基于级配方程的粗粒料压实特性试验研究

级配显著影响着堆石料的压实特性,定量表述级配对堆石料压实特性的影响至关重要。基于连续级配土的级配方程,设计了16组不同级配的试验粗粒料,进行了表面振动压实试验和侧限压缩试验,定量研究了级配对粗粒料压实特性的影响。研究表明：由表面振动压实（动应力）试验和侧限压缩（静应力）试验得到的干密度与级配曲线面积之间均呈二次函数关系,且干密度中的最大值对应的级配曲线面积均在0.9附近;无论是表面振动压实试验还是侧限压缩试验,堆石料都存在干密度最优（最大）的级配。依据试验成果,给出了所试验堆石料的最优级配区间（级配上、下包络线）;同时,利用相似级配法论证了实际级配粗粒料的最优级配区间,并根据国内外多座土石坝粗粒料的设计级配验证了该最优级配区间的普遍适用性,为土石坝粗粒料的级配设计提供了理论依据。     

筑坝粗粒料力学特性的缩尺效应研究

针对筑坝粗粒材料缩尺效应问题,统计分析三板溪、水布垭等大坝填筑料的级配特征,认为以Talbot曲线为原级配可作为高土石坝填筑料的“平均级配”,并将此原级配按现今粗粒料试验制样时最为常用的“混合法”进行缩尺,配制了最大粒径 为20～180 mm的试样。利用PFC2D软件,对各缩尺级配进行了多组、多种数值试验,揭示了各缩尺级配试样干密度极值、初始弹性模量及体积模量等关键物理量与各级配最大粒径的关系。结果表明：缩尺关系与密实度控制标准相关,在同一相对密度条件下各缩尺比试样力学参量为其最大粒径的单调函数,经推求可得原级配具备室内试验级配1.5～1.6倍的抗变形能力;而在同一干密度条件下,力学参量与各最大粒径呈先减小再增加的非单调关系。最后基于细观力学理论对造成缩尺效应的机制进行了解译。利用PFC2D数值试验从一定程度上拓展了仅靠实际三轴试验来研究粗粒料缩尺效应的粒径和思路。     

考虑颗粒强度尺寸效应的原型堆石料破碎特性研究

高土石坝中,堆石体颗粒破碎是导致坝体变形的主要因素之一。但是由于原型坝料的颗粒尺寸较大,其破碎程度难以直接通过室内试验度量,因此通常要将原型级配缩尺为60 mm以下的小粒径级配堆石料,然后才能进行室内试验。而由于原型和试验级配差异较大,导致试验测得的参数往往和原型坝料实际参数有较大差异,因而影响了原型坝料力学特性的深入研究。这里提出了一种新的实时预测原型坝料破碎的方法。首先在颗粒尺度上,基于单粒强度的Weibull分布理论和颗粒分形破碎理论,阐述了原型堆石料级配演化的推求过程;然后通过单粒强度试验测得了相关参数,并与三轴试验测得的试样级配曲线对比,验证了参数选取的合理性;之后分析了颗粒强度离散程度对于原型坝料级配曲线形状的影响;最后,讨论了加载过程中原型级配和试验级配堆石体的相对破碎参量和受力状态的关系。     

粗粒料强度及变形特性的细观模拟

粗粒料是一定级配的岩石颗粒集合体,具有独特的物理力学特性。以粗粒料室内三轴固结排水试验成果为基础,基于离散元颗粒流理论,从细观角度出发,以PFC3D为工具,通过自编程及二次开发,得到按级配生成的粗粒料三轴试验数值模型。引入clump颗粒考虑颗粒形状对粗粒料强度及变形的影响,分析剪胀、颗粒形状、颗粒重排的关系。结果表明：颗粒形状是影响粗粒料强度与变形的主要因素,在其他细观参数一定的情况下,改变颗粒形状,可以显著影响粗粒料的力学行为;BPM模型的应力-应变关系只在低围压下与试验值吻合,随着围压的增大,偏差越来越大;而引入clump颗粒的PFC3D数值模型能很好地模拟粗粒料室内三轴固结排水试验的应力-应变特性,但由于BPM及clump都是刚性颗粒,没有考虑颗粒变形及破碎,造成应变剪胀偏大。     

