近50年来祁连山冰川变化——基于中国第一、二次冰川编目数据

基于修订后的祁连山区第一次冰川编目(1956-1983年)和最新发布的第二次冰川编目数据(2005-2010年),对祁连山区冰川变化进行分析。结果表明:1祁连山区现有冰川2684条,面积1597.81±70.30 km2,冰储量约84.48 km3。其中,甘肃省和青海省各有冰川1492条和1192条,面积分别为760.96 km2和836.85 km2。2祁连山区冰川数量和面积分别以面积1.0 km2的冰川和面积介于1~5 km2的冰川为主;冰川平均中值面积海拔为4972.7 m,并自东向西由4483.8 m逐渐上升为5234.1 m。3疏勒河流域冰川面积和冰储量最大,占祁连山冰川总量的31.91%和35.11%;其次是哈尔腾河流域,巴音郭勒河流域冰川面积最小,为2.20 km2;黑河流域是祁连山区冰川平均面积最小的四级流域,冰川平均面积仅0.21 km2。4近50年间祁连山冰川面积和冰储量分别减少420.81 km2(-20.88%)和21.63 km3(-20.26%)。面积1.0 km2的冰川急剧萎缩是该区冰川面积减少的主要原因,海拔4000 m以下山区冰川已完全消失,海拔4350~5100 m区间冰川面积减少量占冰川面积总损失的84.24%。冰川数量和面积在各个朝向均呈减少态势,其中朝北冰川面积减少最多,朝东冰川面积减少最快,而西北朝向冰川变化最为缓慢。5祁连山冰川变化呈现明显的经度地带性分异,东段冰川退缩较快,中西段冰川面积减少较慢。     

1970-2016年冈底斯山冰川变化

基于修订后的中国两次冰川编目数据及2015-2016年Landsat OLI遥感影像,对冈底斯山1970-2016年的冰川时空变化特征进行分析,并利用相应时段的气温和降水数据,对冰川变化原因进行探讨,为全面认识冈底斯山在气候变暖背景下冰川的响应规律及区域水资源合理利用提供科学依据。结果表明：① 2015-2016年冈底斯山共有冰川3953条,面积1306.45 km ²,冰储量约58.16 km ³;冰川数量以面积< 0.5 km ²的冰川为主,面积则以介于0.1~5 km ²的冰川为主。② 1970-2016年冈底斯山冰川面积共减少854.05 km ²（-39.53%）,冰川面积变化相对速率高达-1.09%/a,消融期气温升高是导致该山区冰川退缩的最主要原因。与中国西部其他山系冰川变化相比,冈底斯山是冰川退缩最为强烈的地区,且近年来冰川退缩呈加快趋势。③ 冈底斯山冰川面积减少主要集中在海拔5600~6100 m之间,海拔6500 m以上区域基本没有变化。除南朝向和东南朝向外,冈底斯山其他朝向冰川数量和面积均呈减少趋势,其中北朝向冰川面积减少最多,西北朝向冰川面积变化最快。④ 冈底斯山冰川面积变化自西向东呈加快趋势,其中东段冰川面积变化相对速率高达-1.72%/a,中段次之（-1.67%/a）,西段仅为-0.83%/a。     

1959-2008年新疆阿尔泰山友谊峰地区冰川变化特征

 利用1959年地形图、2008年ASTER数字遥感影像及数字高程模型,在地理信息系统技术支持下分析了新疆阿尔泰山友谊峰地区冰川的变化特征。研究表明：1959-2008年该区冰川整体呈萎缩趋势,且变化幅度相对较大。相对于1959年,2008年冰川面积和数量分别变化-32.5%和-27.9%。其中,小于1 km2的冰川面积平均变化率为-66.7%,面积小于0.5 km2的冰川面积变化率大于-70%,面积大于1 km2以上的冰川面积变化率为-35.0%,1~5 km2的冰川面积变化率为-27.9%。冰川末端平均后退253 m,末端退缩比例为-18.3%,且南坡冰川末端变化率大于北坡。分析发现,研究区冰川面积亏损较大主要缘于该区小冰川分布数量较多（面积小于1 km2的冰川数量达75%),对气候变化的响应较为敏感。     

