2015年尼泊尔M_w7.9地震破裂过程:快速反演与初步联合反演

本文介绍了2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.9(MS8.1)地震发生后的破裂过程快速反演工作,以及后续开展的地震波与少量GPS资料的初步联合反演工作.两项工作得到的反演结果尽管在最大滑动量估计方面存在一些差别,但都一致地显示此次地震是发生在低倾角俯冲断裂上的一次单侧破裂事件,破裂主要朝东南方向传播;断层滑动主要发生在震中至加德满都一带.在加德满都附近区域,其下方破裂与朝东南传播的地震波的多普勒聚焦效应可能造成较强的震感和较大的破坏.对比历史大地震发现,2015年尼泊尔Mw7.9地震的浅部破裂紧邻1934年Mw8.2地震的地表破裂,余震分布与1833年M7.6地震的宏观震中基本重合,其破裂填补了前两次地震破裂以西100km左右的空区,表明此次地震是1934年Mw8.2地震与1833年M7.6地震向西继续延伸的结果.     

Frequency-dependent rupture process,stress change,and seismogenic mechanism of the 25 April 2015 Nepal Gorkha <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> 7.8 earthquake

On 25 April 2015, an M _w 7.8 earthquake occurred on the Main Himalaya Thrust fault with a dip angle of ~ 7° about 77 km northwest of Kathmandu, Nepal. This Nepal Gorkha event is the largest one on the Himalayan thrust belt since 1950. Here we use the compressive sensing method in the frequency domain to track the seismic radiation and rupture process of this event using teleseismic P waves recorded by array stations in North America. We also compute the distribution of static shear stress changes on the fault plane from a coseismic slip model. Our results indicate a dominant east-southeastward unilateral rupture process from the epicenter with an average rupture speed of ~3 km s^?1. Coseismic radiation of this earthquake shows clear frequency-dependent features. The lower frequency (0.05–0.3 Hz) radiation mainly originates from large coseismic slip regions with negative coseismic shear stress changes. In comparison, higher frequency (0.3–0.6 Hz) radiation appears to be from the down-dip part around the margin of large slip areas, which has been loaded and presents positive coseismic shear stress changes. We propose an asperity model to interpret this Nepal earthquake sequence and compare the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation with that in subduction zones. Such frequency-dependent radiation indicates the depth-varying frictional properties on the plate interface of the Nepal section in the main Himalaya thrust system, similar to previous findings in oceanic subduction zones. Our findings provide further evidence of the spatial correlation between changes of static stress status on the fault plane and the observed frequency-dependent coseismic radiation during large earthquakes. Our results show that the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation is not only found for megathrust earthquakes in the oceanic subduction environment, but also holds true for thrust events in the continental collision zone.     

Modeling of the strong ground motion of 25th April 2015 Nepal earthquake using modified semi-empirical technique

On 25th April, 2015 a hazardous earthquake of moment magnitude 7.9 occurred in Nepal. Accelerographs were used to record the Nepal earthquake which is installed in the Kumaon region in the Himalayan state of Uttrakhand. The distance of the recorded stations in the Kumaon region from the epicenter of the earthquake is about 420–515 km. Modified semi-empirical technique of modeling finite faults has been used in this paper to simulate strong earthquake at these stations. Source parameters of the Nepal aftershock have been also calculated using the Brune model in the present study which are used in the modeling of the Nepal main shock. The obtained value of the seismic moment and stress drop is 8.26 × 10²⁵ dyn cm and 10.48 bar, respectively, for the aftershock from the Brune model .The simulated earthquake time series were compared with the observed records of the earthquake. The comparison of full waveform and its response spectra has been made to finalize the rupture parameters and its location. The rupture of the earthquake was propagated in the NE–SW direction from the hypocenter with the rupture velocity 3.0 km/s from a distance of 80 km from Kathmandu in NW direction at a depth of 12 km as per compared results.     

