日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)池养越冬抱卵亲虾表型性状对个体繁殖力的影响效应

采用多元分析方法定量研究了日本沼虾池养越冬抱卵亲虾体重(BW)、净重(NW)、体长(BL)、头胸甲长(CL)、胸宽(CW)、胸高(CH)、腹节长(AL)、额剑长(RL)、尾节长(TL)等11项表型性状对其个体繁殖力的影响效应。结果表明:(1)实验对象所测各表型性状间均呈极显著相关(P<0.01),它们在对个体繁殖力各评价指标的影响上具较好的区分度;(2)影响个体绝对繁殖力(FJ)、体重相对繁殖力(FW)和体长相对繁殖力(FL)的关键表型性状及其直接作用强弱排序分别为BW>BL>CH>RL>AL>NW,BW>CL>RL>CH>TL>NW和BW>CL>CH>RL>NW,相关指数依次为0.810、0.621和0.798,其中BW-NW组合和CH-RL组合分别为决定个体繁殖力的核心变量和公共从属变量;(3)适用于估算个体繁殖力的回归方程分别为:FJ=5087.802BW-6599.877NW+200.927CH+114.774RL+211.878BL-154.965AL-6266.840,FW=1140.538BW-2018.663NW+85.217CH+70.852RL+78.694CL+74.623TL-1152.576,FL=105.453BW-134.613NW+4.307CH+2.709RL+3.623CL-61.737;(4)W(♀)=0.029BL+0.065CL+0.121CW+0.105CH-2.448可精确估算其净重值。     

The biology,life history and management needs of a large sciaenid fish,Argyrosomus coronus,in Angola

The West Coast dusky kob Argyrosomus coronus is an understudied yet important fishery species in Angola. During a five-year study (2005–2009), the species was recorded in all fishery sectors, but was most important in the inshore recreational fishery in southern Angola (Cunene Estuary to Namibe). Early juveniles (<300 mm total length, TL) were captured in the offshore artisanal fishery at Praia Pinda, whereas juveniles (300–600 mm TL), subadults (600–870 mm TL) and adults (>870 mm TL) were captured in all fisheries as far north as Namibe, and shoals of large adult fish (>1 000 mm TL) were occasionally captured in the offshore purse-seine commercial fishery between the Cunene Estuary and Lucira. Because some Argyrosomus species are morphologically cryptic, a DNA barcoding method was used to confirm the taxonomic status of the biological samples used in this study. The male:female sex ratio of examined samples was 1:1.4 (n = 225). The length-at-50% maturity was 823 mm and 904 mm TL for males and females respectively. Age-at-50% maturity was 4.4 and 4.3 years for males and females respectively. The periodicity of otolith ring formation was confirmed to be one year using a marginal zone and a chemical marking analysis. Growth (in mm TL) was best described by: L_t = 1 826(1—e^{?0.12(t + 1.60)}). Argyrosomus coronus fed predominantly on fish, mainly Sardinella aurita (62% frequency of occurrence). Early juveniles appeared to frequent the offshore zone (50–100 m depth), moving into the inshore region at approximately 300 mm TL. Juveniles and subadults were resident (57% recaptured at the same site) and were particularly abundant around the mouth of the Cunene Estuary as well as in central and northern Namibia. Adults undertake migrations that correspond with the movement of the Angola–Benguela frontal zone, moving north as far as Gabon in winter and returning to southern Angola in spring, when spawning appeared to take place offshore. There are currently no catch restrictions on A. coronus in Angolan waters. However, declining catches and increasing fishing effort suggest that some management intervention is required, commencing with a proposed closure of the Cunene Estuary mouth region to fishing.     

Prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh: Challenges for sustainable livelihoods

Fishing for prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae is a major contributor to the livelihoods of the coastal poor in Bangladesh, including women. A study of coastal livelihoods along the lower Pasur River in southwest Bangladesh indicates that on average 40% of total annual income comes from postlarvae fishing during the few months involved. However, indiscriminate fishing of wild postlarvae, with high levels of by-catch, has an impact on biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. This has provoked imposition of restrictions on postlarvae collection. The ban has, however, not been firmly enforced because of the lack of alternative livelihoods for coastal poor. A conceptual framework, drawn from an approach to poverty reduction known as the sustainable livelihoods approach, is applied to understanding the role of prawn postlarvae fishing. Evidence from this study suggests that postlarvae fishers faced a number of livelihood constraints, including poor livelihood assets. This paper concludes that wider livelihood options need to be found for postlarvae fishers to support their livelihoods.     

化学物质诱导变态后紫贻贝稚贝的生长及存活

在以往实验的基础上,跟踪调查了筛选出的化学诱导物质对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)幼虫变态后的生长和成活率的影响,并比较了其与相同条件下自然诱导物、微生物膜诱导后的稚贝的生长和成活率.实验结果表明,肾上腺素、苯肾上腺素、可乐宁、KCI和NH_4Cl 5种化学物质均成功地诱导了该种幼虫的变态,其变态后稚贝同微生物诱导变态后的稚贝以相同的速度生长,且在培育过程中无死亡稚贝出现.因此,这些化学物质可作为该种养殖以及海洋防污染研究中幼虫变态的有效人工诱导物.     

鲯鳅及等棘鲯鳅的后期仔鱼及稚鱼在东海的出现

鲯鳅Coryphaena hippurus等棘鲯鳅C.equiselis 为鲯鳅科Coryphaenidae中仅有的鲯鳅属Coryphaena中的两个种。为广布于世界热带及亚热带水域中的快速游泳的大洋性上层鱼类。鲯鳅在日本、中国等国家和地区属于名贵的经济鱼类,为太平洋及加勒比海许多岛屿的重要食用种类。 有关该两种鱼类的研究报道已有不少,但东海水域内有关等棘蜞鳅的成鱼及仔、稚鱼的报道,在我国至今尚未见到。本文就该两种的     

葛氏长臂虾的幼体发育

于１９９１年４月，从长江口采集葛氏长臂虾标本，实验室进行幼体发育研究，结果表明，幼体自孵出后，在水温２４℃、盐度１２、饵料充足的条件下，有规律的每２天蜕皮１次，共经１１次蜕皮，约２２ｄ完成变态，入仔虾期。     

The impact of climate change on prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh: Socioeconomic and ecological perspectives

In Bangladesh, prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming remains dependent on the capture of wild postlarvae as hatchery production is still inadequate. However, prawn postlarvae fishing has been accompanied by concerns over recent climate change. Different climatic variables including cyclone, salinity, sea level rise, water temperature, flood, rainfall, and drought have had adverse effects on coastal ecosystem, thus determining a decline in the availability of prawn postlarvae and thereby catch. The households of postlarvae fishers also face a variety of socioeconomic constraints due to climate change. Considering extreme vulnerability to the effects of climate change, an integrated approach needs to be introduced to cope with the challenges.     

Genetic parameters estimation for growth traits in cultured tiger pufferfish (fugu), Takifugu rubripes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of the growth performance of Takifugu rubripes. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for body weight (BW), body length (BL), total length (TL), chest measurement (CM) and trunk length (TKL) of T. rubripes from measurements of progeny at 6 months and 12 months. The results showed that the heritability was 0.37 for BW6, 0.19 for BL6, 0.35 for TL6, 0.29 for CM6, 0.26 for TKL6, 0.36 for BW12, 0.26 for BL12, 0.25 for TL12, 0.31 for CM12 and 0.15 for TKL12. The range of genetic correlations estimated at 6 months was 0.025–0.725 and ?0.002–0.706 at 12 months. The results indicated that genetic improvement for faster growth rate or increased body weight in cultured T. rubripes was effective. Based on selection theory, the selection strategy for traits with medium heritability is flexible. Considering that these growth traits do not reach the high level of heritability, family selection should be expected. Given positive genetic correlations among BW, BL, TL, CM, and TKL at 6 months, the five traits could be improved simultaneously through selective breeding. As there was high genetic correlation only between BW12, BL12 and TL12, and negative correlations between TKL12 and BL12 as well as between CM12 and TL12, and only BW, BL and TL at 12 months could be improved simultaneously.     

