利用父母本微卫星标记估计大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长性状的遗传参数

The estimation of genetic parameters has played an important role in animal selective breeding for growth traits.Recently studies show that molecular markers can be incorporated into genetic evaluations. In order to improve the performance of an incomplete pedigree(i.e, only parents are known) in the genetic evaluations, 12 microsatellite markers have been applied in the estimation of the genetic parameters for body weight in a farmed population(n=1 890) of juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.). A new relatedness called parental molecular relatedness(PMR) is estimated based on results of genotyping of 48 parents(31 males, 17 females) with microsatellites markers. The feasibility of PMR in estimation of genetic parameters is verified by comparison with pedigree related(PR) which is obtained from a complete pedigree. The results demonstrate that a high correlation(0.872) between them is found. Heritabilities are estimated using the PMR(0.52±0.13) and PR(0.55±0.22) with the same animal model. A cross-validation shows that the predictive abilities of models using the PMR and the PR are identical(0.81). From that, a conclusion can be made that PMR and PR predicted genetic values equally well in a population of juvenile turbot. Therefore PMR can be applied as an alternative of the PR when only parents are known. However, for a better performance, more markers and more families should be included in a further study.     

基于Gibbs抽样的贝叶斯方法估计大菱鲆生长和耐高温性状的遗传参数

为了开展大菱鲆耐高温选育工作，对其进行耐高温性状及其相关生长性状的遗传评估是非常必要的。以来源于英国、法国、丹麦和挪威4个国家的不同群体构建大菱鲆选育家系，利用F₁的20个和F₂的22个耐高温选育家系进行耐高温实验，统计耐高温评估指标（UTT）和相应的实验鱼体重（每个家系选取40-50尾实验鱼）。基于Gibbs抽样的贝叶斯方法，采用包含母性效应和不包含母性效应的两种动物模型，对大菱鲆耐高温（UTT）和生长性状的遗传力以及这两个性状间的遗传相关和表型相关进行分析。结果表明，基于不包含母性效应的动物模型估计的体重和耐高温性状的遗传力以及这两个性状之间的表型相关和遗传相关分别为0.239±0.141,0.111±0.080,0.075±0.026和-0.019±0.011。基于包含母性效应的动物模型估计的这4个值分别为0.203±0.115,0.055±0.026,0.047±0.034和-0.024±0.028,体重和耐高温性状的母性效应分别为0.050±0.017和0.013±0.004。母性效应对这两个性状的遗传评估有一定的影响。本文的研究结论为制订合理的大菱鲆耐高温育种规划提供了理论依据。     

凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系的抗病与生长特性

从引进的无特定病原（SPF）凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeusvannamei）亲虾生产的子代中挑选出生长快、体格健壮等性状良好的个体作为亲本建立16个第一代选育家系,并经223d饲养和感染实验从中挑选出抗病力强、生长快的家系建立21个第二代家系．抗WSSV实验的结果表明：第一代选育各家系经感染wssv（投喂）后的成活率在0～61．5％之间,平均成活率为30．0％±16．5％;第二代选育家系成活率在14．5％～70．0％之间,平均成活率为37．3％±15．2％,比第一代提高24．3％．21个第二代选育家系经28d的生长实验显示：21个选育家系体长特定生长率在0．00l5～0．0142之间,体重特定生长率在0．0053～0．0279之间;两代选育家系抗病与生长的结果表明：抗病较强的家系生长快,抗病差的家系生长慢,但抗病最强或生长最快的家系,其对应的生长或抗病性能则不理想．     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)耐低温和生长性状的遗传参数估计

The inability of Fenneropenaeus chinensis to tolerate low temperatures is of major economic concern in temperate climates,as it reduces their growing season and leads to over-winter mortality.In this study,the heritability of body weight under low grow-out temperature and cold tolerance in F.chinensis were first investigated and estimated using 88 ful-sib families,which might provide crucial information in Chinese fleshy prawn breeding programs.The heritability for body weight under suitable and low temperature of F.chinensis were both moderate(0.158 0±0.307 5 and 0.132 0±0.026 9 respectively);the large coefficient of variation(approximately 21%) and moderate estimate of heritability for body weight indicated substantial potential for selective breeding.The heritability estimate for cold tolerance was low(0.019 2±0.023 5),and showed no significant differences from zero(P0.05).A weak genetic correlation between cold tolerance and body weight was also estimated in the present study,also showing no significant differences from zero(P0.05).Thus,more research needs to be conducted on the more accurate heritability estimate of cold tolerance and genetic correlations between traits in F.chinensis to further improve the achievement of breeding goals.     