用连续GPS与远震体波联合反演2015年尼泊尔中部M_S8.1地震破裂过程

由于印度-欧亚板块碰撞,位于板块边界带的喜马拉雅地区大震频繁,但对其活动性的认识仍十分有限.2015年4月25日尼泊尔中东部地区时隔80年再次发生8级地震,为研究板缘地震提供了一次难得机遇.本文用西藏和尼泊尔的GPS连续观测数据和全球分布的远震地震波记录联合反演此次特大地震的破裂过程,结果显示此次地震发生在印度板块与青藏高原接触边界面——喜马拉雅主滑脱断层上.北倾11°、近东西(295°)走向的断层面破裂约100km长(博卡拉到加德满都),130km宽(从加德满都深入我国西藏吉隆县),破裂以逆冲滑动为主,平均幅度达到2.4m,释放的地震矩高达9.4×1020 N·m.反演结果还显示,震源体主要破裂分布深度范围为5~25km,应无地表破裂,属于一次盲地震.基于GPS资料推测的地壳现今运动速率及1833年地震的震源位置,我们推测地震在此次地震破裂区域复发的周期可能为150~200a,而极震区以南的深部滑脱断层仍保持闭锁,未来仍有导致灾害性大震的可能性.     

利用视震源时间函数反演尼泊尔M_S8.1地震破裂过程

以2015年4月26日MS7.1余震为经验格林函数事件,利用全国和全球的宽频带记录提取了2015年4月25日尼泊尔MS8.1地震的P波视震源时间函数和Rayleigh波视震源时间函数,并通过联合反演这些视震源时间函数获得了这次地震的时空破裂过程图像.无论是P波视震源时间函数还是Rayleigh波视震源时间函数都呈现出很强的方位依赖性,表明震源断层具有相当的尺度且破裂朝东南方向扩展.时空破裂过程图像清楚地证实了这一特征,并更清晰地显示,破裂几乎是纯粹的单侧破裂,从破裂起始点开始,沿断层面向东南方向扩展~100km,同时沿断层面向深部扩展~80km,形成~125°的破裂优势方向和~5.8m的最大位错.地震的破裂时间历史相对简单,呈非间断性扩展,持续时间约50s.     

基于InSAR和GPS观测数据的尼泊尔地震发震断层特征参数联合反演研究

利用日本ALOS-2和欧空局Sentinel-1A卫星获得的尼泊尔地震同震形变场,结合GPS同震位移数据,联合反演了断层滑动分布特征和空间展布.结果表明:尼泊尔地震的同震形变场主要集中在150km×100km的范围内,且分为南北两个相邻的形变中心,南形变中心的视线向抬升量约为1.2m,北形变中心的视线向沉降量约为0.8m,均位于发震断层上盘.位于形变抬升区的KKN4和NAST两个GPS站,抬升量和南向运动量均达到了m级,而远离震区的其他GPS台水平和垂直观测量均在1cm以内.联合反演得到的断层位错分布主要集中在沿走向150km,沿倾向70km的范围内,最大滑动量为5.59m,平均滑动量为0.94m.断层面倾角在浅部约为7°,随着深度增加,倾角逐渐变大,到垂直深度20km时倾角接近12°;5月12日MW7.2级余震位于主震破裂区的"凹"型滑动缺损区域;主震破裂区的上边界与MBT空间位置十分吻合,主震破裂区主要集中的MBT以北50~60km处,垂直深度为8~9km,倾角为9°,继续向北时主震破裂面以10°~12°的倾角向深延伸,在18~20km可能与MHT交汇.因此,初步判定MBT为此次地震的发震断层.     

Source process of the 14 November 2001 western Kunlun Mountain M S=8.1 earthquake