基于第二次冰川编目的中国冰川现状

以2004年之后的Landsat TM/ETM+和ASTER遥感影像为基础,参考第一次中国冰川目录及其他文献资料,经过影像校正、自动解译、野外考察、人工修订、交互检查和成果审定等技术环节,完成占全国冰川总面积85.5%的现状冰川编目,确定中国目前共有冰川48571条,总面积约5.18×10⁴βkm²,约占全国国土面积的0.54%,冰川储量约4.3~4.7×10³βkm³。中国冰川数量和面积分别以面积<0.5βkm²的冰川和面积介于1.0~50.0βkm²的冰川为主,面积最大的冰川是音苏盖提冰川（359.05βkm²）。中国西部14座山系（高原）均有冰川分布,其中昆仑山冰川数量最多,其次是天山、念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和喀喇昆仑山,这5座山系冰川数量占全国冰川总数量的72.3%;冰川面积和冰储量位列前3位的山系分别为昆仑山、念青唐古拉山和天山,尽管喀喇昆仑山冰川数量和面积均小于喜马拉雅山,但前者冰储量高于后者。从冰川海拔分布来看,海拔4500~6500βm之间是冰川集中发育区域,约占全国冰川总面积的4/5以上。冰川资源在各流域分布差异显著,东亚内流区（5Y）是中国冰川分布数量最多、面积最大的一级流域,约占全国冰川总量的2/5以上;黄河流域（5J）是冰川数量最少、规模最小的一级流域,仅有冰川164条,面积126.72βkm²。新疆和西藏的冰川面积和冰储量约占全国冰川总面积的9/10。     

基于遥感资料的中亚阿拉套地区冰川变化及动因分析

以1990年、1999年、2006年和2013年的Landsat TM/ETM+及OLI/TIRS遥感资料为数据源,通过计算机半自动解译及人工目视解译方法得到中亚阿拉套地区1990—2013年4景冰川数据,同时对研究区周边气温、降水进行趋势分析和周期性分析,并应用GIS技术研究了过去近24年来冰川变化特征及其与气候变化的响应过程。结果表明:11990—2013年,中亚阿拉套地区冰川退缩明显,冰川总面积从680.73 km2退缩到539.28 km2,总面积减少了141.45 km2,退缩率为20.78%,平均单条冰川面积减小0.12 km2;21990—1999年、1999—2006年及2006—2013年3个时段年均退缩速率经历了"慢—快—慢"的过程,但后两个时段都较前一时段退缩快,表明自1999年以来阿拉套地区的冰川进入加速退缩的新阶段;3大规模冰川分解使得小规模冰川的总面积和条数均有所增加;4研究区处于气温偏高期,降水偏少期,区域变暖是该区冰川退缩的主要因素;5通过分形理论对研究区冰川空间结构特征分析表明,预计未来该区冰川消融率将趋于稳定但仍处于较高状态;6与中国天山各地区冰川变化进行对比,发现该地区冰川退缩速率较天山其他区域快。     

然乌湖

<正>然乌湖,位于西藏昌都八宿县然乌镇,318国道从湖滨经过,交通方便。其地处喜马拉雅山、念青唐古拉山和横断山脉的对撞断裂上,是雅鲁藏布江支流帕隆藏布的上游,因下游出口附近山体崩坍堵塞河道而形成的堰塞湖,呈马鞍形。湖长约29 km,平均宽度约1 km,平均水深约10 m,面积约20 km~2,海拔3 850 m。湖周围高山环绕且多发育有冰川,西南方向是岗日嘎布雪山,南为阿扎贡拉冰川,东北为伯舒     