Growth of eight Pacific abalone families at three temperatures

1 Introduction Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, is one of the most important fisheries in China. However, the wild populations have been over-fished in the past decades. Aquaculture may be a possible solution to this problem. Large-scale culture started in the late 1980s, and it has been developing rapidly in the past decade. And now, the current annual production is about 5 000 tonnes worth about US$ 200 000 000. However, the abalone aquaculture suffered a lot in the mid-1990s,…     

三个牙鲆育种群体亲本效应及遗传参数估计

针对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)养殖品种生长速度变慢、抗病力降低这一问题。近年来构建了牙鲆抗病群体(RS)、日本群体(JS)和黄海群体(YS)3个育种群体,开展牙鲆选择育种,建立了63个家系,收集了所有家系5 328尾鱼苗的体长和体重数据。借助线形混合模型(Linear mixedmodel)、"加性-显性"模型、约束极大似然法(REML)及最佳线性无偏预测(BLUP)分别估计亲本效应值、体重和体长遗传力和遗传相关、父母本效应和杂交效应。预测结果显示,其中父本130,141,146,170,218,229,303和308随机效应达到了极显著效应水平(P<0.01),父本112,122,141,190,212达到显著水平(P<0.05),所有母本体重随机效应达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);体长和体重两性状的加性、显性、表型和基因型相关分量都达到极显著水平(P<0.01),体长和体重的加性方差比率均大于显性方差比率,可见两性状的遗传效应主要取决于基因的加性效应。体长的总遗传效应率为31.20%,体重的总遗传效应率为33.58%,体长和体重的随机方差比率分别达到68.80%和66.41%,说明养殖环境等因素对牙鲆体长和体重的影响较大,同时说明在牙鲆选择育种中消除环境影响极为重要。体长和体重的狭义遗传率分别为0.199和0.256(P<0.01),广义遗传率分别为0.312和0.336(P<0.01),牙鲆在以上两性状上属于中等遗传力,通过选择育种可取得较大的遗传进展。对3个牙鲆育种群体杂交随机效应估计结果显示,抗病群体和黄海群体在体长和体重两性状上加性随机效应显著(P<0.05);抗病群体分别与日本群体、黄海群体杂交,其后代表现出显性随机效应达到0.10的水平(P<0.10),黄海群体自交、日本群体和黄海群体杂交随机效应不显著(P>0.05),因此在杂交组配中选择抗病群体与其他两个群体交配可取得较好的效果。     

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)不同月龄数量性状遗传力估计

采用不平衡巢式配对的技术,构建尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)半同胞家系30个,估计尼罗罗非鱼数量性状的遗传力。分别对3、4、5月龄的所有家系的家系个体的体重、全长、体长、头长、躯干长、体高、尾柄长、尾柄高及体宽共9个数量性状进行测量,运用半同胞组内相关法估计尼罗罗非鱼3、4、5月龄数量性状的遗传力。结果表明,3月龄尼罗罗非鱼数量性状遗传力的估计值较大为0.73—0.21,4月龄尼罗罗非鱼数量性状遗传力的估计值为0.21—0.06,5月龄尼罗罗非鱼数量性状遗传力的估计值为0.25—0.05,尼罗罗非鱼各性状的遗传力随着月龄增长而减小,遗传力在3月龄最高,4月龄和5月龄较低并接近。本研究结果为进一步开展尼罗罗非鱼选择育种研究奠定基础。     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长性状的遗传力及其相关性分析

以4种不同地理群体大菱鲆为亲本，采用巢式设计方法和人工采卵授精技术，按照1雄配2雌的原则，构建了28个父系半同胞家系和56个母系全同胞家系，分别测定了每个母系生长到6月龄的全同胞个体60个后代的体长、全长、体高、体重，应用数量遗传学原理，利用全同胞资料，采用方差、协方差分析的方法，研究了大菱鲆6月龄生长性状的遗传力及性状间的遗传相关和表型相关。对性状遗传力研究结果表明，雌性遗传方差组分均大于雄性遗传方差组分，雌性遗传方差组分存在显著的母性效应。基于父系半同胞组内相关法估计的遗传力是大菱鲆体长、全长、体高、体重遗传力的无偏估计值，估计的遗传力准确可靠，估计值分别为0．282、0．251、0．283、0．450，为中高等遗传力，显示对大菱鲆生长性状进行选择育种具有很大的潜力。对性状间相关性分析结果表明，依据父系半同胞遗传协方差组分和表型协方差分别估计体长．全长、体长一体高、体长．体重、全长。体高、全长一体重、体高一体重间的遗传相关和表型相关，遗传相关在0．888-0．985，表型相关在0．864—0．957，各性状间遗传相关和表型相关经t检验均达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）。     

