基于DEA-ESDA的农业生态效率评价及时空分异研究

采用考虑非期望产出的SBM(Slack-Based Measure)模型,结合探索性空间数据分析方法（ESDA）,对甘肃省各县（区）2000~2014年的农业生态效率及空间分布格局进行实证分析。结果表明：① 考虑非期望产出和不考虑非期望产出的农业生态效率之间存在着明显差异,而考虑非期望产出的农业生态效率结果更符合实际情况。② 在研究期内甘肃省农业生态效率呈持续上升态势,但整体效率偏低;空间变化趋势呈现自西向东、自南向北递减态势,但南北差异小于东西差异。③ 从全局空间分异来看,除2001~2003年外,甘肃省各县（区）农业生态效率呈现正相关特征,空间集聚现象显著;从局部空间分异来看,处于空间正相关地区数量在研究期内逐渐下降,区域农业生态效率的集聚现象减弱。农业生态效率高高（HH）集聚主要分布在河西走廊及甘南地区,空间上具有明显的向邻接地区扩散的趋势;低低（LL）集聚主要分布在甘肃省中部地区,空间分布较为稳定。     

黄河流域城市生态效率演化特征及门槛效应

基于非期望产出视角测度黄河流域城市生态效率,探讨2003—2017年黄河流域城市生态效率时空演化特征及资源禀赋的门槛效应。结果表明：① 黄河流域城市生态效率呈稳步上升态势,但全域和资源型城市表现出一定梯度效应,有两极分化现象;② 各城市生态效率总体呈东高西低、南高北低格局,并存在显著空间溢出效应,不同类型城市演化存在显著的时空惯性。③ 资源禀赋存在显著门槛效应,资源型城市生产性服务业集聚与生态效率呈“U”型关系,制造业集聚在跨过门槛值后会产生抑制作用,产业协同集聚则始终具有正向作用;非资源型城市资源禀赋会削弱生产性服务业集聚的促进作用,制造业集聚及产业协同集聚的影响跨过门槛值后不显著。     

中国沿海省区海洋生态效率空间格局演化及影响因素分析

采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国沿海11省区（不包括港澳台地区）海洋生态效率进行测算,借助重心模型定量刻画了2001~2015年沿海省区海洋生态效率空间格局演化特征,并基于VAR模型探究空间格局演化与其影响因素之间的动态关系。结果表明：① 沿海省区海洋生态效率呈现上升趋势,天津、上海、江苏、福建、广东海洋生态效率由相对无效跃升至相对有效,辽宁、山东、海南由相对无效上升至相对低效,河北、浙江、广西始终处于相对无效水平。② 海洋生态效率重心移动路径可分为“2001~2006年东北方向迁移阶段”和“2006~2015年西南方向迁移阶段”,但重心移动范围主要位于长三角地区。③ 针对海洋生态效率空间格局演化影响因素的分析表明,海洋产业结构对海洋生态效率的影响呈正负波动态势但以正向促进为主,随着产业结构的不断优化,负向作用不断减弱;海洋科技水平对海洋生态效率会产生显著的正向推动作用和持续效益,在海洋生态效率变动的初期刺激作用尤为强烈;环境规制作为末端处理对海洋生态效率的影响并不显著。     

基于非期望产出的城市发展效率时空差异探讨——以中国东部沿海地区城市为例

基于非期望产出视角,采用SBM模型测度2005~2014年中国东部沿海地区53个城市（不包括港、澳、台、三沙市）的城市发展效率,并分析其时空差异特征及其影响因素。结果表明：① 考虑非期望产出的城市发展效率值低于不考虑非期望产出的城市发展效率值,并且更符合城市实际发展; ② 中国东部沿海地区城市发展效率整体水平不高,波动幅度大,阶段特征明显,整体呈先上升后下降的趋势;③ 在时空分析特征中,城市发展效率的区域差异明显,近2 a有缩小的趋势;整体城市发展效率空间呈现“北部围绕青岛市,中部围绕上海市,南部围绕深圳市”的发展格局;④ 在影响因素分析中,经济规模对城市发展效率产生正向影响,第二产业结构水平和污染处理能力对城市发展效率产生负向影响,传统的加工制造业、高耗能重污染工业和污染处理不到位是导致城市发展效率降低的主要原因。     