1990-2015年喜马拉雅山冰川变化的遥感监测及动因分析

采用Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像数据,结合比值阈值法与目视解译提取冰川边界,分析了喜马拉雅山冰川在1990-2015年的进退变化。结果表明：近25 a来喜马拉雅山冰川整体呈退缩趋势,冰川面积由23 229.27 km2减少至20 676.17 km2,共减少2 553.10 km2,退缩率为10.99%,研究时段喜马拉雅山冰川加速退缩,尤其是近5 a来,加速退缩的趋势尤为显著。研究区冰川主要分布在海拔4 800~6 200 m范围内,且随着海拔升高冰川分布面积呈先增加后减小趋势,综合分析喜马拉雅山山体海拔特征可知,5 200~5 600 m很可能是研究区的“第二大降水带”。依据山岳冰川分布特征,我们将研究区冰川分为山谷冰川、冰斗冰川、冰斗-山谷冰川、悬冰川和平顶冰川,其中悬冰川的数量最多,山谷冰川的分布面积和平均规模最大。结合研究区周边气象格点数据,同时以12a为滞后期发现,近25a来喜马拉雅山冰川持续退缩很可能是气温升高和降水减少共同作用的结果,且未来十几年内冰川仍可能处于持续退缩的状态。     

冰川与冻土

P902,P941.52006021150中国寒区分布探讨=Cold regions in China/陈仁升,康尔泗…∥冰川冻土.—2005,27(4).—469~475研究结果表明:用最冷月平均气温<-3.0℃、平均气温>10℃的月份不超过5个年平均气温≤5℃等3项指标所划分的寒区,与中国多年冻土、冰川、稳定性季节积雪、气候区划和植被区划边界基本一致.最终划分的中国寒区面积为417.4×104km2,占我国陆地面积的43.5%.图6表3参20(洪明)Bi冰川P343.62006021151表碛下冰面消融的模拟与估算=Esti mation of ice ablationunder a debris cover/韩海东,丁永建…∥冰川冻土.—2005,27(3).—329…     

塔里木河源区冰川系统变化趋势预测

塔里木河源区是我国冰川分布最集中的地区之一,总面积达17 745.51 km2,占全国冰川总面积的30%;同时本区又属于我国升温幅度最大的地区之一。应用冰川系统变化的功能模型,对塔里木河源区冰川系统在本世纪对气候变化的趋势进行预测。结果表明:到2050年,如气温比1961~1990年高出1.9~2.3℃,本区冰川面积将减少4%~6%,冰川径流将增加22%~34%,零平衡线将上升62~94 m;如此升温率持续到本世纪末,则本区冰川面积将减少10%~16%,冰川径流将会回落,但仍比本世纪初多11%~13%,零平衡线将上升156~233 m。     

中国冰川学的世纪总结——施雅风院士主编《中国第四纪冰川与环境变化》评介

中国是世界上中低纬度山岳冰川最发达的国家,冰川总面积约59 406 km2,冰储量5 590 km3,除了南极大陆和格陵兰两大冰盖外,中国冰川数量仅次于加拿大、俄罗斯和美国,在亚洲遥居首位。中国第四纪冰川研究,若从G·Merzbacher(1905,1916)对天山博格达山和汗腾格里山汇四周的冰川报道算起,至今已有百年历史。但是,对我国冰川研究事业起决定性作用的是1959年中国科学院在兰州建立了专门的冰川研究机构之后的事,它在施雅风先生主持下,与有关高等院校和科研所、生产部门合作,开展了对中国西部高山冰川的广泛科学考察,并逐渐扩展研究领域至冰川学的各…     

Glacier area shrinkage in China and its climatic background during the past half century

Based on the glacier area variation records in the typical regions of China monitored by remote sensing, as well as the meteorological data of air temperature and precipitation from 139 stations and the 0℃ isotherm height from 28 stations, the glacier area shrinkage in China and its climatic background in the past half century was discussed. The initial glacier area calculated in this study was 23,982 km2 in the 1960s/1970s, but the present area was only 21,893 km2 in the 2000s. The area-weighted shrinking rate of glacier was 10.1%, and the interpolated annual percentage of area changes (APAC) of glacier was 0.3% a-1 since 1960. The high APAC was found at the Ili River Basin and the Junggar Interior Basin around the Tianshan Mountains, the Ob River Basin around the Altay Mountains, the Hexi Interior Basin around the Qilian Mountains, etc. The retreat of glacier was affected by the climatic background, and the influence on glacier of the slight-increased precipitation was counteracted by the significant warming in summer.     

