黄河水文信息处理的问题与发展

黄河水文信息处理的问题与发展张国泰，胡文杰（黄河水利委员会水文局）黄河是我国第二大河，又是西北和华北地区重要的水资源。４０多年的不断发展，黄河水文事业取得了巨大成就，为黄河流域开发水资源、防治水害、保护水环境、保障国民经济建设和人民生活安定做出了重要...     

黄河水资源量及其系列一致性处理

本文在总结黄河流域水资源调查评价的主要成果基础上,对1956年以来黄河流域水资源情势变化特点进行了分析。在此基础上,初步分析了黄河水资源情势变化的初步原因。研究结果表明,1990年以来黄河水资源变化的特点主要表现在降水变化不大的情况下,水资源量尤其是河川天然径流量呈现逐步减少的趋势,尤其近5年更加突出。河川天然和实际来水量减少,都是气候变化和人类活动综合作用的结果。最后,文中针对目前黄河流域水资源变化特点,提出了可为今后水资源规划和水量调度服务的近期下垫面条件下的黄河水资源量。     

黄河流域水资源利用现状分析

以《黄河水资源公报》为参考依据,对2019年黄河流域水资源利用现状进行分析评价,结果显示:2019年黄河供水区总取水量为555.97亿m~3,其中地表水取水量441.62亿m~3(含跨流域调出水量)、地下水取水量114.35亿m~3。2019年黄河地表水耗水量370.70亿m~3,该值与国务院八七分水方案中可供水量相当,创下了黄河流域水资源开发利用数量的历史新高。     

全球气候变化对黄河流域水资源影响分析

黄河流域处于干旱半干旱气候区,是我国西北和华北的重要水源区,也是我国主要的缺水地区.黄河流域白1972年以来,因来水减少,引水量增大,导致黄河频繁断流.本文选用英国HadCM3、澳大利亚CSIROMKⅡ及加拿大CGCM1大气环流模型(GCM),选用A2和B2排放情景,运用Delta方法进行GCM模型输出结果的降尺度处理,在此基础上采用GIS和SPSS分析了全球气候变化对黄河流域水资源的定量影响,气候变暖使黄河径流量主要呈减少趋势,加剧黄河水资源的供需矛盾.研究结果对黄河流域水资源的优化利用、调度和管理具有重要的意义.     

黄河流域水源涵养区界定

黄河是中华民族的"母亲河",发源于青藏高原,流经9省区,流域面积79.5万km2.黄河流域以全国2％的水资源量支撑了全国近9％的人口、13％的粮食产量和25％的煤炭资源;水资源是黄河流域高质量发展的最大刚性约束.变化环境下黄河花园口站2000年以来实测径流量较前期减少35％,水资源短缺是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展面临...     

黄河水资源现状,问题及对策

近年来黄河下游的频繁断流引起了全中国乃至全世界的广泛关注。本文概述了黄河流域水资源的构成,分布特点,水质污染形势。分析了当前存在的主要问题及其导致水资源供需矛盾和下游频繁断流的原因,并提出了解决矛盾的对策性思考。     

关于黄河治理若干问题的刍议

黄河是我国第二大河,是中华文明的重要发祥地。黄河流域生态环境脆弱,存在严重的干旱、洪捞和水土流失等多种地质灾害。尤其是近二十多年来黄河下游断流日趋严重,引起各方关注。正确分析黄河下游断流的原因及缓解黄河断流的对策,尤其从地质作用角度正确认识黄河的水资源和泥沙问题,为黄河综合治理决策提供科学依据。     

基于自然解决方案的黄河中游国土空间生态修复——以陕西榆林国土空间生态修复为例

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是重大国家战略,要推进黄河流域大保护、大治理,保障黄河长治久安,让黄河成为造福人民的幸福河,在生态保护修复过程中加强对自然生态系统本身恢复能力的利用,突出水资源保护与优化配置,已成为黄河流域及黄土高原地区生态修复中亟需解决的重要科学问题。在分析陕西省榆林市生态特征与生态功能定位的基础上,运用现状调查、综合评判等方法识别当前存在的主要生态问题,比如水土流失、矿山生态破坏、黄河沿岸生态系统脆弱、局部地区地下水位下降趋势明显等。针对性地提出“保持水土资源,恢复自然生态”理念、以保水为主线的基于自然(NbS)的生态修复方案,构建了“一廊两带三区多点”的生态修复格局,形成了4种基于水和NbS的黄土高原地区生态修复模式,布置了16项生态修复工程。通过优化榆林地区生态修复理论与模式,增强对水资源的保护和利用,发展基于自然的生态修复模式,提高了黄河中游生态安全格局,进而促进了黄河流域高质量发展。研究成果为黄河中游国土空间生态修复提供了理论支持。     

黄河三角洲海岸带陆海相互作用概念模式

根据陆海相互作用的观点,黄河流域、黄河干流、河口三角洲及其邻近海区的生态环境相互联系,组成了一个有机的生态系统链,可称为黄河-渤海生态系统。黄河流域的降水量、土壤植被条件使黄河干流具有水少沙多、水沙异源和水资源缺乏的特征。干流入海水、沙通量变化影响了黄河三角洲地区的侵蚀、堆积和发育过程。黄河物质入海后在河口及邻近海域形成了具有高生产力的生态环境和著名的渔场。据此绘出了黄河-渤海生态环境内各环节相互联系的概念模式图,并提出了黄河流域大面积水土保持和南水北调工程逐步展开等新环境下,本区陆海相互作用的研究方向。     

基于GRACE的黄河流域陆地水储量时空变化研究

黄河流域是我国目前主要的煤炭经济可采量和产能聚集地。了解和掌握黄河流域水资源及其变化不仅是推进黄河流域水资源节约集约利用的前提,更是开展黄河流域煤炭矿区生态保护与高质量发展的基础。相较于传统地面水资源监测手段受限于监测点分布和数目的影响,GRACE重力卫星为中长尺度陆地水储量时空变化研究提供一种新的途径。利用GRACE重力卫星数据,开展2002年4月到2017年6月黄河流域水储量的时空变化规律研究。利用纬圈长度加权平均,计算黄河上中下游水储量变化均值,发现黄河不同流段表现不同的变化趋势,且反映出2003年黄河流域水资源变化受到洪水等因素影响。进一步通过箱形图分析黄河流域上中下游水储量的月平均变化规律,反映出该流域“冬干春旱,夏秋多雨”的气候特点与水储量变化的密切关系。采用时间序列分解方法分析整个黄河流域水储量变化的趋势、年周期及半年周期等特征。结果表明,黄河流域水储量变化存在随经度由西向东递减趋势越来越明显的现象,其中黄河上游源头附近区域的水储量变化呈微弱的增长趋势;黄河流域水储量变化年周期和半年周期振幅存在明显区域差异,这与高山融雪、降水量的季节性差别及区域气候环境密切相关。了解和掌握上述黄河流域水储量时空变化,可为流域矿区的生态保护与可持续发展提供基础数据与参考。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.