Settlement patterns,size and growth of puerulus and juvenile rock lobster Jasus lalandii at an oyster farm in Saldanha Bay,South Africa

Trends in the abundance, size and growth of newly settled pueruli and early juveniles of the rock lobster Jasus lalandii were determined from samples obtained from mesh bags used for oyster mariculture in Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Totals of 3 842 lobster pueruli and 10 158 juveniles were captured between August 2005 and June 2006, and distinct puerulus settlement events were identified in November and January. Juveniles also peaked during these months as well as in March. The size of newly settled pueruli increased significantly between October and March. The carapace length (CL) of pueruli and juveniles overlapped between 8.5 mm (smallest juvenile) and 10.4 mm (largest puerulus), and 50% of pueruli moulted into juveniles by 9.5–9.6 mm CL. There was a size progression in juveniles, with larger individuals in February and March reflecting an accumulation of juveniles from the earlier settlement events. The estimated growth increment from puerulus to first juvenile instar was 0.5–1.5 mm (4.9–16.1%), increasing to 1.4–2.5 mm (14.4–23.3%) for the second instar. Recruitment of J. lalandii pueruli occurred during periods when strong southerly winds prevailed, which results in a general offshore movement of surface waters along the West Coast and upwelling of cold nutrient-rich bottom waters. However, specific settlement events appeared to coincide with a change in wind direction, reduction in upwelling strength and increase in surface water temperatures, implying that larvae may take advantage of landward movements of surface waters during downwelling, or reversal of upwelling, to return them to shallow coastal waters.     

Moina sp. (cladocera: Moinidae) in a sewage plant,wellington, referred to moina tenuicornis sars, 1896 (note)

A species of Moina from sewage ponds at Glenside, Wellington, New Zealand, is identifiable with Moina tenuicornis Sars, 1896, and distinguishable from Moina australiensis Sars, 1896 sensu stricto, in having rectangular sculpturing on the ephippium, ungrouped setae on the hind margin of the carapace, and in lacking a permanent supra‐ocular depression. Because of wide variation in some diagnostic characters, possibly both taxa are conspecific.

Some physical and chemical characteristics of the habitat are tabulated, since little is known of the ecological requirements of these morphologically similar species. Using mean values as a guide, the Glenside population of Moina tenuicornis favours a temperature in the vicinity of 20°c, a very slightly alkaline pH, a dissolved oxygen content in excess of 6mg/litre, a dissolved solid content of about 270 mg/litre, of which about half is organic and exerts a BOD5 of about 60 mg/litre, and suspended organic solids of about 150 mg/litre.     

脊尾白虾蜕皮抑制激素基因全长cDNA的克隆及其对环境胁迫的响应

为研究脊尾白虾蜕皮抑制激素基因(MIH)在环境适应中的作用,本文采用RACE技术从蜕皮间期脊尾白虾眼柄中克隆获得MIH-like基因全长c DNA序列,命名为Ec MIH。该基因全长1218bp,包括360bp的开放阅读框,420bp的5'端非编码区和394bp的3'端非编码区;开放阅读框编码120个氨基酸,包括41个氨基酸组成的信号肽和79个氨基酸组成的成熟肽,预测蛋白分子量为13.71k Da,理论等电点p I为8.02。同源性比较分析发现,脊尾白虾MIH-like基因与日本沼虾和罗氏沼虾同源性最高,分别为87%和86%。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,脊尾白虾MIH-like基因在眼柄中的表达量最高,在卵巢中的表达量最少,而在肝脏、肌肉、鳃和血细胞中不表达。环境胁迫后该基因具有明显的时序性。p H6.5胁迫后24h和48h,眼柄和腹神经节中MIH-like基因的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05);4mg/L氨氮浓度组胁迫后12h和24h,眼柄和腹神经节中MIH-like基因的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05);盐度39胁迫后12h和24h,眼柄和腹神经节中MIH-like基因的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05)。本研究结果表明脊尾白虾mih基因参与了环境胁迫后的机体应激反应。     