近50 年气候变化背景下中国冰川面积状况分析

根据近年来中国典型区域冰川面积变化遥感监测数据,结合139 个地面站的气温、降水量与28 个探空站的0 ℃层高度气象资料,分析了近50 年气候变化背景下中国冰川面积状况。结果表明,研究区冰川面积从20 世纪60-70 年代的23982 km²减小到21 世纪初的21893 km²,根据冰川分布进行加权计算后冰川面积退缩了10.1%,对时间插补后得到1960 年以来的冰川面积年均变化率为0.3 % a^-1。就冰川面积变化的空间分布特征而言,天山的伊犁河流域、准噶尔内流水系、阿尔泰山的鄂毕河流域、祁连山的河西内流水系等都是冰川退缩程度较高的区域。近50 年中国冰川区夏季地面气温与大气0 ℃层高度均呈上升趋势,而降水量的增幅却相对轻微,增长的降水量不足以抵消升温对冰川的影响,气候变暖是影响冰川面积变化的主要因素。     

近50年气候变化背景下中国西部冰川面积状况分析(英文)

Based on the glacier area variation records in the typical regions of China moni-tored by remote sensing, as well as the meteorological data of air temperature and precipitation from 139 stations and the 0℃ isotherm height from 28 stations, the glacier area shrinkage in China and its climatic background in the past half century was discussed. The initial glacier area calculated in this study was 23,982 km2 in the 1960s/1970s, but the present area was only 21,893 km2 in the 2000s. The area-weighted shrinking rate of glacier was 10.1%, and the interpolated annual percentage of area changes (APAC) of glacier was 0.3% a-1 since 1960. The high APAC was found at the Ili River Basin and the Junggar Interior Basin around the Tianshan Mountains, the Ob River Basin around the Altay Mountains, the Hexi Interior Basin around the Qilian Mountains, etc. The retreat of glacier was affected by the climatic background, and the influence on glacier of the slight-increased precipitation was counteracted by the significant warming in summer.     

Glacier changes in the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve of China during 2000–2018

The glaciers in the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve of China (SNRC) are a significant water resource for the Yangtze,Yellow,and Mekong rivers.Based on Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)/Operational Land Imager (OLI) images acquired in 2000,2010,and 2018,the outlines of glaciers in the SNRC were obtained by combining band ratio method with manual interpretation.There were 1714 glaciers in the SNRC in 2018,with an area of 2331.15±54.84 km2,an ice volume of 188.90±6.41 km3,and an average length of 1475.4±15 m.During 2000-2018,the corresponding values of glaciers decreased by 69,271.95±132.06 km2,18.59±8.83 km3,and 84.75±34 m,respectively.Glaciers in the Yangtze River source area witnessed the largest area loss (-154.45 km2),whereas glaciers in the Mekong River source area experienced the fastest area loss (-2.02％·a-1) and the maximum reduction of the average length (-125.82 m).Overall,the retreat of glaciers in the SNRC exhibited an accelerating trend.Especially,the loss rate of glacier area in the Yellow River source area in 2010-2018 was more than twice that in 2000-2010.The glacier change is primarily attributed to the significant rise in temperature during the ablation period.Some other factors including the size,orientation and terminus elevation of glaciers also contributed to the heterogeneity of glacier change.     

