithm. Numerical simulation and laboratory experiments in a mixing tank as well as an open channel suggest that the new algorithm is much more robust to white Gaussian noise and fixed-echo noise, and errors do not accumulate along the profiling path. Good linearity of this instrument in concentrations up to 20 kg/m^-3 is found by comparison with a suction-sampler. In the mixing tank, backscattering intensity profiles in concentrations up to 120 kg/m^-3 vary little along a propagation path of 40 cm and fit well to the expected homogeneous concentration. Furthermore, by using the oscillation errors in the LMS solution, a procedure has been developed to compensate for the errors in the instrument constants evaluated from the attenuation between the transducer and the first measuring volume. The feasibility of the proposed instrument-constant compensation is verified by experiments. This allows instantaneous correction of the influence of sediment deposition on the transducer surface which is important when the system is applied to coastal investigation     

"Principal component inverse" algorithm for detection in thepresence of reverberation

Detection in the presence of reverberation is often difficult in active sonar, due to the reflection/diffusion/diffraction of the transmitted signal by the ocean surface, ground, and volume. A modelization of reverberation is often used to improve detection because classical algorithms are inefficient. A commonly used reverberation model is colored and nonstationary noise. This model leads to elaborate detection algorithms which normalize and whiten reverberation. In this paper, we focus on a more deterministic model which considers reverberation as a sum of echoes issued from the transmitted signal. The Principal Component Inverse (PCI) algorithm is used with this model to estimate and delete the reverberation echoes. A rank analysis of the observation matrix shows that PCI is efficient in this configuration under some conditions, such as when the transmitted signal is Frequency Modulated. Both methods are validated with real sonar surface reverberation noise. We show that whitening has poor performance when reverberation and target echo have the same properties, while PCI maintains the same performance whatever the reverberation characteristics. Further, we extend the algorithms to spatio-temporal data. We propose a new algorithm for PCI which allows better echo separation. This new method is shown to be more efficient on real spatio-temporal data     

自噪声有源抵消器性能分析

降低测量平台处本艇自噪声能够有效地提高被动声纳设备作用距离。文章分析了参考输入中含有目标信号的本艇自噪声有源抵消器的性能。通过理论分析可以看出，随着本艇自噪声有源抵消器参考输入端信噪比的降低，系统输出端信噪比升高。同时。计算机仿真说明，只要参考输入中信号分量较少，自噪声有源抵消器仍然可以达到较好的降噪效果。     

用1-3压电复合材料设计低旁瓣水声换能器

报道采用 1 - 3压电复合材料设计低旁瓣换能器的方法 ,可使单个换能器获得低于 -2 5d B的旁瓣级从而显著优化波束。该方法以 1 - 3压电复合材料为换能材料 ,在设计过程中通过控制换能器的辐射面的形状来对换能器实现窗函数加权 ,达到控制波束的目的。本文举例阐述设计方法 ,所提供的实验数据证明了本方法的工程可行性 ,并与国外同类典型产品进行性能比较