山东省县域生态效率测算与时空特征分析

基于多源遥感数据提取投入产出数据,采用考虑非期望产出的超效率EBM模型对2000—2015年山东省县域生态效率进行测度,在此基础上采用核密度估计、空间自相关等方法对山东省县域生态效率的时空特征进行分析。研究表明：①山东省县域生态效率呈现波动式发展趋势;高值区与低值区存在显著空间分化,胶东半岛与济南都市圈构成高值集聚区,鲁西北、鲁西南、鲁南地区形成低值连绵带;②山东省县域生态效率无明显的两极分化现象,处于高值区、低值区的县域生态效率值变化较大,生态效率空间非均衡性逐渐扩大;③山东省县域生态效率存在显著空间正相关,且空间集聚性呈现增强态势;县域生态效率存在空间俱乐部趋同特征。     

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区生态效率时空演变及影响因素分析

选取2010—2020年黄河三角洲高效生态经济区19个县域单元相关数据,采用非期望SBM模型测算生态效率,并借助核密度估计和聚类分析等方法考察区域生态效率的时空演变特征,在此基础上运用Tobit模型探讨生态效率驱动因素。结果表明：黄河三角洲高效生态经济区整体生态效率以2016年为分水岭,前期保持平稳,后期因新旧动能转换不畅问题而出现下降,经调整后开始回升。县域间生态效率差异明显,呈现高值区与低值区交叉分布的“川”字型空间格局,19个县域可依据生态效率变动情况分为4类,其中中低位县域波动更为显著。对区域整体而言,科技创新水平、环境治理能力与基础设施保障程度促进生态效率提升,产业结构与对外开放程度具有抑制作用,城镇化水平对生态效率变动影响不显著,生态效率关键驱动因素在时空上均存在异质性。     

生态效率区域差异及其与产业结构升级交互空间溢出效应

基于包含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型测度中国30个省际地区生态效率,采用基尼系数、对数离差均值及泰尔指数分析不同地区生态效率差异情况,运用空间联立方程模型探讨产业结构升级与生态效率间的交互效应与空间效应。主要结论为：① 中国生态效率整体水平较低且发展不均衡,东部地区高于中西部地区,西部地区高于中部地区;② 基尼系数、对数离差均值及泰尔指数3个指标显示,东部地区省际间生态效率存在较大差异,且差异变化程度并没有显著改善,中部地区省际间生态效率差异较小,西部地区省际间生态效率差异呈现先下降,后上升,再下降的趋势。③ 产业结构升级与生态效率存在双向互促作用,产业结构升级与生态效率均存在正向溢出效应,并且产业结构升级与生态效率存在正向交互空间溢出效应。     

天津七里海湿地旅游用地生态效率评价

结合能值分析的方法,采用考虑非期望产出的Super-SBM(Super slacks based measure,SBM)模型,对七里海湿地旅游用地进行了生态效率评价。研究结果表明,2001~2014年七里海湿地旅游用地生态效率波动变化,平均值为0.936,整体生态效率水平较好;投入产出冗余分析结果显示,2001~2014年,期望产出严重不足和非期望产出冗余是七里海湿地旅游用地生态效率损失的主要原因。     

中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应

能源生态效率兼顾能源利用中的生态效益与经济效益,是对能源—环境—经济3E系统效率的度量。基于考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国1997-2012年省际能源生态效率进行测度,从空间格局规模、格局强度与格局纹理三个方面分析能源生态效率的空间分布特征和演变规律,运用空间计量模型验证中国省际能源生态效率的空间溢出效应及其影响因素。研究表明:1中国能源生态效率整体偏低,低效率省份约占40%,广东、海南、福建位于能源生态效率值的最前沿,宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆为主要的低能效地区。全国能源生态效率总体上呈U型演变格局,局部地区主要有增长型、波动型、突变型和平稳型等4种演变类型;2中国能源生态效率在省际尺度上表现出显著的全局与局部空间集聚特征,高高集聚区主要分布在东部沿海和南部沿海地区,低低集聚区主要分布在西北地区和黄河中游地区。空间格局的变化主要发生在高低集聚区与低高集聚区,其中又以京津冀地区的集聚类型演变最为显著;3中国能源生态效率存在着明显的空间效应,某一地区的能源生态效率对相邻地区的空间溢出程度均强于相邻地区的误差冲击对该地区的影响程度;在影响能源生态效率空间效应的诸多因素中,产业结构的影响最大。     

陇东黄土高原农业生态效率的时空演变分析——以庆阳市为例

以地处黄土高原的庆阳市为例,基于世界可持续发展工商理事会(WBCSD)对生态效率内涵的界定,应用数据包络分析(DEA)中的非期望产出SBM模型,对2001~2011年间该地区农业生态效率的时空演变进行分析,结果表明:庆阳市农业生态效率总体上呈现下降趋势,其空间差异在不断扩大。依据生态效率的空间分布状况,基本可以将庆阳市分为2种类型:生态环境较好、水资源较为充沛、农业较为发达的西峰区、合水县、宁县和正宁县的农业生态效率相对较高;而生态环境较为脆弱、水资源短缺的庆城县、华池县、环县和镇原县的农业生态效率较低,主要原因在于要素投入比例失调、资源利用率低和非期望产出的过度冗余。基于此对生态效率较低地区的农业投入要素冗余状况进行了分析,明确农业生态效率改进的方向,为提高农业生态效率提供参考。     

