地形对于气流运动影响的数值研究

建立了二维、非静力平衡的数值模式，研究地形对上游气流的阻挡以及大振幅背风波谷与下坡风的形成。结果表明：地形的阻挡效应受地形高度、大气层结及地形非对称性等因子的影响。数值试验与理论分析都证明地形越高、层结越稳定时阻挡作用越强；同样条件下，迎风坡坡度大的地形容易对气流形成阻挡。此外，分析了地形高度、大气层结、地形非对称性以及基本入流大小对背风波谷及下坡风强度影响的规律，并通过一次实际观测对数值模拟结果进行了检验。     

三维非静力中-β尺度动力学预报模式的应用Ⅰ:数值模式介绍

建立一个三维非静力中－β尺度动力学预报模式，模拟地形的动力和热力作用所产生的大气现象。模式包含以下功能；放弃静力近似的假设；垂直方向采用地形跟随坐标，以表现实际地形的动力和热力作用；用较细的网格以提高空间分辨率和精度；通过他表能量平衡方程计算，反映地表的热力作用。其中太阳辐射吸收考虑了地形的波向作用，他表潜热和水汽通量考虑了植被作用；闭合方案采用O’srten的K（z）闭合方案。     

非静力平衡模式的中尺度非均匀初始场试验和锋面模拟

用非静力平衡二维中β－γ尺度大气模式,选取１９８７年欧洲的一次冷锋过程为个例,以法国的静力平衡模式的模拟结果为初始场,选用５ｋｍ,２５ｋｍ,４５ｋｍ３种水平格距进行了水平范围为２０００ｋｍ的模拟,结果表明：（１）中尺度非静力平衡模式应用非均匀初始场,而不加人为的初始扰动是可行的;（２）扰动量的初始场中π′的精度要求很高,应严格符合静力平衡条件,否则就会产生严重误差,甚至在一个时步内改变垂直速度;（３）５ｋｍ,２５ｋｍ,４５ｋｍ３种格距的对比模拟表明,５ｋｍ格距的非静力平衡模式能模拟出锋面上的多个中β尺度对流,且垂直速度场分布与实际最接近,而后两种格距只能模拟出锋面上的大范围上升区,不能细致地描述锋面对流结构。     

山东半岛一次强降雪过程的中尺度特征

利用非静力平衡模式MM5V3．6对2005年12月3日影响山东半岛的一次强降雪过程进行数值模拟,对其中中尺度重力波（MGW）的特征进行分析。并且通过非线性平衡方程（NBE）对高分辨率模式数据进行诊断分析,较详细地说明了非平衡流的出现而引起的地转适应过程以及地形强迫对重力波产生和发展的作用,和它们对强降雪过程的影响。研究表明：这次强降雪过程中的中尺度重力波波长约为100km。相速约20m／s;在有利的大尺度环流形势下,太行山的地形强迫与非平衡流是其产生的首要机制,而冬季海陆热力差异形成的海洋的热力作用也是造成区域性强降雪的一个重要原因。非线性平衡方程（NBE）对于非平衡流的诊断在确定波动产生区域方面有比较好的指示作用;通过对波动的结构以及维持机制的分析,这次过程中的中尺度重力波符合波导条件和Wave-CISK理论框架,波动能够从环境场中得到足够的能量从而维持相当长时间,从而造成这次罕见的连续性强降雪过程。     

静力平衡模式在中尺度大气模拟中的适用性问题

静力平衡模式是目前数值天气预报的主要模式。近年来随着模式分辨率的提高,非静力平衡模式在中国的研制和ＭＭ５等模式的引进,从理论研究和应用的角度看,有必要对这两种模式在中尺度大气模拟中的适用性问题作细致的分析研究。本文从理论上分析了静力平衡假定下重力波频率模拟的误差,指出其相对误差随Δｘ增大成平方的减少。当Δｘ≥２０ｋｍ时,相对误差小于４％,当Δｘ≤１０ｋｍ时,相对误差可能大于１６％。和一般顾名思义的概念不同,静力模式计算的重力波频率被夸大,计算的垂直加速度也由于略去惯性项而夸大。推导的准静力平衡模式,对静力平衡模式作了惯性项订正,个例试验也肯定了上述结果。     