堆石料大三轴试验的细观模拟

采用三维颗粒流计算程序,对堆石料的大三轴排水剪切试验过程进行了数值模拟。在数值模型的生成过程中,使堆石料集合体达到规定密度和级配;采用动态松弛算法迭代求解,并引入粒间阻尼,以吸收颗粒填装的多余动能使其稳定;颗粒间引入黏结力来提高试样的峰值强度;确定堆石料的细观力学参数,拟合室内试验应力应变曲线。模拟不同围压下堆石料的试验,得到的应力-应变曲线与室内试验基本一致,说明颗粒流方法可以较好的模拟堆石料的大三轴试验过程。由于没有考虑颗粒形状及颗粒破碎的影响,造成大应变剪胀偏大。     

徐家槽料场天然筑坝材料抗剪强度尺寸效应研究

有关粗粒土强度方面的研究,一直以来都得到了许多研究者的关注。在揭示强度特性、获取强度指标、强度影响因素与剪切机理等方面取得了较多的成果。然而,受现场试验所限,鲜有考虑颗粒结构性对强度特性及强度尺寸效应影响方面的研究。本文以徐家槽料场为例,对天然筑坝材料堆石料、过渡料、垫层料等粗颗粒土进行抗剪强度试验,通过分析粒径大小、颗粒级配等指标对粗粒土强度指标的作用,进而研究结构特征对粗粒土抗剪强度特性的影响。     

粗粒料的单参数级配方程及其适用性研究

提出了一个适用于描述粗粒料连续级配的单参数级配方程,研究了方程的基本性质,分析了方程对连续级配粗粒料两种典型级配曲线的反映能力,利用多个土石坝工程粗粒料级配曲线验证该方程的适用性,推导了方程表示良好级配的参数范围。结果表明：提出的级配方程能够描述反S形和双曲线形两种典型的粗粒料级配曲线。方程参数β的范围为(0, 1),当β值较小时,方程表示的级配曲线为双曲线形,当β值较大时,方程表示的级配曲线为反S形。提出的级配方程对土石坝工程中各种粗粒料的级配具有较好的适用性。与分形级配方程和连续级配方程相比,该单参数级配方程更具有实用价值。当β0.13时,本方程表示的级配为良好级配,该范围的确定可以为筑坝粗粒料的级配设计提供依据。     

粗粒料的单参数级配方程及其适用性研究

提出了一个适用于描述粗粒料连续级配的单参数级配方程，研究了方程的基本性质，分析了方程对连续级配粗粒料两种典型级配曲线的反映能力，利用多个土石坝工程粗粒料级配曲线验证该方程的适用性，推导了方程表示良好级配的参数范围。结果表明：提出的级配方程能够描述反S形和双曲线形两种典型的粗粒料级配曲线。方程参数? 的范围为(0，1)，当? 值较小时，方程表示的级配曲线为双曲线形；当? 值较大时，方程表示的级配曲线为反S形。提出的级配方程对土石坝工程中各种粗粒料的级配具有较好的适用性。与分形级配方程和连续级配方程相比，该单参数级配方程更具有实用价值。当? >0.13时，方程表示的级配为良好级配，该范围的确定可以为筑坝粗粒料的级配设计提供依据。     

堆石料Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型改进及参数确定方法

研究了Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型和模型参数的求取方法。采用侧限压缩试验曲线求取模型参数颗粒硬度hs和指数n。根据模型方程的推导,建立了拟合指数 和 与围压之间的关系,并提出了新的拟合参数。考虑到堆石料具有明显的剪胀、剪缩性,在Gudehus-Bauer模型线性项中增加了主要控制体积应变项 ,以改善模型对堆石料体积应变曲线的描述。采用堆石料大型侧限压缩试验、常规三轴试验分别验证了新的拟合参数和改进后的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型。与堆石料试验成果比较,提出的新拟合参数与改进后的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型可以较好地模拟堆石料的应力-应变特性,并较好地改善了堆石料体变曲线的模拟结果。对改进后的模型作了常规三轴加、卸载模拟,模拟结果反映了改进的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型具有一定的卸载适应性。     

