安徽巢湖平顶山下三叠统牙形石生物地层序列

简要介绍安徽巢湖平顶山下三叠统牙形石生物地层研究的最新成果.对平顶山西坡剖面112.8 m厚的下三叠统地层所采集的286件牙形石样品, 经处理后获得2 870余枚牙形石样本, 经鉴定共有11属51种.这些属分别是Hindeodus, Isarcicella(?), Neogondolella, Neospathodus, Platyvillosus, Cratognathodus, Parachirognathus, Pachycladina, Ellisonia, Aduncodina和Cornudina.牙形石生物地层从老到新可划分为9个牙形石带: (1)Hindeodus typicalis- Neogondolella planata带; (2)Neogondolella krystyni带; (3)Neospathodus kummeli带; (4)Neospathodus dieneri带; (5)Neospathodus n. sp. C- Neospathodus n.sp. D带; (6) Neospathodus waageni带; (7)Neospathodus n.sp. M带; (8)Neospathodus eotriangularis带; (9) Neospathodus abruptus- Neospathodus homeri带.牙形石的组合面貌基本可与国内外其他地区牙形石带相对比.但其中牙形石(2), (3), (5), (7), (8)带为巢湖地区首次建立.在下三叠统菊石带控制下所建立的连续的牙形石分带对全球的三叠系阶的对比具有十分重要的意义. 关键词: 牙形石; 牙形石生物地层; 下三叠统; 安徽巢湖.      

安徽巢湖地区下三叠统综合层序

印度阶一奥伦尼克阶界线的全球层型候选剖面之一位于安徽巢湖地区;巢湖地区的下三叠统也是国际上同期地层中生物地层序列最有代表性、多重地层学手段应用齐备、研究效果最好的地层序列之一。根据巢湖地区3条代表性下三叠统剖面的岩石地层、生物地层和碳同位素地层的最新研究成果归纳出本区早三叠世综合地层序列,作为区域地层对比研究的标准．巢湖的下三叠统明确包含8个牙形石带和6个菊石带。它们具有区域甚至全球对比意义;巢湖地区早三叠世碳同位素δ^13Ccarb的演变呈现2个显著的漂移周期,这种有特色的碳同位素漂移,不仅具有地层学价值,而且可能对于三叠纪初的生物复苏和生态系演变具有指导意义．在综合地层序列基础上,将3条剖面的古地磁学研究成果链接,形成了巢湖地区完整的早三叠世磁性地层序列,包括5个主要的正向极性带和5个反向极性带,这也是目前在本区乃至华南获得的最完整的早三叠世磁极性序列之一．这些为该区域乃至全球相关地层研究树立了一个基本格架。     

贵州南部地区中三叠统青岩阶底界附近牙形石生物地层学研究

下中三叠统界线的划分一直是国际地层学研究中一个有争议的问题。中国西南地区从台地相到盆地相不同类型下中三叠统地层均较发育，为奥仑尼克阶一安尼阶界线层型的研究提供了有利条件。根据贵州望谟甘河桥剖面和贵州省贵阳市青岩剖面牙形石的研究，可识别出6个可与国内外进行对比的牙形石带，自下而上分别为：①Neospathdus cristagcdli间隔带，②Neospathodus pakistanensis间隔带，③Neospathodus waageni?BC涓舸躈eospathodus homeri-N. triangularis组合带，⑤Chiosella timorensis间隔带，⑥Neogongdolella regale延限带。在贵阳青岩剖面和望谟甘河桥剖面，早中三叠世存在一个Neospathodus-Chiosella-Neogongdolella的牙形石演化系列。在这个演化序列中，在Neospathodus horneri-N. triangularis带上部出现Neospathodus homeri和Chiosella timorensis之间的过渡类型Neospathodus qingyanensis，表明在下中三叠统附近牙形石存在较好的演化关系。在贵阳青岩剖面，下一中三叠统界线位于紫云组顶面之下1．5m处Chiosella timorensis带首现的位置，在望谟甘河桥剖面，下一中三叠统界线位于紫云组顶面之下0．5m处Chiosella timorensis带首现的位置。依据上述情况，本文建议贵阳青岩剖面作为下一中三叠统界线层型候选剖面，望谟甘河桥剖面作为下一中三叠统界线层型的辅助剖面加以深入研究。     