Study of spatial patterns and spatial effects of energy eco-efficiency in China

Energy eco-efficiency is a concept integrating ecological and economic benefits arising from energy utilization and serves as a measure of efficiency in the energy–environment–economy system. Using the slacks-based measure (SBM) model considering undesirable output, this study first measures the energy eco-efficiency of provinces in China from 1997 to 2012. It then analyzes the spatial distribution and evolution of energy eco-efficiency from three aspects: scale, intensity, and grain of spatial patterns. Finally, it examines the spatial spillover effects and influencing factors of energy eco-efficiency in different provinces by means of a spatial econometric model. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The overall energy eco-efficiency is relatively low in China, with energy-inefficient regions accounting for about 40%. Guangdong, Hainan and Fujian provinces enjoy the highest energy eco-efficiency, while Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang are representative regions with low efficiency. Thus, the pattern of evolution of China’s overall energy eco-efficiency is U-shaped. Among local regions, four main patterns of evolution are found: increasing, fluctuating, mutating, and leveling. (2) At the provincial level, China’s energy eco-efficiency features significant spatial agglomeration both globally and locally. High–high agglomeration occurs mainly in the eastern and southern coastal regions and low–low agglomeration in the northwestern region and the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Changes in spatial patterns have occurred mainly in areas with high–low and low–high agglomeration, with the most remarkable change taking place in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. (3) There exist significant spatial effects of energy eco-efficiency among provinces in China. For the energy eco-efficiency of a given region, spatial spillovers from adjacent regions outweigh the influence of errors in adjacent regions. Industrial structure has the greatest influence on energy eco-efficiency.     

Regional eco-efficiency evaluation and spatial pattern analysis of the Yangtze River Economic Zone

The environmental ecology of the Yangtze River Economic Zone(YREZ) faces ecological function decline, deterioration and degradation under intense human activities, long-term development and utilization and its economy has developed rapidly over recent decades. Eco-efficiency is considered as a measure of coordinated development of economy, resources, environment and ecology, and is currently considered a very important issue. In this paper, based on the slack-based measure and data envelope analysis model, we take 129 prefecture-level cities of the YREZ as the study unit and measure the eco-efficiency of the YREZ in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, which considers undesired output. The evaluation of the status quo of the regional eco-efficiency development was carried out at provincial, prefectural and city scales. The spatial autocorrelation test model and standard deviation ellipse were used to analyze the spatially distributed characteristics and the evolutionary regularity of eco-efficiency. Our study suggested that the eco-efficiency value varied significantly at different spatiotemporal scales and the overall distribution presented an "N-shaped" pattern, the value is the largest downstream and the smallest upstream. Regional eco-efficiency presented certain volatility in growth and a clear spatial positive agglomeration trend from 2000 to 2015. The spatial distribution of each agglomeration area was also significantly different, forming some high-high agglomeration areas at the center of the shaft with Shanghai and surrounding cities, and some low-low agglomeration areas at the center with middle reaches and upstream cities. The low-high over-aggregation and high-low polarization clusters were fewer. At the same time, with the change of the research period, the degree of positive agglomeration became increasingly pronounced and the eco-efficiency gap of the neighborhoodunit reduced. The regional eco-efficiency value of the YREZ presented a spatial distribution pattern in the northeast-southwest axis and the evolutionary pattern of the regional eco-efficiency similarly showed a northeast-southwest orientation.     

环渤海地区海洋经济增长质量空间溢出效应研究

海洋经济向质量效益型转变是建设海洋强国的新要求。通过构建海洋经济?地理距离空间权重矩阵对2000—2014年环渤海地区17个沿海地级市海洋经济增长质量主体的空间交互作用及空间效应进行研究;借助空间计量模型对海洋经济增长质量空间效应影响因素进行甄别。研究表明：① 环渤海地区海洋经济增长质量主体呈显著空间相关性,存在空间交互作用;② 海洋经济增长质量存在空间溢出的正反馈效应。影响因素中对环渤海地区海洋经济增长质量的直接贡献强度排序为：海洋环境>海洋产业>海洋人才>海洋资本>海洋科技,对其他地区溢出效应影响的排序为：海洋基建>海洋人才>海洋资本。研究为环渤海地区海洋政策制定提供一定参考依据。     