大菱鲆体重性状遗传参数及选育遗传进展研究

本研究估计了大菱鲆收获体重性状的遗传参数和选育遗传进展。数据共包括3个世代（G0，G1，G2）的508个全同胞家系10952尾个体。G0，G1，G2的体重估计遗传力分别为0.11±0.08，0.18±0.09，0.17±0.07；世代间估计遗传力为0.19±0.04。每一世代母本和共同环境效应分别为0.10±0.04，0.14±0.04，0.13±0.03；世代间为0.12±0.01。G0和G1世代选择差分别为,18.24g和21.19g。对应的G1和G2世代的遗传进展为22.06g，11.93g；百分比表示分别为6.36%，3.52%。连续两代选择之后总遗传进展为10.10%。以上结果说明针对大菱鲆体重性状的选育项目是成功的。     

利用限制性最大似然方法和贝叶斯方法估计大菱鲆生长性状的遗传参数。

Bayesian and restricted maximum likelihood(REML) approaches were used to estimate the genetic parameters in a cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus stock. The data set consisted of harvest body weight from 2 462progenies(17 months old) from 28 families that were produced through artificial insemination using 39 parent fish. An animal model was applied to partition each weight value into a fixed effect, an additive genetic effect, and a residual effect. The average body weight of each family, which was measured at 110 days post-hatching, was considered as a covariate. For Bayesian analysis, heritability and breeding values were estimated using both the posterior mean and mode from the joint posterior conditional distribution. The results revealed that for additive genetic variance, the posterior mean estimate( δ_a~2=9 320) was highest but with the smallest residual variance,REML estimates( δ_a~2=8 088) came second and the posterior mode estimate( δ_a~2=7 849) was lowest. The corresponding three heritability estimates followed the same trend as additive genetic variance and they were all high. The Pearson correlations between each pair of the three estimates of breeding values were all high,particularly that between the posterior mean and REML estimates(0.996 9). These results reveal that the differences between Bayesian and REML methods in terms of estimation of heritability and breeding values were small. This study provides another feasible method of genetic parameter estimation in selective breeding programs of turbot.     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)低盐耐受性和体重的遗传参数估计及其相关分析

为评估三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)体重及其低盐耐受性遗传力,本实验构建了20个三疣梭子蟹全同胞家系,分别在其60、90养殖日龄测量其各个家系的体重,并在60日龄时取每个家系90个个体,在盐度4胁迫下分别在12h、24h、48h、72h统计其死亡率,作为衡量其盐度耐受性指标。利用全同胞方差组分分析法评估其低盐耐受性及体重遗传参数。结果发现三疣梭子蟹在60日龄下,其体重遗传力为0.45,其在12h、24h、48h、72h处理条件低盐耐受性遗传力分别为0.13、0.18、0.21、0.29。通过聚类分析的方法将其耐受性状分为3类,并通过相关性分析发现三疣梭子蟹生长性状与低盐耐受性性状的相关系数为0.143,检验并不显著(P=0.547),说明三疣梭子蟹生长性状与耐低盐性状并不相关,在选育时可采用复合选育,提高育种效率。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)幼鱼生长性状和底色的表型和遗传参数估计

半滑舌鳎是重要的经济鱼类,已经被广泛推广养殖,致力于养殖方面的研究开展了很多工作,但是对半滑舌鳎生长性状进行准确遗传评估的研究还未见报道。为了对生长性状进行准确的遗传参数估计,本次研究以80个半滑舌鳎家系为研究对象,对半滑舌鳎早期生长性状（包括个体全长、体宽和体质量）进行分析。另外还将鱼体底面纯白与否（命名为底面颜色）作为一个性状进行研究。结果表明,四个性状都属于中等遗传力（全长为0.210、体宽为0.259、体质量为0.268、底面颜色为0.362）。三个生长性状之间具有很高的遗传相关性（0.913-0.959）,表明如果三个性状进行间接选择的话,将会取得较好效果。底面颜色性状与三个生长性状均为正遗传相关,相关系数在0.241-0.353之间,由此可知,对底面颜色进行选择时,可以加强生长性状的选择效果。通过家系育种值排序,初步筛选出了生长性状优良遗传背景丰富的16个全同胞家系,将作为亲鱼繁殖后代。本研究为半滑舌鳎优良品种的成功培育提供了重要基础资料。     

Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for weight and length in Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