桂西下三叠统牙形石序列的新认识

桂西下三叠统为海相沉积,根据其岩性、厚度、化石类型等诸方面的明显差异可以分为两种类型,即作登型和太平型。本文详细研究了桂西两种类型下三叠统的牙形石,认为不同类型的下三叠统具有不同的牙形石序列。在前人工作基础上,对桂西下三叠统牙形石序列予以重新厘定。补充了作登型下三叠统的Neogondolella carinta带;指出作登型下三叠统不宜建立Platyvillosus costatus带;在太平型下三叠统Dienerian阶—Spathian阶中新建了Pachvcladina erromera带,Platyvillosus costatus带,Pachycladina obliqua-Parachirognathus delicatulus带和Neospathodus triangularis带;指出了每一个牙形石带的性质并与作登型下三叠统牙形石序列进行了对比。本文还从事件地层学和生物地层学两个角度,对桂西二叠一三叠系界线提出了新的认识。     

安徽巢湖地区早三叠世粪化石内的牙形石

安徽巢湖马家山地区下三叠统南陵湖组上段的4枚粪化石中含有牙形石,首次提供了三叠纪牙形动物被捕食的证据。粪化石颜色为黑灰色,压型保存,呈长条形或近椭圆形;含粪化石的围岩为暗色的泥质灰岩,含丰富有机质。依据粪化石的形状、保存状态,以及同层位共生化石组合等,初步推断粪化石的来源可能系同层位产出的节肢动物。粪化石内含有18枚牙形石,经鉴定发现包含有Neospathodus homeri,Neospathodus.sp.indet.I,Neospathodus.sp.indet.II等分子,它们系N.homeri牙形石带的带分子或重要化石,指示南陵湖组上段的时代为早三叠世奥伦尼克期斯帕斯亚期,这与前人对此区域的生物地层研究结果一致。     

贵州紫云四大寨早三叠世地层初步研究

贵州紫云四大寨剖面下三叠统发育较齐全,化石较丰富。在此剖面上发现了大量牙形石、双壳类、菊石等生物化石,其中牙形石在该剖面上为首次发现,并识别出了早三叠世Neospathodusdieneri带、Neospathoduscrista-galli带、Neospathoduswaageni带和Neospathodushomeri-Neospathodustriangularis带的重要牙形石分子或带化石,可与国际同期地层中相应的牙形石化石带进行较好的对比;同时还发现了Claraiagriesbachi-C.concentrica组合和Claraiastachei-Claraiaaurita组合带的双壳类代表性分子。通过对这些化石综合分析,大致拟定了本剖面下三叠统格里斯巴赫亚阶(Griesbachian)、亭纳尔亚阶(Dienerian)、斯密斯亚阶(Smithian)和斯派斯亚阶(Spathian)的年代地层单位界线。     

安徽巢湖平顶山西坡剖面印度阶与奥伦尼克阶界线层高分辨率牙形石生物地层

下三叠统印度阶与奥伦尼克阶全球候选层型剖面之一的中国安徽省巢湖市平顶山西坡剖面界线层,经连续不间断采样获得大量牙形石化石并进行详细的分带工作,建立了该界线层牙形石生物地层.由下往上划分为:1.Neospathodus dieneri带;2.N.waageni带.前者依次分为3个亚带:N.dieneri Morphotype1亚带,N.dieneri Morphotype2亚带和N.dieneri Morphotype3亚带.牙形石带可与该界线层的菊石带进行很好的对比;在详细区分牙形石Neospathodus属内各种特征的基础上,结合地层分布情况,跨越印度阶与奥伦尼克阶界线,演化谱系十分明显,牙形石N.dieneri Morphotype3在奥伦尼克阶之底即Smithian初期演化为:N.dieneri Morphotype3→N.waageni→N.pingdingshanensis、Neos-pathodus dieneri Morphotype3→N.waageni(细齿直立型)→N.n.sp.R和Neospathodus dieneri Morphotype3→N.pakistanensis.从谱系演化的观点出发认为:N.waageni的首现点作为奥伦尼克阶底界是合理的,并在该剖面确定了印度阶与奥伦尼克阶界线位于第24-16层,距剖面大隆组与殷坑组界线40.49m处.     

下三叠统殷坑阶和巢湖阶及其界线研究

系统介绍层型剖面殷坑阶和巢湖阶的定义和地层特征，并重点讨论了两阶之间的界线，即巢湖阶的底界。巢湖阶的底界层型位于近期提出的全球印度阶一奥伦尼克阶界线层型候选剖面——安徽巢湖平顶山西坡剖面上，界线定义为以牙形石Neospathodus waageni的首现点作为第一标志，菊石Flemingites-Euftemingites带底界作为参考标志。在巢湖剖面上，该界线位于三叠纪第2个正向磁极性带上部、三叠纪碳同位素曲线第1次正向漂移峰值附近；在岩石地层系统中，它位于殷坑组中上部位。简要概述了该界线地层的国际和国内对比的主要标志性化石。     

西藏色龙西山二叠系-三叠系界线剖面稳定碳同位素特征

古生代-中生代之交的生物灭绝过程和原因一直是科学家关注和致力解决的关键古生物学问题之一.色龙西山剖面的牙形石分带工作取得了重要进展,为认识该地区地层序列和沉积历史提供了新的证据.全岩碳同位素分析表明,在长兴阶与印度阶附近该剖面存在着碳同位素负偏,可以同我国华南多个剖面进行对比,揭示了古生代-中生代之交的碳同位素变化和生物灭绝模式具有全球对比性.新识别出的奥伦尼克阶底部（Neospathodus waageni带底部）碳同位素值大幅度负偏及之后的正偏,与华南等地的变化规律一致,反映了二叠纪末期到早三叠世长期的、复杂的生物和环境变化过程.      