Methods for calculating glacier area and length in a mountainous area based on remote-sensing data and a digital elevation model

In a mountainous region, the glacier area and length extracted form the satellite imagery data is the projected area and length of the land surface, which can’t be representative of the reality; there are always some errors. In this paper, the methods of calculating glacier area and length calculation were put forward based on satellite imagery data and a digital elevation model (DEM). The pure pixels and the mixed pixels were extracted based on the linear spectral un-mixing approach, the slop of the pixels was calculated based on the DEM, then the area calculation method was presented. The projection length was obtained from the satellite imagery data, and the elevation differences was calculated from the DEM. The length calculation method was presented based on the Pythagorean theorem. For a glacier in the study area of western Qilian Mountain, northwestern China, the projected area and length were 140.93 km2 and 30.82 km, respectively. This compares with the results calculated by the methods in this paper, which were 155.16 km2 and 32.11 km respectively, a relative error of the projected area and length extracted from the LandSat Thematic Mapper (TM) image directly reach to -9.2 percent and -4.0 percent, respectively. The calculation method is more in accord with the practicality and can provide reference for some other object’s area and length monitoring in a mountainous region.     

过去44年乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川物质平衡结果及其过程研究

通过1997—2003年度天山乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川物质平衡的观测结果,分析比较了过去44年间一号冰川物质平衡、累积物质平衡的变化过程,以及反映气候一地形要素和冰川发育条件要素的平衡线高度和冰川积累区比率,认为一号冰川负平衡波动期随时间推移而递增,目前处于其观测历史上物质平衡亏损最为强烈的时期。     

新疆阿尔泰山东段冰碛物光释光测年研究

冰川是塑造地表形态最积极的外营力之一,对冰川地貌的年代学研究是重建古冰川发展史的关键,也是研究气候变化的重要途径。冰碛物是冰川作用的直接产物,代表过去发生的冰川事件,对冰碛物进行准确测年能够为重建古冰川的进退、理解区域古气候变化提供年代学支撑。本文在新疆阿尔泰山东段采集了8个冰碛物样品以进行光释光测年,利用单片再生剂量法对90~125 μm的石英颗粒进行等效剂量的测定。通过等效剂量值频率分布特征及De（t）坪区图分析得出大部分冰碛物的光释光信号晒退不彻底,所以利用一阶动力学公式对持续激发的光释光信号晒退曲线（CW-OSL）进行多组分拟合拆分,得到快速、中速、慢速3种组分,依据分离出的快速组分确定等效剂量值。研究结果显示,距今32 ka以来阿尔泰山东段区域在MIS3阶段、MIS2阶段、8.2 ka左右、全新世大暖期及新冰期等5个时段有冰川发育,冰川发育与气候变化密切相关。     

Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half-century: Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory

Glaciers are the most important fresh-water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of western China. According to the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (SCGI), primarily compiled from Landsat TM/ETM+ images, the Qilian Mountains had 2684 glaciers covering an area of 1597.81±70.30 km2 and an ice volume of ~84.48 km³ from 2005 to 2010. While most glaciers are small (85.66% are <1.0 km²), some larger ones (12.74% in the range 1.0–5.0 km²) cover 42.44% of the total glacier area. The Laohugou Glacier No.12 (20.42 km²) located on the north slope of the Daxue Range is the only glacier >20 km² in the Qilian Mountains. Median glacier elevation was 4972.7 m and gradually increased from east to west. Glaciers in the Qilian Mountains are distributed in Gansu and Qinghai provinces, which have 1492 glaciers (760.96 km²) and 1192 glaciers (836.85 km²), respectively. The Shule River basin contains the most glaciers in both area and volume. However, the Heihe River, the second largest inland river in China, has the minimum average glacier area. A comparison of glaciers from the SCGI and revised glacier inventory based on topographic maps and aerial photos taken from 1956 to 1983 indicate that all glaciers have receded, which is consistent with other mountain and plateau areas in western China. In the past half-century, the area and volume of glaciers decreased by 420.81 km² (–20.88%) and 21.63 km³ (–20.26%), respectively. Glaciers with areas <1.0 km² decreased the most in number and area recession. Due to glacier shrinkage, glaciers below 4000 m completely disappeared. Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains presented a clear longitudinal zonality, i.e., the glaciers rapidly shrank in the east but slowly in the central-west. The primary cause of glacier recession was warming temperatures, which was slightly mitigated with increased precipitation.