Based on digital teleseismic P-wave seismograms recorded by 28 long-period seismograph stations of the global seismic network, source process of the November 14, 2001 western Kunlun Mountain M _S=8.1 (M _W=7.8) earthquake is estimated by a new inversion method. The result shows that the earthquake is a very complex rupture event. The source rupture initiated at the hypocenter (35.95°N, 90.54°E, focal depth 10 km, by USGS NEIC), and propagated to the west at first. Then, in several minutes to a hundred minutes and over a large spatial range, several rupture growth points emerged in succession at the eastern end and in the central part of the finite fault. And then the source rupture propagated from these rupture growth points successively and, finally, stopped in the area within 50 km to the east of the centroid position (35.80°N, 92.91°E, focal depth 15 km, by Harvard CMT). The entire rupture lasted for 142 s, and the source process could be roughly separated into three stages: The first stage started at the 0 s and ended at the 52 s, lasting for 52 s and releasing approximately 24.4% of the total moment; The second stage started at the 55 s and ended at the 113 s, lasting for 58 s and releasing approximately 56.5% of the total moment; The third stage started at the 122 s and ended at the 142 s, lasting for 20 s and releasing approximately 19.1% of the total moment. The length of the ruptured fault plane is about 490 km. The maximum width of the ruptured fault plane is about 45 km. The rupture mainly occurred within 30 km in depth under the surface of the Earth. The average static slip in the underground rocky crust is about 1.2 m with the maximum static slip 3.6 m. The average static stress drop is about 5 MPa with the maximum static stress drop 18 MPa. The maximum static slip and the maximum stress drop occurred in an area within 50 km to the east of the centroid position. Foundation item: Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (103066) and Foundation of the Seismic Pattern and Digital Seismic Data Application Research Office of Institute of Earthquake Science of the China Earthquake Administration.     

2015年尼泊尔Gorkha地震强地面运动记录分析

2015年4月25日在尼泊尔Gorkha地区发生M_W7.8地震,距离发震断层约11 km的KATNP台站完整记录了主震的加速度时程.本文根据KATNP台站记录的加速度数据分析了Gorkha地震的地震动特征.结果表明Gorkha地震在KATNP台站处产生的水平向峰值加速度为0.17 g,竖直向峰值加速度为0.19 g,该数值小于科学家们对如此大规模地震产生的地震动的预期,初步推测这可能是由加德满都山谷产生的非线性响应造成的（Dixit et al.,2015）;地震在KATNP台站处产生了地表永久位移,其中竖向永久位移为131.9 cm,水平向永久位移的绝对值为159.2 cm,方向为南偏西19°（199°）,据此可简单推算出断层走向约为289°（109°）.地震产生了脉冲型地震动,影响因素有盆地效应、地震破裂的向前的方向性效应以及滑冲效应,其中盆地效应的周期约为5 s左右,方向性效应产生的速度脉冲的周期约为8 s左右.加速度反应谱显示在0.5 s和5.0 s左右各有一个峰值,前者是由地震破裂的脉冲式滑移产生的大量高频地震动造成的,后者是由于盆地效应和地震破裂的方向性效应造成的.基于阿里亚斯烈度计算的地震动持时约在36~46 s之间,小于与其规模相当的地震产生的地震动持时,并且不同方向上的地震动持时可能与地震破裂方向有关.阿里亚斯烈度随时间的变化比较简单,也反映了Gorkha地震是一次连续的、能量释放相对简单的地震事件.     

2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_w7.8地震孕育过程分析与震后趋势研判

基于作者提出的孕震断层多锁固段脆性破裂理论及板间地震区划分原则,划分了伊斯兰堡—加德满都地震区.从孕育周期界定与主震事件判识角度,分析了该地震区大(巨)震事件的孕育过程,研判了其未来震情.结果表明:伊斯兰堡—加德满都地震区至少已经历三个完整的孕育周期,是一个Mw8.3~8.6地震危险区;2015年4月25日尼泊尔Mw7.8地震,是该区当前孕育周期第三锁固段损伤累积至峰值强度点时发生的一次标志性大震事件;2015年5月12日尼泊尔Mw7.3地震发生后,该地震区再次处于临界状态,将发生Mw8.0~8.2地震.     