静力稳定度对大地形降水影响的数值模拟研究

利用ARPS模式,通过调节过大地形山脉的湿大气静力稳定度进行敏感性试验,研究了湿大气静力稳定度对大地形降水的影响。结果表明,湿大气静力稳定度的改变影响了地形重力波的形成、维持和传播机制。当静力稳定度偏小时,地形重力波容易破碎,得不到有效维持;当静力稳定度偏大时,地形重力波又不易形成;仅当静力稳定度达到适合的强度时,地形重力波才能得到有效维持和传播。此外,垂直上升速度分布、辐合辐散运动及水汽的凝结输送等是影响大地形降水强度及分布状况的重要因素。     

GWDO参数化在内蒙古东部地区一次暴雨天气的模拟分析

文章以2011年7月24—26日发生在内蒙古东部地区大兴安岭山脉西侧、宝格达山脉南部的一次大到暴雨天气为例,利用WRF3.3.1中尺度模式对这一过程进行数值模拟,探讨地形重力波拖曳(GWDO)参数化方案对山区暴雨的模拟能力,以及本次暴雨的发生机制。通过模拟结果与实况对比分析后得出:①模式中考虑了GWDO参数化方案较好地模拟了此次强降雨的中心位置和落区及强度,根据暴雨过程中大尺度环流形势及其演变状况,较好地得出切变线暴雨以及地形重力波拖曳能导致上升运动加强,并使得暴雨范围相对集中。而未考虑此方案的控制试验没能模拟出此次暴雨,其在中心位置和降水强度方面都与实况差别较大。②通过流场、涡度场等物理量场的对比分析,比较合理地模拟出了地形对气流的影响,从而使山区暴雨的模拟效果更接近于实况。     

用三维大气-土壤耦合模式进行山地小气候模拟

本文在地形坐标系中建立了一个准静力平衡的三维大气-土壤耦合模式,模式中大气、土壤的耦合通过山地的能量平衡方程来实现,其中考虑了坡地对日照以及日出日没时角的影响。为了增加模式的稳定性,上边界采用了海绵边界条件,侧边界输入端采用了海绵辐射边界条件,输出端采用辐射边界条件。为了提高模拟精度,模式中还采用了静力扣除法。 用本模式对南京方山小气候进行模拟,各坡向的地表温度、1.5m高空气温度模拟结果与观测值吻合良好。此外,还对方山进行了阻塞、冷迳流、山谷环流现象的一系列数值试验,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

一次热带风暴造成辽宁暴雨的数值模拟研究

利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式MM5V3,对1997年8月20日Winnie台风减弱的热带风暴,进行了48h数值模拟。结果表明：MM5不仅比较好地模拟出高空形势场,还成功地模拟出了强降水的时间和强度。应用模拟出的物理量对这次过程进行了诊断分析,并对暴雨形成机制进行了讨论。     

非静力AREM模式设计及其数值模拟II:数值模拟试验

在程锐等（2018）中,我们完成了非静力AREM（Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model）模式动力框架设计。本文将通过理想和实例试验检验其模拟能力。设计理想试验并通过与国际成熟的中尺度非静力框架比较,直接检验非静力AREM三维动力框架在细致分辨率（约1 km）下的模拟性能。可以看出,非静力AREM与ARPS（Advanced Regional Prediction System）、WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting Model）模拟出类似的积云对流结构及演变特征,从而基本确证了本文发展的非静力框架的正确性。结合原静力平衡模式的初始化和物理参数化过程,形成非静力AREM模式系统。台风实例模拟表明,粗分辨率下静力、非静力AREM模式性能接近;但在高分辨率下,非静力明显优于静力模式。我们还开展了批量降水试验检验,对非静力AREM模式性能进行了进一步的验证。     

The Ekman boundary layer over orography: An analysis of vertical motion

A model of the planetary boundary layer is used to determine the field of vertical motion over large-scale orography. This model represents Ekman boundary-layer dynamics modified by the inclusion of accelerations of the geostrophic wind under the geostrophic momentum approximation. The orography is represented by a circular mountain. The inviscid solution is provided by the sum of a constant translation and a steady, uniform potential vorticity, anticyclonic vortex. The boundary-layer solution vanishes on the mountain, but is matched to the inviscid solution as the top of the boundary layer is approached. The vertical velocity field at the top of the boundary layer is determined by integration of the continuity equation. The field of motion is largely determined by descent from above into the anticyclonic circulation, as in the classical Ekman model. Contributions that arise from the inclusion of accelerations are associated with boundary-layer advection and ageostrophic divergence that produce vorticity tendencies. Finally, the boundary-layer vertical motion is shown to be comparable in magnitude to the vertical motion forced by inviscid flow over the orography, although the distributions of each are significantly different. Effects of mountain asymmetry and a changing pressure field, that can be treated more fully by numerical model simulations, are not considered in the present study.On leave at the University of Colorado, 1990.     