京津冀城市群县域尺度生态效率评价及空间格局分析

京津冀城市群地区是国家经济发展的战略核心区之一,其经济发展与资源环境关系是近年来地理研究的重点领域。本文以京津冀城市群县域为单元,利用PM2.5、NO₂遥感反演等数据,设计资源投入—经济效益—环境影响复合生态效率评价指标体系,构建县域单元生态效率评价模型,并利用非期望产出SBM模型对生态效率进行了评价,运用空间自相关分析方法对生态效率的空间效应与空间关联模式进行了检验与分析。结果显示：①资源投入、经济效益与环境影响格局存在明显时空分异,高值区主要分布在京津唐三市及周边部分县区;②2006、2010、2014年3个时期京津冀城市群县域单元生态效率均值分别为0.324、0.305、0.347,总体水平较低,并呈现先下降后改善态势,区位、自然本底条件是导致生态效率空间差异的主要原因。③全局Moran's I指数分别为0.2539、0.3007、0.3088,表明县域单元生态效率存在空间正向集聚趋势;④县域单元生态效率正向集聚程度越来越显著,邻域单元生态效率差距则有所缩减。     

中国生态文明建设效率空间均衡性及格局演变特征

研究中国生态文明建设效率的空间分布状态及格局演变特征,有利于厘清生态文明建设效率的空间差异机理,对于缩小区域差异及其驱动因素的探索具有重要的指导意义和参考价值。因此,基于“自然—经济—社会”（Nature-Economy-Society, N-E-S）复合生态系统理论和生态文明建设内涵目标构建生态文明建设效率的投入产出指标体系,并运用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国2003-2015年的生态文明建设效率进行了测算,在此基础上,综合运用核密度估计、Theil指数、重心—标准差椭圆等方法,对中国生态文明建设效率的空间均衡性及其空间分布格局进行了探究。结果表明：① 中国生态文明建设效率存在明显的空间非均衡性,在研究期内（2003-2015年）空间非均衡性表现为先逐渐缩小后又逐渐扩大的动态演变特征;由三大区域的Theil指数均值可知,西部地区空间非均衡程度最大（0.1174）,东部次之（0.0365）,中部最小（0.0223）。② 从重心移动轨迹来看,中国生态文明建设效率的重心位于河南境内,历经了先向东南再向东北移动的过程,重心移动的方向表明位于该方向上的地区生态文明建设效率有所提升。③ 从标准差椭圆来看,中国生态文明建设效率空间分布呈现出偏东北—偏西南格局,并且这种格局有向正北—正南方向转变的趋势。     

Evaluation of the eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in coastal eastern China

Urban agglomerations in China have become the strategic core of national economic development and the main component of the new type of urbanization. However, they are threatened by a series of eco-environmental problems and challenges, including the severe overexploitation of natural resources. Eco-efficiency, which is defined as accomplishing the greatest possible economic benefit with the least possible resource input and damage to the environment, is used as an indicator to quantify the sustainability of urban agglomerations. In this work, a traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with a slack-based measurement (SBM) model of undesirable outputs, was used to assess and compare the economic efficiency and eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in eastern China (UAECs) in 2005, 2011, and 2014. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the evolution of urban agglomerations were analyzed. Based on the results of a slack analysis, suggestions for improving the eco-efficiency of the four UAECs are provided. The overall economic efficiency of urban agglomerations located in the Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta displayed a V-shaped pattern (decreased and then increased). In contrast, the overall economic efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration declined during the study period. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration had a considerable loss of economic efficiency due to pollution, whereas the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was less impacted. Overall, the eco-environmental efficiency of the four UAECs declined from 2005 to 2011 and then increased from 2011 to 2014. In addition, the urban eco-efficiency in the four coastal UAECs was characterized by different evolution patterns. The eco-efficiency was higher in the peri-urban areas of the core cities, riverside areas, and seaside areas and lower in the inland cities. The core cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations were characterized by high resource consumption, economic benefit output, and eco-efficiency. In most of cities in the urban agglomerations, the emission of pollutants declined, leading to a reduction of pollutants and mitigation of environmental problems. In addition, a differential analysis, from the perspective of urban agglomeration, was performed, and concrete suggestions for improvement are proposed.