2015年11月23日青海祁连MS5.2地震震源机制解及发震构造初步探讨

采用CAP（Cut and Paste）方法反演了2015年11月23日青海祁连M_S5.2主震的震源机制解,其最佳双力偶解：节面Ⅰ走向109°、倾角58°、滑动角21°,节面Ⅱ走向8°、倾角72°、滑动角146°,矩震级M_W5.16,矩心震源深度约为9 km。结合震区的活动构造,判定发震断层面为节面Ⅰ,推测托勒山北缘活动断裂中段为此次地震的发震断裂。     

2015年4月25日尼泊尔廓尔喀M_S8.1级地震强地面运动

2015年4月25日尼泊尔廓尔喀地区发生MS8.1级地震,本文分析了加德满都强震台站的强地震动记录特征,其水平向地震动表现为明显的脉冲地震动,脉冲周期约为6.0s,反映了近场地震动的方向性效应;处于深厚沉积层上的加德满都谷地对地震动有一定的放大作用,且主震的场地峰值频率向低频段偏移,出现明显的场地非线性反应;采用随机有限断层方法模拟的空间地震动分布与宏观地震烈度图符合较好,可以为分析宏观震害提供参考;通过与尼泊尔设计反应谱对比,得出在短周期与长周期段,加德满都台站的水平向地震动的反应谱远高于设计反应谱,说明即使严格按照尼泊尔建筑抗震规范设计施工的建筑结构也难以抵御此次地震的破坏。     

Rupture process of the M L=4.1 earthquake in Huailai Basin on July 20, 1995

On July 20, 1995, an earthquake of M _L=4.1 occurred in Huailai basin, northwest of Beijing, with epicenter coordinates 40.326°N, 115.448°E and focal depth 5.5 km. Following the main shock, seismicity sharply increased in the basin. This earthquake sequence was recorded by Sino-European Cooperative Huailai Digital Seismograph Network (HDSN) and the hypocentres were precisely located. About 2 hours after the occurrence of the main shock, a smaller event of M _L=2.0 took place at 40.323°N, 115.447°E with a focal depth of 5.0 km, which is very close to the main shock. Using the M _L=2.0 earthquake as an empirical Green’s function, a regularization method was applied to retrieve the far-field source-time function (STF) of the main shock. Considering the records of HDSN are the type of velocity, to depress high frequency noise, we removed instrument response from the records of the two events, then integrated them to get displacement seismogram before applying the regularization method. From the 5 field stations, P phases in vertical direction which mostly are about 0.5 s in length were used. The STFs obtained from each seismic phases are in good agreement, showing that the M _L=4.1 earthquake consisted of two events. STFs from each station demonstrate an obvious “seismic Doppler effect”. Assuming the nodal plane striking 37° and dipping 40°, determined by using P wave first motion data and aftershock distribution, is the fault plane, through a trial and error method, the following results were drawn: Both of the events lasted about 0.1 s, the rupture length of the first one is 0.5 km, longer than the second one which is 0.3 km, and the rupture velocity of the first event is 5.0 km/s, larger than that of the second one which is about 3.0 km/s; the second event took place 0.06 s later than the first one; on the fault plane, the first event ruptured in the direction γ=140° measured clockwise from the strike of the fault, while the second event ruptured at γ=80°, the initial point of the second one locates at γ=−100° and 0.52 km from the beginning point of the first one. Using far-field ground displacement spectrum measurement method, the following source parameters about the M _L=4.1 earthquake were also reached: the scalar earthquake moment is 3.3×10¹³ N·m, stress drop 4.6 MPa, rupture radius 0.16 km. Contribution No. 99FE2022, Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau. This study is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (95-07-411).     

甘孜-玉树断裂当江段地表破裂遗迹与1738年玉树西北地震的讨论

对历史记载的公元1738年玉树西北地震的震级及其发震构造目前仍存有争议。卫星影像解译和野外调查发现沿甘孜-玉树断裂当江段分布一条长约75km的左旋走滑地震地表破裂带,其最大同震水平位移约2.1m。综合分析该地表破裂带特征、探槽揭露信息、测年结果以及历史文献记载等资料,认为当江段应为1738年玉树西北地震的发震断层,基于震例类比和经验公式估算该次地震的震级为71/2级。沿甘孜-玉树断裂的历史地震破裂分布显示,玉树段在隆宝镇以西存在近50km长的破裂空段;当江段距1738年地震的离逝时间也可能已经接近其地震复发周期,上述两个段落未来均存在大震危险。     