DISTORTION AND OCCLUSION OF COLD FRONTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF OROGRAPHY

Following classical theory,a two-layer frontal model is designed.It assumes that frontal surface is the zero-order discontinuity of density.In this paper,the model is used to study orographically distorted and occluded fronts.It is indicated that the distortion and occlusion of cold fronts are different under different conditions of orography.Frontal intensity also influences the distortion and occlusion.Some rules are revealed and compared with observations.In addition,we have analysed the vertical structure of cold front above mountains and found that frontal surface may be bulged under the influence of orography when it climes the mountain.The bulge of frontal surface is just like the bore as pointed out by Long(1972) when he analysed fluid over obstacles.     

地形的动力作用与冷锋锋生研究

本文建立了一个考虑天气尺度水平变形场的二维、滞弹性、非静力平衡锋生模式，对冷锋过山时的锋生锋消机制进行了数值研究，试验结果表明:当无地形影响时，由于变形场的锋生作用与摩擦等因子的锋消作用相互抵消，冷锋最终达到其强度的准定常状态；当考虑地形影响时，地形强迫环流与锋面环流相互作用，使得锋面强度在山前和山后发生变化，在冷锋开始爬坡时锋生，爬过半山腰后开始锋消，过山顶后锋面强度变化不明显或者有微弱锋生，到达山脚后开始强烈锋生，并在地形下游其强度达到最大；总之，冷锋在翻越山脉或从高原移到平原之后，锋面发展的强度比冷锋不遇到地形时的更大。     

Simulation of orographically generated waves in a nonhydrostatic model of an adiabatic atmosphere

Results of numerical experiments on the simulation of a flow moving around an isolated mountain are presented. The influence of the sizes of a barrier and of the flow velocity on characteristics of wave oscillations is discussed. All calculations are carried out with the authors’ two-dimensional (in the vertical plane) version of a nonhydrostatic dynamic scheme, in which equations of the dry quasi-incompressible atmosphere are solved with a semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian method. This method uses large time steps as compared to explicit-implicit Eurlerian methods. The results of calculations agree with results obtained by other authors, which gives hope for finding physically correct solutions in the simulation of nonhydrostatic processes in the atmosphere.     

A study of nonhydrostatic effects in idealized sea breeze systems

Nonhydrostatic effects in two-dimensional mesoscale sea breeze systems are investigated by numerical simulations. It is shown that nonhydrostatic effects are directly contributed by the vertical gradients of the vertical velocity variance as well as by the vertical accelerations. It is also shown that a K-type turbulence closure is not suitable in a nonhydrostatic primitive equation model, and a higher-order closure scheme should therefore be used. Results from hydrostatic and fully-nonhydrostatic models are compared for various surface and atmospheric background conditions, such as scale and strength of surface heating, geostrophic wind, stability, surface roughness contrast, Coriolis effect, etc. It is found that for strongly developed sea breeze cases, vertical gradients of vertical velocity variance contribute most to nonhydrostatic forcing in the lower layers, and that the resultant nonhydrostatic pressure gradient acts against the hydrostatic pressure gradient, so that nonhydrostatic simulations produce weaker systems than hydrostatic ones. For weak sea breeze systems, the difference between the two models tends to be small.     