巢湖地区早三叠世碳氧同位素地层对比及其古生态环境意义

二叠纪-三叠纪之交的环境恶化事件不但导致了生物大绝灭，而且造成了自然界正常的碳循环崩溃。为了研究三叠纪早期生物复苏过程中的环境特征、碳氧同位素演化上的地层学意义，对巢湖平顶山西坡剖面下三叠统碳酸盐岩取样分析。研究结果表明，巢湖平顶山西坡剖面早三叠世碳氧同位素地层曲线与已知的平顶山北坡剖面碳氧同位素地层曲线相似。δ^13C值在Indian阶、Olenekian阶底部首先表现为大幅度负漂，随后呈上升趋势。δ^18O值除了表现出l Ma的周期性波动之外，与δ^13C低值区对应处也具负偏趋势。δ^13C、δ^18O值的演化趋势反映了早三叠世海洋环境恶化、生物复苏十分缓慢。     

Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age Determination of the Lower–Middle Triassic Boundary in South Guizhou Province, China

The demarcation of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary is a disputed problem in global stratigraphic research. Lower–Middle Triassic strata of different types, from platform to basin facies, are well developed in Southwest China. This is favorable for the study of the Olenekian–Anisian boundary and establishing a stratotype for the Qingyan Stage. Based on research at the Ganheqiao section in Wangmo county and the Qingyan section in Guiyang city, Guizhou province, six conodont zones have been recognized, which can be correlated with those in other regions, in ascending order as follows: 1, Neospathodus cristagalli Interval-Zone; 2, Neospathodus pakistanensis Interval-Zone; 3, Neospathodus waageni Interval-Zone; 4, Neospathodus homeri-N. triangularis Assemblage-Zone; 5, Chiosella timorensis Interval-Zone; and 6, Neogongdolella regalis Range-Zone. An evolutionary series of the Early–Middle Triassic conodont genera Neospathodus-Chiosella-Neogongdolella discovered in the Ganheqiao and Qingyan sections has an intermediate type named Neospathodus qingyanensis that appears between Neospathodus homeri and Chiosella timorensis in the upper part of the Neospathodus homeri-N. triangularis Zone, showing an excellent evolutionary relationship of conodonts near the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary. The Lower–Middle Triassic boundary is located at 1.5 m below the top of the Ziyun Formation, where Chiosella timorensis Zone first appears in the Qingyan section, whereas this boundary is located 0.5 m below the top of the Ziyun Formation, where Chiosella timorensis Zone first appears in the Ganheqiao section. There exists one nearly 6-m thick vitric tuff bed at the bottom of the Xinyuan Formation in the Ganheqiao section, which is usually regarded as a lithologic symbol of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary in South China. Based on the analysis of high-precision and high-sensitivity Secondary Ion Mass Spectrum data, the zircon age of this tuff has a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 239.0±2.9Ma (2s), which is a directly measured zircon U-Pb age of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary. The Ganheqiao section in Wangmo county can therefore provide an excellent section through the Lower–Middle Triassic because it is continuous, the evolution of the conodonts is distinctive and the regionally stable distributed vitric tuff near the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary can be regarded as a regional key isochronal layer. This section can be regarded not only as a standard section for the establishment of the Qingyan Stage in China, but also as a reference section for the GSSP of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary.     

Discussion on Induan-Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China

This paper proposes a scheme for the definition of the Lower Triassic Induan-Olenekian boundary (IOB) based on investigation of sections in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China as well as data accumulated from other studies elsewhere. The conodont Neospathodus waageni is suggested as the index fossil of the boundary. According to the FAD of N. waageni, the IOB is at the base of bed 25-2 of the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu, 42.19 m above the Permian-Triassic boundary, and it is slightly higher than the base of the Flemingites-Euflemingites Ammonoid Zone at the section.     