A Rupture Model for the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake from Inversion of Teleseismic Data Using the Hybrid Homomorphic Deconvolution Method

This study investigates the kinematics of the rupture process of the M _L 7.3 Chi–Chi, Taiwan, earthquake on September 21, 1999. By applying the proposed hybrid homomorphic deconvolution method to deconvolve teleseismic broadband P-wave displacement recordings of the earthquake, this study derives the apparent source time functions (ASTFs) at ten stations located around the epicenter. To further characterize the fault, the kinematic history of the rupture was inverted from ASTFs using a genetic algorithm, coupled with nonlinear iterative technique. The calculated ASFTs reveal that the total rupture event lasted for approximately 27 s. Static slip distribution images indicate that most slip occurred at shallower portions of the fault plane, especially 20–55 km north of the epicenter. The maximum slip reached 20 m at 45 km north of the epicenter, and the average slip throughout the observed rupture area was approximately 2 m. Large asperities on the fault appeared at 25–35 km and 40–50 km north of the hypocenter, and coincided with relatively high rupture velocity. This suggests that the earthquake’s energy may have been released quickly. The rupture velocity decreased upon encountering an asperity, and increased again after passing the asperity. This implies that the rupture required more time to overcome the resistances of the asperities. The maximum rupture velocity was 3.8 km/s, while the average rupture velocity was approximately 2.2 km/s. The rise time distribution suggests that larger slip amplitudes generally correspond to shorter rise times on the subfaults.     

Moment tensor inversion and source rupture process of the September 27, 2003 M S=7.9 earthquake occurred in the border area of China, Russia and Mongolia

We conducted moment tensor inversion and studied source rupture process for M _S=7.9 earthquake occurred in the border area of China, Russia and Mongolia on September 27 2003, by using digital teleseismic P-wave seismograms recorded by long-period seismograph stations of the global seismic network. Considering the aftershock distribution and the tectonic settings around the epicentral area, we propose that the M _S=7.9 earthquake occurred on a fault plane with the strike of 127°, the dip of 79° and the rake of 171°. The rupture process inversion result of M _S=7.9 earthquake shows that the total rupture duration is about 37 s, the scalar moment tensor is M ₀=0.97×10²⁰ N·m. Rupture mainly occurred on the shallow area with 110 km long and 30 km wide, the location in which the rupture initiated is not where the main rupture took place, and the area with slip greater than 0.5 m basically lies within 35 km deep middle-crust under the earth surface. The maximum static slip is 3.6 m. There are two distinct areas with slip larger than 2.0 m. We noticed that when the rupture propagated towards northwest and closed to the area around the M _S=7.3 hypocenter, the slip decreased rapidly, which may indicate that the rupture process was stopped by barriers. The consistence of spatial distribution of slip on the fault plane with the distribution of aftershocks also supports that the rupture is a heterogeneous process owing to the presence of barriers.     

2018年印尼帕卢MW7.5地震——一次超剪切破裂事件

利用反投影方法,使用日本密集台网Hi-net远场垂直分量568条P波资料对2018年9月28日印尼帕卢M_W7.5地震震源破裂过程进行成像,结果显示此次地震的能量释放比较集中,主要集中在10~20 s之间.破裂有两个集中区,破裂峰值分别位于12 s和19 s,最大能量释放区域位于震中南侧约0~50 km内,另一破裂集中区覆盖了帕卢市及周边区域.破裂主要向南侧延展,破裂总长度至少100 km,平均破裂速度约4.1 km·s^-1,属于一次超剪切破裂事件.     