大石峡高面板坝筑坝砂砾料现场大型相对密度试验

当前,主要采用相对密度来表征筑坝砂砾料的密实程度,并以此来评价大坝的施工碾压质量。受试验设备尺寸和击实功能的限制,室内试验难以反映现场实际筑坝砂砾料粒径大、采用大型碾压机具进行高强度碾压的实际情况,试验确定砂砾料最大干密度值偏低,难以直接用于指导实际工程。针对大石峡高面板坝筑坝砂砾料,在工地现场采用实际筑坝碾压设备和大型相对密度桶,对原级配坝料开展相对密度试验,研究了坝料的压实特性,确定了不同级配（含砾量）坝料的相对密度特性指标。研究表明：比较室内试验成果,现场试验确定砂砾料最大干密度值有较大提高;随着含砾量的增加,砂砾料的最大、最小干密度值先增加、后减小,存在压实密度最高的最优含砾量特征值;强振碾压使得弱胶结砂砾料产生不同程度的颗粒破碎效应,颗粒破碎的程度和土料的原始级配特性相关联。     

基于土石坝动力特性的坝料动力参数反演

采用现行的室内外试验方法确定的土石料动力参数与实际坝料的动力参数有何差异是人们关心的问题之一。提出了基于土石坝动力特性的坝料动力参数反演方法,并使用该方法反演了一个假想混凝土面板堆石坝的坝料动力参数,证明该方法是可行的,计算精度基本满足实际工程要求。利用紫坪铺面板堆石坝在汶川地震中的余震加速度响应信息,反演了坝料的最大动剪切模量系数K和指数n。结果表明,由室内动三轴试验得到的坝料最大动剪切模量系数K值偏小,建议进一步研究予以修正。     

Modeling the behaviour of alluvial and blasted quarried rockfill materials

Two types of modeled rockfill materials were collected from Renuka dam site, Himachal Pradesh, India and Salma dam site, Afghanistan. The rockfill material collected from Renuka dam site is rounded to sub-rounded in shape and the rockfill material collected from Salma dam site is angular to sub-angular in shape. The prototype gradation rockfill material consists maximum particle size larger than 1,000 mm. Therefore, for carrying out laboratory testing and modeling the bahaviour, the prototype rockfill material is scaled down to the maximum particle size (d_max) of 25, 50 and 80 mm for both projects material using parallel gradation technique. Triaxial compression and Index properties tests were conducted on both project rockfill materials and are presented. From the triaxial behaviour, it is observed that the stress–strain behaviour is non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent for both the materials. The material compresses during the initial shearing and shows dilation effect with further shearing. It is observed that the ?-value for alluvial rockfill material increases with increase in d_max and reverse trend is observed for blasted quarried rockfill material which shows the importance of the type of material. The stress–strain-volume change behaviour of both projects modeled rockfill material was predicted by using hierarchical single surface (HISS) model based on elasto plasticity and compared with the laboratory test results. From the comparison, it is observed that both results match closely. It is, therefore, suggested that the behaviour of both types of rockfill materials can be characterized successfully using HISS model.     

Settlement analysis of the Shuibuya concrete-face rockfill dam

Settlement is one of the most important deformation characteristics of a high concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) and is regarded as a key indicator of dam safety. The time-dependent settlement behavior of the Shuibuya CFRD is studied on the basis of in situ settlement-monitoring records and displacement back-analysis. The goal of this work is to characterize actual deformation of the dam and to verify the back-analysis method used in this paper. The settlement-monitoring records were from seven control stations at the crest and 38 monitoring points inside the body of the dam and covered the construction period, the initial filling of the reservoir and 2 years of operation. A displacement back-analysis for parameters is performed by hybrid generic algorithms (HGAs) and finite element method (FEM). Comparative studies of monitoring data and back-analysis show good agreement between measured settlements and computed settlements. Furthermore, the deformation in the next 3 years is predicted on the basis of back-analysis. Overall, it is demonstrated that the deformation of the Shuibuya CFRD is basically stable and that the technique used to control the dam deformation is successful.     