Lower Triassic and Induan-Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China

Since the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu was proposed as the candidate of the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Induan-Olenekian boundary in 2003, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu has been extensively studied. Based on the studies on the Lower Triassic of Chaohu, (1) a continuous conodont zonation is established, which has become an important reference for Lower Triassic stratigraphic correlation over the world; (2) the First Appearance Datum of conodont Neospathodus waageni was suggested and has been basically accepted as the primary marker to define the Induan-Olenekian boundary; (3) a characteristic Lower Triassic excursion of carbon isotopes was brought to light and has been proven to be not only an excellent index for the stratigraphic correlation but also a unique indication for the perturbation of ecological environments in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction; (4) a magnetostratigraphic sequence is constituted with a certain biostratigraphic control in the low-latitude region and it presents an important correlation to the Boreal sequence; (5) a cyclostratigraphic study provides an alternative method to constrain the age of the chronostratigraphic units; and (6) a scheme of the Olenekian subdivision is recently suggested to define the boundary between the Smithian and Spathian Substages. In addition, Chaohu is also the type locality of the Chaohuan Stage, the upper stage of the Lower Triassic in the China Chronostratigraphic System. Thus, the Lower Triassic of Chaohu is not only a classic sequence in South China, but also a key reference sequence to the investigation of the corresponding stratigraphy and geological events over the world. The recent achievements are viewed here for an overall understanding of the sequence. Then the current situation of the Induan-Olenekian and Smithian-Spathian boundaries is discussed to provide a reference for later works.     

贵州紫云石头寨晚二叠世—中三叠世牙形石动物群及生态意义

本文所研究的贵州紫云石头寨上二叠统长兴组—中三叠统新苑组牙形石,共计5属14种,其中Hindeodus julfensis在华南系首次发现。文中对下三叠统罗楼组上部—中三叠统新苑组下部共建立了3个牙形石带,它们是Neospathodus timorensis带、Neogondolella regale带和N.constricta带。其中N.regale在华南属首次报导。此外就N.timorensis带的时代归属作了讨论,认为该带应属早三叠世晚期。而N.regale带为安尼阶最下部的牙形石带。文中还对牙形石的生态作了初步探讨。     

西藏西部狮泉河地区二叠纪和三叠纪牙形石的发现及其意义

西藏西部阿里狮泉河地区的昂杰组、下拉组和左左组中发现牙形石化石。昂杰组的牙形石组合大致对比于中二叠世空谷期早中期Mesogondolella idahoensis-Vjalovognathus shindyensis组合带。下拉组顶部的牙形石组合大致对比于晚二叠世长兴期晚期Clarkina changxingensis带。左左组中含有早三叠世的Neospathodus sp.和Gladigondolella sp.,左左组和下拉组整合接触,左左组主体时代为三叠纪。狮泉河地区在早二叠世末期就开始由冈瓦纳相碎屑岩沉积转变为特提斯相碳酸盐岩沉积,在晚二叠世长兴期和早三叠世依然维持在海相沉积环境中。冈底斯西部在晚二叠世和三叠纪为古陆的观点有待于重新审视。     

贵州青岩地区早-中三叠世生物地层

贵州青岩地区下-中三叠统发育齐全,化石丰富,尤其是中三叠世“青岩动物群”,具有生物辐射性质.为了研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件后的生物复苏及辐射过程,对该区下、中三叠统剖面进行了实测,并从沉积学、古生物学上进行了系统研究.识别出5个牙形石带:Neospathodus dieneri带、Neospathodus waageni带、Neospathodus pingdingshanensis带、Neospathodus homeri带、Chiosella timorensis带,建立2个有孔虫组合和6个双壳类组合.并根据牙形石化石初步确定出印度阶与奥伦尼克阶及奥伦尼克阶与安尼阶的界线.多门类化石的分布和生态组合结构表明,大灭绝后的复苏-辐射第一幕发生于安尼期早期,安尼期中期雷打坡页岩段的化石组合具有典型辐射后期的生态繁荣景象.古环境研究表明,本区从三叠纪初到中三叠世安尼期沉积水体总体上震荡式变浅,表现为盆地-陆棚-台缘斜坡-台地-盆地-台缘斜坡-陆棚的演变过程.      

An Update of Conodonts in the Induan-Olenekian Boundary Strata at West Pingdingshan Section, Chaohu, Anhui Province

The Lower Triassic in Chaohu (巢湖) area, Anhui (安微) Province, China, is well developed and its sequence is typical in South China. After a brief introduction of the Induan-Olenekian boundary of Chaohu, this article presents some new data on conodonts. More than ten times of conodont samplings and investigations have recovered thousands of conodont specimens, which are especially rich in the Induan-Olenekian boundary strata at the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu City, Anhui Province. The most distinctive forms are the conodonts of the Neospathodus dieneri group and N. Waageni group. The first occurrence of N. Waageni eowaageni, which is regarded as the indicator of the Induan-Olenekian boundary, is situated at 40.49 m above the base of Yinkeng (殷坑) Formation. Some key conodonts and seven new specimens are introduced.