2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_S8.1大地震的同震效应

应用有限单元方法,计算了2015年尼泊尔MS8.1大地震发生产生的同震变形和应力变化.计算中考虑地球为球体以确保远场应力场变化得到可靠结果,采用PREM模型的地球分层模型,考虑了中国地震局(CEA)和美国地质调查局(USGS)各自提供的断层滑动模型.结果表明:尼泊尔MS8.1地震是一个比较典型的低角度逆冲地震,水平位移和应力降较大;地震造成南北方向上的水平位移最突出,且集中在首都加德满都附近区域.USGS断层滑动模型地表最大位移量达到3.5m,CEA滑动模型最大为1.2m;东西向和垂直方向上的同震位移相对较小;同震位移量级在0.1m的影响区域可达300km;地震造成尼泊尔地区最大库仑应力变化可达到MPa量级,地震危险性依然较大.此次MS8.1地震对我国西藏地区有一定影响,特别是雅鲁藏布江地区和拉萨块体南北走向的正断层,库仑应力变化为正,量级可达数千帕乃至十余千帕,应该注意该区被诱发中强震的可能性.     

2018年斐济MW8.2深震:高频辐射过程和发生原因

2018年8月19日,在斐济东部海域563 km深处发生了一次M_W8.2地震.我们首先挑选位于美国阿拉斯加地区的131个宽频带台站构成台阵,选用垂直分量0.5~2 Hz的高频信号,利用广义台阵反投影技术对这次地震的破裂过程进行了成像,然后基于破裂速度对地震的辐射效率进行了估计.结果表明,这次地震总体上呈单侧破裂,破裂方位在3.0°左右,破裂总长度约51 km,持续时间22 s,平均破裂速度为2.5 km·s^-1.但能量释放有2次高峰,形成两次子事件.第一次为前10 s,峰值在7 s左右,破裂速度为2.9 km·s^-1,辐射效率为45%.第二次为10~22 s,峰值在15 s左右,破裂速度为1.6 km·s^-1,辐射效率为26%.结合震源位置、震源机制、破裂速度以及辐射效率,我们认为这次地震是由于俯冲板块前缘受到下部地幔物质上浮阻力引起的剪切失稳所致,起初板块内部的脆性破裂表现突出,致使辐射效率较高,后来震源处高温高压下的熔融耗散特征逐渐凸现,致使辐射效率下降.     

Imaging the rupture process of the 10 January 2018 MW7.5 Swan island,Honduras earthquake*

The 10 January 2018 M_W7.5 Swan island, Honduras earthquake occurred on the Swan island fault, which is a transform plate boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates. Here we back-project the rupture process of the earthquake using dense seismic stations in Alaska, and find that the earthquake ruptured at least three faults (three stages) for a duration of ~40 s. The rupture speed for the longest fault (stage 3) is as fast as 5 km/s, which is much faster than the local shear wave velocity of ~4 km/s. Supershear rupture was incidentally observed on long and straight strike-slip faults. This study shows a supershear rupture that occured on a strike-slip fault with moderate length, implying that supershear rupture might commonly occur on large strike-slip earthquakes. The common occurrence of supershear rupture on strike-slip earthquakes will challenge present understanding of crack physics, as well as strong ground motion evaluation in earthquake engineering.     

2015年尼泊尔Mw7.8地震震源机制InSAR反演及强地面运动模拟

2015年4月25日,在尼泊尔中部发生了M_w7.8地震.本文利用ALOS-2和SENTINEL-1A宽幅数据获取了该地震大范围的同震形变场,并反演了该地震断层破裂的几何特征及运动机制,继而以此为约束资料反演地震强地面运动.InSAR结果显示本次地震造成了巨大的地表形变,LOS向最大抬升量达到1.3 m,最大下沉量达到0.7 m.震源机制反演得到的最优的滑动分布模型表明,断层的走向为291°,倾角为7.6°,倾滑主要分布在深度为12~18 km范围,主倾滑分布范围在长度上达到了140 km,该范围内的平均倾滑角为95°.本次地震最大倾滑量达到5.3 m,位于深度15 km处.累计释放地震矩达 6.5×10²⁰N·m,约合矩震级M_w7.8.该地震发生在印度与欧亚板块俯冲逆冲界面之间,发震构造推断为主喜马拉雅逆冲断裂,属于典型的喜马拉雅型——低角度逆断层型强震.以该滑动分布模型参数为基础利用随机振动的有限断层模型进行尼泊尔地震的强地面运动模拟,结果显示最大地震烈度为Ⅸ度,烈度分布的范围及烈度等级与USGS模型结果对比具有很高的符合度.