山东半岛南部水温统计分析

利用1997—1998年的水温实测资料对麦岛、石岛海洋站和海阳水温观测站的水温进行了相关性分析,分析表明3个站位的水温相关性较好,但8月较差。利用得到的相关关系和等间距分布法,在推算出海阳15 a的水温后,对3个站位1991—2005年的水温进行了统计分析。结果表明:夏半年海阳的水温最高,石岛的水温最低,而在冬半年海阳的水温最低,对其形成原因进行了初步分析。     

长江口外海域冬、春季水温变化规律研究

收集了1963—1996年长江口外海域水温的观测数据,分析了该海域冬、春季表层、10m层、20m层和30m层不同层次水温的季节和年际变化规律,以及其间水温垂向结构的变化。季节变化上,表层多年平均水温在8月最高,3月最低,底层多年平均水温9月最高,3月最低。年际变化上,冬季在1979年存在一个由冷到暖的跃迁;4月水温的年际变化较冬季复杂,表层、10m层、20m层和30m层水温分别在1979、1973、1973和1975年发生从冷到暖的跃迁。水平分布上,冬季除东南角小范围表层水温降低外,沿岸及北部海区表层水温均升高,春季北部和南部中间海域水温升高,升温幅度由表层至30m层逐渐变小。垂向结构上,冬季表底混合均匀,表层与20m层的年际变化相关系数高达0.97,春季表层与20m层的水温差存在10年左右的变化周期。本文将一些可能影响春季水温年际变化的因素与海温进行了比较并发现,在冷期,春季表层海温与长江口外海域气温相关较暖期好,相关指数为0.79;而暖期的春季表层与20m层的水温差与净热通量相关系数较高,为0.65。     

海洋岛海域在受黄海冷水团影响时期的水温特征

黄海冷水团作为夏季存在并有规律地逐月影响黄海海域的特殊水团,对于它的整体水文特征、形成原因、运动方式以及影响其强度的环境因素,曾有过许多研究和报道[1-4].但是,关于冷水团势力影响海洋岛海域,在海洋岛海域形成的特殊水温特征却未见报道.本文将根据我们几年的水温观测结果结合有关冷水团的资料对黄海冷水团影响海洋岛海域所形成特殊水温特征及其形成原因做以下报道和分析.     

小麦岛综合开发项目对小麦岛海洋环境监测站影响评价

小麦岛海洋环境监测站位于青岛市崂山区小麦岛,建站50年来,通过对青岛沿海海域长期、连续、动态地监测,获取了大量具有代表性的水文、气象观测数据,在海洋防灾减灾、经济建设、交通运输、科学研究和国防建设等方面发挥了重要作用.但根据青岛市政府的综合开发规划,将在小麦岛区域实施综合开发项目,对小麦岛进行整体改造.该项目的建设将对小麦岛海洋环境监测站的水文、气象观测带来一定影响.为保障观测数据的连续性和代表性,文章依据有关法律、法规及规范的要求,运用数值模拟和统计分析等方法,分析了项目建设对水文、气象和大气要素观测的影响.结果表明:项目建成后对验潮井附近海域流速影响较大;对验潮站海域水温、盐度、潮汐影响不明显;对海面能见度、空气温度、空气湿度、气压、风向、风速、降水量、天气现象等气象观测要素的影响在规范允许的范围内;若搬迁后的波浪观测楼位于新月岛南侧将对人工波浪观测比较有利,提高其代表性;海洋大气测点若建设于规划中的新月岛新建测波楼顶,则工程建设对海洋大气监测影响变化不大;工程建成后验潮井附近海域侵蚀、淤积变化状况不明显.     