Contrasting genetic diversity with phenotypic diversity in coloration and size in Xantho poressa (Brachyura: Xanthidae), with new results on its ecology

The ecology of Xantho poressa (Olivi, 1792) (Brachyura) was studied during field trips to the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Spanish Atlantic Ocean. Our results reveal that X. poressa lives from the intertidal to the shallow subtidal zone, and inhabits relatively protected rocky shores, often with pebble underground, from juvenile to adult stages. A mark–recapture experiment revealed a high population density in this habitat. All stages, but predominantly juveniles, show a variability of colour patterns, which allow the crabs to blend in with the rocky substratum, thereby hiding from predators as passive defence. Adulthood can be reached with a carapace length smaller than 6 mm. The morphometric analysis of the species revealed allometric growth in carapace shape. Variability in overall size could be observed at different collecting sites. Neither the colour morphs nor the size differences could be attributed to differences of Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I mitochondrial DNA sequences, suggesting that ecological rather than genetic patterns are responsible for the different phenotypes.     

pH胁迫对不同规格刺参生长及免疫酶活性的影响

以大、中、小3种不同规格的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为对象,在pH为7.3、7.5、8.2、8.7、8.9不同环境中养殖30d,观测刺参行为、生长及溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果显示:当pH为7.5、8.7时, 3种不同规格刺参均能正常活动、摄食、生长,未表现出异常状况;若超出此范围,刺参出现粪便细短、残饵增多、摄食量减少等现象,尤其在pH 8.9时,中规格刺参有明显棘刺收缩的现象,小规格刺参不同程度地出现身体收缩、棘刺平滑状态,而大规格刺参无明显表观不适现象。不同pH对3种规格刺参的特定生长率(SGR)有显著影响,随着pH升高或者降低,刺参SGR均逐渐下降,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),规格越小刺参受到抑制作用越大;刺参LZM、SOD、CAT活性随pH胁迫时间的延长呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在第10天时达到最高,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),至30 d胁迫结束时,在pH 7.3、8.9条件下,刺参免疫酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),而pH为7.5、8.7时,刺参免疫酶活性与对照差异不显著; pH胁迫对不同规格刺参非特异性免疫酶活性的影响存在差异,在相同胁迫条件下,酶活性依次为大规格中规格小规格,当pH7.3、8.9时,小中大规格分别在胁迫20 d、25 d、25 d后免疫酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明, pH胁迫会对刺参生长及免疫产生明显的影响,在刺参养殖过程中, pH属关键的理化因子之一,应密切关注其变化。     

Is seagrass an important nursery habitat for the Caribbean spiny lobster,panulirus argus,in Florida?

Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) settle preferentially in macroalgal‐covered hard‐bottom habitat, but seagrass is more prevalent in Florida (United States) and the Caribbean, so even low settlement of lobsters within seagrass could contribute substantially to recruitment if post‐settlement survival and growth were high. We tested the role of seagrass and hard‐bottom habitats for P. argus recruitment in three ways. We first explored possible density‐dependent regulation of early benthic juvenile lobster survival within cages deployed in seagrass and hard‐bottom habitats. Second, we compared settlement and survival of P. argus in both habitats, by comparing the recovery of microwire‐tagged early benthic juveniles from patches of seagrass and hard‐bottom. Finally, we assessed the relative abundance of juvenile lobsters in each habitat by deploying artificial structures in seagrass sites and compared these data with data from similar deployments of artificial structures in hard‐bottom habitat in other years. More early benthic juvenile lobsters were recovered from cages placed in hard‐bottom than in seagrass, but mortality of the early benthic life stage was high in both habitats. In regional surveys, the mean number of lobsters recovered from artificial shelters deployed within seagrass was lower than in any year that we sampled hard‐bottom, indicating that fewer lobsters reside naturally in seagrass, particularly large juveniles >40 mm carapace length. The greater abundance (and likely survival) of juvenile P. argus that we observed in hard‐bottom habitat as opposed to seagrass, combined with previous studies demonstrating that postlarval P. argus are attracted to, settle in, and metamorphose more quickly in red macroalgae, confirm that macroalgae‐dominated hard‐bottom habitat appears to be the preferred and more optimal nursery for Caribbean spiny lobster.     