     

中国“三生空间”分类评价与时空格局分析

本文在探究“生产—生活—生态”三生空间理论内涵的基础上,分析了土地利用功能与土地利用类型的辩证关系,依据土地利用现状分类国家标准,建立了三生空间分类与评价体系,揭示了1990-2010年间中国三生空间的格局及其变化特征。结果表明：① 生产空间主要分布在胡焕庸线东南侧的主要城市群及粮食主产区,其扩张区域主要分布于东北平原、新疆西北、宁夏、兰州—西宁、四川盆地、环渤海、长三角、厦漳泉、珠三角等地区,缩小区域主要分布在黄土高原、呼伦贝尔大草原、江汉平原、闽南丘陵等地区;② 生活空间主要集中在全国主要城市及城市群,整体上呈现“东高西低、北高南低;大分散、小集聚”的空间格局,其扩张过程表现为环渤海、长三角、珠三角三大城市群的大规模、区域式扩张和各主要省会城市的小规模、点状式扩张。③ 生态空间主要分布在胡焕庸线西北侧,整体呈现“西高东低,南高北低”的空间格局;④ 工业化、城镇化是中国三生空间变化的基本动力,西北和东北地区的农田开垦、华北平原和三大城市群的城镇化建设、黄土高原的退耕还林等是导致三生空间区域差异的主要原因。本文可以为三生空间的分类规划和优化决策提供参考依据。     

东海海岸带县域城市生态效率评价及影响因素

东海海岸带作为中国经济发展的战略重心,更是发展海洋经济的前沿阵地,分析其经济与环境的协调问题有利于揭示区域经济与生态间的矛盾与差异,从而促进沿海城市生态文明建设、缓解人地资源矛盾。基于2005—2018年东海海岸带52个沿海县区城市的投入产出面板数据,利用传统DEA和超效率SBM模型评价了区域经济效率和生态效率,以TOPSIS模型分析了投入产出与生态效率的叠加特征,并以变量松弛度分析生态效率的影响因素及提出相应的改善途径。结果表明：① 东海海岸带经济效率均位于DEA效率前沿的86%以上,综合效率、经济纯技术效率、经济规模效率各年份平均值排序：上海市>福建省>浙江省。② 东海海岸带生态效率均位于DEA效率前沿的80%以上,生态效率总体上较经济效率有所下降,生态效率各年份平均值排序：上海市>福建省>浙江省。③ 生态效率变异系数增长了11.08%,内部县区间生态效率的差异性显著。东海海岸带47个县区生态效率值处于上升趋势,5个县区趋于下降。上海市、浙江省和福建省生态效率上升（MI>1）,主要受益于技术进步变化（TC>1）。④ 投入产出与生态效率的叠加类型多样化和复杂化,以“低-低-低-高”为主导类型,“高-高-高-高”“高-高-高-中”“高-高-高-低”等类型较多。⑤ 生态效率损失的影响因素具有共同性和差异性,改进方向集中在产业结构调整与升级,发展高新技术产业和新兴产业,吸引国内外投资与高素质劳动力,发展以旅游、生态等为主导的第三产业等。     

中国城市绿色发展效率时空演变特征及影响因素

To resolve conflicts between development and the preservation of the natural environment,enable economic transformation,and achieve the global sustainable development goals(SDGs),green development(GD)is gradually becoming a major strategy in the construction of an ecological civilization and the ideal of building a"beautiful China",alongside the transformation and reconstruction of the global economy.Based on a combination of the concept and implications of GD,we first used the Slacks Based Model with undesirable outputs(SBM-Undesirable),the Theil index,and the spatial Markov chain to measure the spatial patterns,regional differences,and spatio-temporal evolution of urban green development efficiency(UGDE)in China from 2005 to 2015.Second,by coupling natural and human factors,the mechanism influencing UGDE was quantitatively investigated under the framework of the human-environment interaction.The results showed that:(1)from 2005 to 2015,the UGDE increased from 0.475 to 0.523,i.e.,an overall increase of 10%.In terms of temporal variation,there was a staged increase,with its evolution having the characteristics of a"W-shaped"pattern.(2)The regional differences in UGDE followed a pattern of eastern>central>western.For different types of urban agglomeration,the UGDE had inverted pyramid cluster growth characteristics that followed a pattern of"national level>regional level>local level",forming a stable hierarchical scale structure of"super cities>mega cities>big cities>medium cities>small cities".(3)UGDE in China has developed with significant spatial agglomeration characteristics.High-efficiency type cities have positive spillover effects,while low-efficiency cities have negative effects.Different types of urban evolution processes have a path dependence,and a spatial club convergence phenomenon exists,in which areas with high UGDE are concentrated and drive low UGDE elsewhere.(4)Under the framework of regional human-environment interaction,the degree of human and social influence on UGDE is greater than that of the natural background.The economic strength,industrial structure,openness,and climate conditions of China have positively promoted UGDE.