台湾海峡西部海域温,盐,密度的年变化

本文依据1984年2月～1985年2月,福建省海岸带海涂资源及台湾海峡西部海域海洋环境综合调查资料(图1),并参考该区大量历史资料(含沿岸台站),分析西部海域不同海区,即沿岸河口区、海峡开阔区以及台湾浅滩附近等海区温、盐、密度的年变化,同时对水温进行调和分析,进一步阐明台湾海峡西部海域水温的年变化特征。同时得出海峡区密度的变化主要取决于盐度的结论。     

台湾岛周边海域近16a来海平面变化研究

利用1992年10月至2008年6月的卫星高度计融合资料对台湾岛周边海域（20°～28°N,117°～124°E）多年海平面变化进行分析.研究结果表明：（1）采用改进的月平均水位周期信号的谱分析方法计算多年来台湾岛周边海域海平面年均上升速率为0.34±0.02 cm/a,与该海域内的潮位站结果较为一致.（2）台湾岛周边海域海平面高度变化以1 a周期变化为主,其次为0.5 a、准2 a周期变化.（3）通过计算海平面异常的标准差得出多年来台湾海峡西南部海域海平面波动最为激烈.（4）分析了台湾岛周边海域海平面4个季节的变化情况,指出台湾岛周边海域海平面季节变化的主要驱动力是风场.     

平稳随机序列分析在水温预报中的应用

目前国内外进行海水温度预报主要是应用数理统计方法,平稳随机序列分析法就是其中之一。本文根据海水温度自身前后期之间的关系,采用平稳随机序列分析法,用小麦岛海洋站３６ａ（１９６０～１９９５年）逐旬表层水温观测资料,建立多元线性回归方程,从而算出未来时刻的水温预报值。     

平稳随机序列分析在水温预报中的应用

目前国内外进行海水温度预报主要是应用数理统计方法,平稳随机序列分析法就是其中之一,本文根据海水温度自身前后之间的关系,采用平稳随机序列分析法,用小麦岛海洋站３６ａ（１９６０～１９９５年）逐旬表层水温观测资料,建立多元线性回归方程,从而算出未来时刻的水温预报值。     

东亚夏季风对长江口海域表面水温的影响

根据引水船海洋站 1960 - 2001 年、大戢山海洋站 1978 - 1999 年、吕四海洋站 1960 - 1990 年、滩浒岛海洋站 1984 - 2001 年、嵊山海洋站 1973 - 2001 年夏季 6 - 8 月、秋季 9 - 11 月月平均表面水温资料和美国NCEP / NCAR的北半球月平均 500 hPa 高度场、850 hPa 风场再分析资料,利用合成分析及相关分析方法,分析东亚夏季风对长江口海域 ( 区 ) 表面水温 ( SST ) 的影响.结果表明:长江口区夏季 SST 呈近岸高,外海低的特点.长江口区 SST 冷夏年,东亚夏季风较弱;暖夏年东亚夏季风较强.强夏季风年,长江口区夏季、秋季 SST 偏高;弱夏季风年,长江口区夏季 SST 偏低.     

南海民都洛岛西南暖池的季节变化研究

南海暖池作为影响我国东南部地区气候变化的重要因素,研究其多时间尺度变化特征及动力机制对于更加准确预报我国天气变化具有重要意义。结合海表面温度卫星观测资料和海表面再分析数据,识别和研究了南海民都洛岛西南暖池的季节变化特征,并利用数值模式探讨了其强迫机制。暖池位于民都洛岛西南方向约100 km范围内,中心位置在120.5°E, 12.5°N。暖池整个季节变化过程可分为发展期(10～11月)、成熟期(12～2月)、衰退期(3～5月)、消失期(6～9月)4个阶段:11月份暖池与南北两侧冷水温差达到0.5°C,暖池结构初步形成; 2月份温差达到1.1°C (南侧)和0.7°C (北侧),暖池最强;3月份暖池开始衰退,到6月份完全消失。进一步研究表明,该暖池的形成与地形引起的民都洛岛附近海域潜热通量的空间差异有关:冬季盛行的东北季风被民都洛岛上的高海拔山脉阻挡,在民都洛岛西南背风侧形成低风速区,而在南北两侧形成风激流(风速极大值区)。风速的空间差异引起了海表面潜热通量的差异,导致民都洛岛背风侧的潜热通量较周围海域要小,海表面温度较周围海域要高,从而导致了暖池的形成。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.