L-DOPA对西施舌眼点幼虫附着变态诱导的研究

采用试验水体中添加化学诱导物的方法研究L-DOPA(L-多巴)对西施舌(Coelomctraantiquata)眼点幼虫附着变态的诱导作用。结果表明,L-DOPA能诱导西施舌眼点幼虫变态,但对其附着的诱导效果不明显。用直径小于1 mm的细沙为附着基质,1×10-6mol/L的L-DOPA处理西施舌眼点幼虫12 h,变态率为73.3%,对照组为62.6%。浓度为1×10-7mol/L的L-DOPA处理西施舌幼虫12 h,生长速率为25.6%,对照组为14.7%,表明适当浓度的L-DOPA能促进西施舌幼虫的生长。在无沙附着的条件下,西施舌幼虫可正常附着变态,但生长速率较低且变态后死亡率高。     

Evaluation of food competition and resource partitioning of recruiting fish with permanent residents in a seagrass habitat

ABSTRACT

Recruiting King George whiting Sillaginodes punctatus were studied to assess the potential for food competition with permanent resident fish species in a nursery habitat. Marine migrant post larval S. punctatus (<60?mm TL) consumed primarily harpacticoid copepods and had high (>0.6) diet overlap with permanent resident fish species Favonigobius leteralis and Stigmatopora nigra. Food electivity index indicated that S. punctatus juveniles preferred harpacticoid copepods and amphipods, while juvenile Heteroclinus adelaide and Gymnapistes marmoratus migrating to the nursery habitat targeted larger prey such as amphipods. Preference for larger prey by H. adelaide and G. marmoratus species coupled with differences in prey composition in the stomach was due to mouth size and feeding habits, resulting in different food preferences to S. punctatus. The whiting showed an ontogenetic shift in diet with early settlers (>60?mm TL) consuming less copepods and more amphipods, while previous year recruits (>120?mm TL) consumed polychaete worms. This study indicates that competition for food resources between the new recruiting S. punctatus juveniles and permanent resident juveniles is reduced through differences in temporal and spatial feeding behaviours, mouth morphology, and ontogenetic shift in prey consumption.     

三氯异氰尿酸对脊尾白虾幼体存活及发育的影响

三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuric acid ,TCCA)是水产养殖中常用的水质消毒剂, 使用不当会给生产和环境带来危害。为指导脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)人工育苗过程中TCCA 的安全用药,作者利用静水试验法研究了TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体的急性毒性及对幼体发育的影响。实验设7 个浓度梯度组(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 mg/L)和1 个空白对照组, 每组3 个平行。急性毒性实验持续96 h 后结束, 用正常育苗海水代替TCCA 溶液, 正常管理直到幼体全部变态为仔虾, 评估短时间的TCCA 处理对脊尾白虾幼体发育的影响。结果表明, TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体在24、48、72 和96 h 的半致死浓度分别为3.81、3.03、2.71 和2.47 mg/L, 其安全浓度为0.25 mg/L; 随着TCCA 浓度的升高, 脊尾白虾幼体变态存活率显著降低(P<0.05), 但能成功变态为仔虾个体的变态持续时间及仔虾体长与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。本实验结果可以为脊尾白虾人工育苗安全用药提供参考和依据。     