The complete diallel cross design was employed to estimate the genetic parameters of the growth of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 60 full-sib families were cultivated and two growth-related traits, body weight (BW) and body length (BL), were examined at average 2, 3 and 8 months of age respectively, with 1 800 individuals measured in each age group (30 per family). Based on the additive-dominance-maternal-effect genetic analysis model, the restricted maximum likelihood approach was used to estimate various (co)variance components. The results showed that narrow-sense heritability estimates of BW and BL were respectively:0.29±0.01 and 0.22±0.02 at 2 months of age, 0.32±0.02 and 0.30±0.04 at 3 months of age, 0.48±0.04 and 0.40±0.05 at 8 months of age; broad-sense heritability estimates were respectively:0.44±0.02 and 0.54±0.04 at 2 months of age, 0.35±0.01 and 0.36±0.03 at 3 months of age, 0.49±0.03 and 0.45±0.04. All heritabilities were statistically significant (P <0.05). Additive genetic correlations between BW and BL at 2, 3 and 8 months of age were consistently positive and highly significant (P <0.01):0.93±0.02, 0.95±0.03 and 0.92±0.03 respectively. Maternal effect was significant (P <0.05) only at 2 months of age, and was not detected at 3 and 8 months of age. According to the heritability estimates, the mass selection strategy should be efficient for the breeding of Japanese flounder.     

许氏平鲉微卫星标记与体长、体质量、体高的相关性分析

为了解许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)微卫星标记与生长性状的相关性,选取26个微卫星标记在海捕许氏平鲉群体中进行微卫星筛选,每个微卫星位点的等位基因数(Na)在3~21,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.1815~15.5676;观测杂合度(Ho)范围为0.0417~0.9999;期望杂合度(He)范围为0.1581~0.9456;多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.1509~0.9320。利用单标记分析法分析了多态性较高(PIC0.5)的22个标记与体长、体质量、体高的相关性,结果显示3个标记与生长性状显著相关,其中HJ2-32与体长、体质量和体高显著相关(P0.05),并推断等位基因D与C对于体质量、体长、体高分别具有重要的正向与负向影响;HJ7-2与体质量显著相关;HJ7-22与体长显著相关,并推测等位基因F对体长具有正向影响,等位基因B对体长有负面影响。这些标记可为许氏平鲉分子标记辅助育种提供基础。     

基于数量性状的砂海螂(Mya arenaria)选择指标评估

采用多元回归和通径分析的方法,研究了砂海螂(Mya arenaria)形态性状对重量性状的影响,建立了利用形态性状估计重量性状的回归方程,以评估砂海螂育种的选择指标。结果表明,各形态性状与体重、软体部重之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);壳长对体重和软体部重的直接效应均为最大,其通径系数分别为0.4338和0.3265,是影响体重和软体部重的主要因素。壳宽对体重和软体部重的直接影响效应次之,但壳高对重量性状的影响主要是间接效应。决定系数分析的结果与通径分析结果具有一致的变化趋势。上述结果为砂海螂选择育种提供了依据,以壳长作为首选指标,能有效地增加体重和软体部重。     

施氏獭蛤早期生长性状遗传参数和育种值估计

以2代选育群体为亲本、采用巢式设计构建21个施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii)全同胞家系,利用混合线性模型对30日龄和80日龄施氏獭蛤生长性状进行遗传参数和育种值估计。结果显示:施氏獭蛤早期发育过程中壳长生长速度较壳高快,性状间遗传相关系数范围为0.96～0.98,表型相关系数范围为0.77～0.96,均呈正相关,80日龄施氏獭蛤壳长、壳高与体质量间表型相关系数较高;30日龄的壳长和壳高性状遗传力分别为0.31±0.02和0.25±0.01,80日龄的壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量性状的遗传力分别为:0.35±0.27、0.27±0.20、0.06±0.04和0.25±0.19,壳宽性状遗传力为低遗传力,其余性状遗传力均属中等遗传力;不同性状个体育种值的前10家系相同率为70%～90%,基于育种值选择比基于表型值选择效率提高13%～30%(10%留种率)。研究表明:施氏獭蛤早期对体质量性状进行选择时可参考壳长、壳高性状,早期利用壳长、壳高和体质量性状进行选择时遗传进度高,利用个体育种值进行选择具有更高的优势。研究结果将为施氏獭蛤生长性状选择育种提供了参考依据。     

Estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values in shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis using the REML/BLUP procedure