堆石非线性强度特性对高土石坝稳定性的影响

抗剪强度指标的选择对大坝坝坡稳定性评价有着十分重要的影响。堆石料抗剪强度具有明显的非线性,在高坝中这一特点更为显著。因此,计算堆石坝坝坡稳定安全系数时应采用非线性指标,而不是传统的线性指标。讨论了不同的堆石料抗剪强度模型、计算参数取值标准、非线性指标的稳定分析方法以及允许安全标准问题。统计分析了171组822个三轴试验结果发现,邓肯非线性指标对堆石料抗剪强度的模拟误差要小于线性指标和德迈洛非线性指标。采用不同的抗剪强度指标计算261.5 m高的云南糯扎渡大坝坝坡的稳定性。结果表明：各种工况下线性有咬合力、邓肯非线性指标与德迈洛非线性指标3种方法得到的安全系数和滑裂面位置都十分接近,非线性指标计算的结果并不比线性指标高。因此,进行非线性分析时,现有规范规定的基于线性指标的允许安全系数标准无需改变。     

Discrete numerical modelling of rockfill dams

The aim of this study is to obtain quantitative information on the behaviour of rockfill used in embankment dams, and particularly on the influence of block breakage on the displacement field, from a numerical analysis using the Distinct element method. A methodology is set up to define the resistance of the 2D particles so that the same probability of breaking blocks may be reproduced as in a 3D material. The model uses the discrete element code PFC^2D (Itasca Consulting Group Inc., PFC2D (Particle Flow Code in Two Dimensions), Version 3.0, 2002) and considers breakable clusters of 2D balls. The different parameters are determined from experimental data obtained from laboratory tests performed on rock blocks. The model is validated by comparing the results of the simulation of shearing tests with actual triaxial tests on rockfill material published in the literature. The numerical analysis of block crushing in an actual dam is proposed in the last part of this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公伯峡面板堆石坝流变变形的反演分析

采用沈珠江等提出的流变模型,根据公伯峡面板堆石坝坝体填筑竣工到蓄水前的沉降监测资料,进行反演分析得到相应的流变参数,并用该参数对大坝应力变形进行了计算分析。沉降点监测值和计算值变动规律比较一致,说明了流变模型的有效性;由于坝体堆石料的流变,面板的受力变形在运行期内呈现一定规律性的变化,并逐渐趋于稳定     

Back-analysis of soil parameters of the Malutang II concrete face rockfill dam using parallel mutation particle swarm optimization

Deformation control is a central problem in earth-rockfill dam design. The finite element method (FEM) is the primary method used to analyze and predict the deformation of earth-rockfill dams. The parameters of the constitutive model of soil used in earth-rockfill dams determine the FEM analysis results. Using prototype monitoring displacements, the soil parameters of the Malutang II concrete face rockfill dam were back-analyzed using parallel mutation particle swarm optimization. The calculated displacements of the back-analyzed soil parameters are consistent with the prototype monitoring results. The parallel mutation particle swarm optimization has a high optimization rate and can be used in large-scale practical engineering applications. The back-analysis results indicate that the deformation moduli of rockfills in the Malutang II are affected by construction situ.     

粗粒筑坝材料的增量流变模型研究

针对全量型流变模型与加载应力路径无关,不能考虑施工或蓄水期在变应力作用下土石坝流变遗传特性的问题,基于继效理论,结合某工程堆石料的三轴流变试验资料,提出了适合于土石坝筑坝材料流变特性分析的7参数增量流变模型;利用试验各级增量荷载作用下的最终体积流变量与对应体积应力之间为近似线性关系,最终剪切流变量与对应的试验广义剪应力之间接近双曲线关系,整理得到其流变体积模量和剪切模量等模型参数;验证分析表明,建议的增量流变模型计算值与试验结果吻合较好,其可应用于实际土石坝的流变研究     

Influence of Different Stress Conditions on Behavior of Rockfill Materials

Rockfill material is the most readily available and the most flexible material for the construction of dams especially in the seismic prone regions. The material is obtained either by blasting available rock or is collected from the alluvial deposits of the river. During construction of the dam, the available rockfill material is compacted to required density layer by layer using various sophisticated compactors to achieve the required density and slope. Gradually the vertical load on the lower layers goes on increasing due to placement of subsequent layers of the materials to achieve the desired height. This may result in variation of grain size distribution of the lower layers due to the breakage of particles. This will certainly influence the shear parameters. Present studies have been carried out to find the influence of loading the rockfill materials under two different stress conditions i.e. multistage loading and single stage loading on the grain size distribution and its subsequent effect on its shear parameters. Consolidated drained triaxial shear tests have been conducted on the materials obtained by blasting available rock as well as on the materials collected from the alluvial deposits of the river which are generally used for construction of rockfill dams. Test data have been analyzed to study the breakage factor and corresponding shear parameters under both conditions.