对称和非对称地形对冷锋锋生过程的影响

本文利用半地转模式研究了对称和非对称地形以及双地形对冷锋锋生过程的影响。计算结果显示，地形坡度愈大，越容易产生背风气旋，并且其强度也愈大；背风气旋的强度主要由背风坡坡度决定。山对锋面垂直速度的增幅作用随地形坡度增大而增大，地形坡度越大．出现多次极大上升速度的可能性也越大。冷锋过双地形时，其锋面强度有两次减弱和加强的过程，上升速度得到明显加强，并有可能在锋前产生多条中尺度上升运动带，在合适的水汽条件下，冷锋过双地形有可能产生多重中尺度雨带，其间隔与锋面本身的尺度相当。     

Numerical studies on cold fronts Part I: Gravity flows in a neutral and stratified atmosphere

Summary We have used a two dimensional version of a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model to simulate atmospheric gravity currents for different thermal stratification. The horizontal and vertical grid increments are chosen such, that the major features of a current like head and elevated nose are resolvable.When the density current propagates into a neutral stratified environment it was found, that frontspeed agrees well with an empirical formula. Also characteristic length scales like depth of the head or height of the following cold air body agree well with observations found in water tank experiments.When a stable atmosphere is adopted, the front moves faster and the generated gravity waves have a significant influence on the atmospheric variables ahead of the current. This results especially in a pressure increase before the front arrives, an effect, which was found in observations, too.Finally, it is shown, that an elevated inversion, embedded in a stable layer, intensifies the vertical velocities and therefore the mesoscale heat flux, which results in a stronger entrainment. For this case a remarkable decrease of front speed is simulated with time.With 7 Figures     

TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF THE DUSTSTORMS OVER EAST ASIA*

The transports of dust are calculated using 3-dimensional(3-D) trajectory method for three cases of duststorms in the terrain-following coordinate system,and the synoptic processes are also discussed for each case.The case of 17-20 April 1980,a severe duststorm was associated with the rapid development of a cyclone over the Mongolia Plateau.The dust moved from west to east across several deserts,formed a typical dust path in spring.The other two were weaker and the dust was triggered by the strong wind behind the cold front from northwest or north.Because the vertical velocity is considered in 3-D trajectory analysis,trajectories calculated should better reveal the transport rule of the dust particles and the results seem to be more consistent with the synoptic processes.The trajectory analysis on the 2-D isobaric surfaces is simpler but can be used only in the conditions with weak vertical wind shear and weak vertical velocity.The difference of trajectories at lower levels between two methods may be caused by the different treatment of orography.     

地形与双冷锋的锋生过程

本文利用半地转模式，讨论了双冷锋的锋生过程及其越过山脉的演变。结果显示，在变形场作用下，双冷锋在移行过程中会发生上层锋合并的现象。在锋生过程中，下层前一条冷锋加强远大于后一条，在上层则是后一条冷锋的加强远大于前一条。地形对双冷锋有重大影响，山的迎风坡对冷锋移行有阻挡作用，并削弱锋的强度，背风坡则加速锋的移行，并加强锋的强度。山对双冷锋的上层锋的合并有促进作用，并造成近地面锋区呈现鼻状突出；地形促使锋区垂直速度大大增大，并导致其产生跳跃式变化；地形对锋的影响限于下层锋区。     

地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究Ⅱ:暖锋、均匀地转流

利用一个有地形、边界层摩擦作用、简化的二层浅水锋面模型,在理论上研究了地形上空边界层流动中地面暖锋的结构及环流分布特征问题。暖锋的坡度主要取决于其暖域地转流、锋面移速,它随锋面移速增大而减小,这与冷锋特征相反。地形对暖锋坡度的影响作用较小。与无地形作用时相比,静止性暖锋冷域中,位于锋面界面附近的闭合正环流系,当暖锋位于地形上游,其伸展范围增大;当暖锋位于迎风坡时,其伸展范围缩小,中心位置上抬;锋面移至背风坡时,其伸展范围重新增大。对于冷域中远离地面暖锋的另一支正环流系来说,当暖锋位于地形上游或迎风坡时,它可被地形完全阻塞于背风侧,地形高度越高,地形阻塞作用越大。在暖锋锋区附近主要存在三支垂直上升运动带：（a）由于边界层摩擦辐合作用,导致在地面暖锋后缘暖区中形成一支水平尺度较小、强度较大的垂直运动带,它随着暖锋移速增大而减弱。该垂直运动带,当暖锋位于地形迎风侧,强度增加;暖锋位于地形背风侧,其强度减弱。（b）在锋区暖域沿锋面存在均匀的上升运动,（c）在冷域远离地面暖锋处,存在一支水平范围较宽,其中心位于边界层顶部附近的垂直运动带,当暖锋位于迎风坡时,这支垂直运动带可被地形阻塞于地形背风侧。