牙鲆gnrh基因的表达分析

本文通过qPCR方法,研究了我国重要海水鱼类——牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）雌、雄成体组织以及性腺分化期的脑、性腺中gnrh1、gnrh2和gnrh3的表达水平。结果显示,gnrh1分布于所有检测的组织：在脑、垂体、肾脏和肝脏中高表达,在性腺中表达相对较低;gnrh2则在雌、雄性的肝脏以及雄性的肠、肾脏、眼睛和头肾中;而gnrh3只在雄性的肾脏、眼睛和肌肉中检测到微弱表达。人工诱导的牙鲆雌核发育鱼苗分别用17β-雌二醇（E₂）和17α-甲基睾酮（MT）处理,使其分化为雌性或雄性个体表型。在性腺分化期的脑中,gnrh1的表达呈现上升趋势,在全长（total length,TL）4 cm鱼苗中,E₂组的表达显著高于MT组（P<0.05）;gnrh2在2 cm TL时E₂组显著高于MT组（P<0.05）,随后在E₂和对照组的表达水平均出现下降趋势;gnrh3在2 cm TL时E₂和对照组的表达均显著高于MT组（P<0.05）,自6 cm TL时MT和E₂组的表达开始下降。在性腺中,三种gnrh在性腺分化前2 cm TL表达量都相对较高,随后呈现下降趋势。综上,推测牙鲆gnrh1可能参与了性腺分化的启动、分化过程及性腺发育,gnrh2主要参与了性腺分化的启动,gnrh3主要参与了性腺分化的启动和分化过程。     

Effects of predation and oxygen deficiency on different age classes of the amphipod Monoporeia affinis

Predation by the big brackish-water isopod Saduria entomon on two age-classes (juveniles and adults) of the small deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia (syn. Pontoporeia) affinis was studied at different oxygen conditions (normoxia>11 mg/l O₂, and moderate hypoxia 4 mg/l O₂). Vulnerability of juvenile and adult M. affinis was studied in single and mixed age-class treatments. The proportions of juveniles and adults were varied at one total numerical density. The predatory effects were measured as numbers of individuals consumed and of total biomass intake (mg ash-free dry weight). The highest predation rate (in numbers) was detected in the single-prey treatment with juvenile M. affinis, both in normoxia and moderate hypoxia. No preference for any of the two size classes was found in the treatment with equal numbers of adults and juveniles. In normoxia, the total number of prey consumed decreased with increasing proportions of adults, while intake increased in terms of biomass. In moderate hypoxia, high proportions of adults reduced the predation rate of S. entomon to such an extent that also the intake in terms of biomass was significantly negatively affected.     

罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)致病性豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae)的分离鉴定及其特性分析

近年来细菌性疾病因病原菌种类繁多、覆盖区域广而影响了其养殖业的健康发展,造成较大的经济损失。从体表具有黑斑、肢体残损症状的罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)肝胰腺组织中分离得到1株病原菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定、16S rRNA序列和特定毒力基因检测鉴定,以及人工回归感染试验和药敏试验分析其致病性和耐药性。结果表明,该菌为豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae),含有aer、lip、gcat、ser和OMPA I等毒力基因;药敏试验显示其对头孢曲松、氯霉素等7种抗生素高度敏感,对恩诺沙星、阿米卡星及复方新诺明3种抗生素中度敏感,对四环素、环丙沙星等10种抗生素具有耐药性;人工回归感染实验表明该菌具有较高的致病性,对罗氏沼虾的半致死浓度为6.54×10⁵ CFU/mL。豚鼠气单胞菌作为水产养殖中的条件性致病菌,研究结果揭示了该菌株的部分生物学特性,有利于丰富豚鼠气单胞菌属的基础数据,同时也为罗氏沼虾养殖过程中的病害防控提供了一定参考依据。