An analysis of a selection experiment was used to assess the impact of various animal model structures on REML estimates of variance components.The analyses were carried out based on 162 d body mass (BM) of 1 287 animals from 21 paternal half-sib groups of Fenneropenaeus chinensis.Estimated breeding values (EBV) of BM of all individuals were estimated using eight statistical models (A,AB,ABC,ABDC,ABMFC,ABMDC,ABFDC and ABMFDC) and BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction).These models were designed involving factors such as sex,spawn date as fixed effects,maternal genetic effects,full-sib family effects as random effects,mean BM of families at tagging and age at recording (covariate).The results demonstrate the importance of correct interpretation of effects in the data set,particularly those that can influence resemblance between relatives.The data structure and the particular model that was applied markedly influenced the magnitude of variance component estimates.Models based on few effects obtained upward biased estimates of additive genetic variance.The accuracy of genetic parameters and breeding value estimated by ABFDC model was higher than other models.The results imply that additive genetic direct value,full-sib family effects,and covariance effects besides sex and spawn date as fixed effects were very important for estimating genetic parameters and breeding value of body mass.This model had a heritability estimate of 162 d BM of 0.44.The comparison of the efficiency of selection based on breeding values or phenotypic value revealed great difference:average breeding value of the best 24 families selected by the 162 d BM breeding value and phenotype were 0.577 g and 0.366 g,respectively,representing a 36.57% higher efficiency in the former.In conclusion,selection based on breeding value was more effective than selection based on phenotypic value.Our results indicate that effects influencing the magnitude of estimates should be taken into account when estimating heritability and breeding values for BM.     

俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)家系构建及不同家系间生长性能比较

利用收集的两个俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)群体为材料,采用群体间杂交的交配策略,以人工授精技术和苗种标准化培育技术为方法建立了30个俄罗斯鲟全同胞家系。在相同养殖条件下对5月龄和14月龄所有家系进行了50尾个体体长、体重和家系存活率的测定,对不同家系和不同时期的生长、存活性状进行了比较分析。结果显示,俄罗斯鲟个体体重性状的变异系数高于体长性状的变异系数,5月龄、14月龄体重、体长的变异系数分别为30.02%、31.46%、9.59%、10.65%;不同俄罗斯鲟家系间生长速度具有显著性差异(P0.05),其中在5月龄阶段,F1205家系增重最快,比所有家系均值高40.21%,比增重最慢的家系高120.83%,表现出明显的生长优势,14月龄阶段,F1213家系增重最快,比所有家系均值高17.69%,比增重最慢的家系高60.64%,但不同月龄阶段俄罗斯鲟家系的特定增重率、绝对增重率及体重值排序并不一致;两个标准化养殖阶段俄罗斯鲟家系的平均养殖存活率较高,但变异系数较低,分别为3.15%、5.28%。本研究结果表明,俄罗斯鲟生长性状具有较大的遗传改良空间和选育潜力,并为下一步的遗传选育提供了选育材料。     

三个文蛤家系双列杂交设计在两种环境下的配合力及杂种优势分析

A 3×3 complete diallel cross comprising three families of the clam Meretrix meretrix(P1, P2 and P3) was used to determine the combining ability of parental families and heterosis of F1 under indoor and openair environments for growth traits. Analysis of variance for shell length and whole body weight indicated highly significant cross effects, environment effects and the interaction of cross by environment. General combining ability(GCA) and specific combing ability exhibited great variation among crosses and between two environments. Pooled over environments, P2 was the top combiner among the three parental families for both traits studied. The cross of P1 and P3 had the highest SCA. Additionally, significant reciprocal effects were observed. For individual environment, about half of the crossbred combinations showed favorable Mid-parent heterosis(MPH)(1%) for the shell length and whole body weight. Our data has shown that non-additive genetic and reciprocal effects constituted the major sources of genetic variation for both shell length and whole body weight, which indicates that crossbreeding among selective families could further explore the heterotic effects.     

大菱鲆体重和主要体型比率性状的遗传动态分析

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of body width(BW)to body length(BL)ratio(BW/BL)and of body weight traits(BWT)in turbot,and to elucidate the genetic mechanism of the two traits during ontogeny by dynamic genetic analysis.From 3 to 27 months,BW,BL and BWT of each communally stocked fish were measured every 3 months.The BW/BL ratio was measured at different sampling ages.A twotrait animal model was used for genetic evaluation of traits.The results showed that the heritability values of BW/BL ratio ranged from 0.2168 to 0.3148,corresponding to moderate heritability.The BWT heritability values ranged from 0.2702 to 0.3479 corresponding to moderate heritability.The heritability of BW/BL ratio was lower than that of BWT,except at 3 months of age.Genetic correlation between BW/BL ratio and BWT decreased throughout the measurement period.Genetic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations.The current results for estimating genetic parameters demonstrate that the BW/BL ratio could be used as a phenotypic marker of fast-growing turbot,and the BW/BL ratio and BWT could be improved simultaneously through selective breeding.