大连湾赤潮异弯藻赤潮的多元分析

赤潮的发生是海水化学与物理因子、海水动力、地理环境、气象条件、历史因素以及浮游生物生态适应性等综合作用的结果,因此,诱发赤潮的因素有很多,其规律也十分复杂·多年来人们从统计学的角度尝试赤潮的预测预报,并做了大量的工作[1~10].赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)是大连湾海域常见的赤潮生物,郭玉洁[1]曾对大连湾赤潮异弯藻分类地位及生物学作过研究.     

免疫学方法在有害赤潮藻细胞检测中的应用

赤潮可以严重危害海洋渔业、海水养殖业和旅游业,甚至危害到人类的生命健康[1,2],它的频繁发生已经引起各国政府的高度重视。虽然可以通过每日多次实时检测海水的水文、化学要素等来推测发生赤潮的可能性[3],但是这些方法都不能直接反映有害赤潮藻的种类和数量,从而不能为赤潮监测和预报提供最直接的参考数据。实际上,对海水中的藻类进行分类、鉴定和数量分析是监测和预报赤潮发生的最直接有效的方法,这包括对水样采集、藻种类鉴定、毒性鉴定和赤潮藻定量计数等。传统的形态分类技术可以解决赤潮监测中的多数问题,但需要有经过专门训练的分…     

胶州湾赤潮生物种类及其生态分布特征

近年来,胶州湾赤潮频繁发生,对海水养殖业、海洋环境乃至人类健康与安全都构成威胁,作者于1997--1998年间对胶州湾东北部富营养化海域进行赤潮专项调查,报道了赤潮生物69种,其中已发生过的赤潮种类有7种,分析了中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、圆筛藻Coscinodiscus sp.、冰河拟星杆藻(日本星杆藻)Asterionellopsis glacialis、劳氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus、红色中缢虫Mesodinium rubrum等主要赤潮生物的生态分布特征.     

赤潮异弯藻抗体的制备及酶联免疫检测方法的建立

赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)是一种广泛分布于世界近岸海域的有害针胞藻类(Raphidophyte),也是我国近海常见的赤潮生物,曾经有多次引发赤潮的报道[1,2].在赤潮发生的早期,自然水体中赤潮生物的细胞密度相对较低,且赤潮藻个体微小,传统的鉴定方法,即海水样品采集后利用光学显微镜直接观察,主要用于藻的定性和分离,当样品量较多时,定量计数过程则烦琐、费时、费力,工作量大.     

利用水文、气象要素因子的变化趋势预测南海区赤潮的发生

有些文献指出:“赤潮发生起因因种而异,但大体上气候气象条件诸如温度、风力、风向,季风转换、气压等;海况、潮汐、流等以及海水的理化特征,如盐度、营养元素等,这些皆会成为某种赤潮爆发的因子或诱导因素[1]”。根据赤潮监控区监测资料分析:在南海赤潮多发区,海水富营养化条件已经具备,因此气象、水文要素条件就成为赤潮爆发的重要启动因子,而天气环流的维持与变化决定了气象、水文要素因子的稳定与变化,再根据赤潮生物培养试验,从初期繁殖到后期的爆发性繁殖,直至达到赤潮生物密度,这一过程一般都需要4~5d的时间。针对这一现象,通过对近10a的赤潮发生个例进行统计分析,统计其生成前期的天气环流形势和水文气象要素,分析出赤潮生成前期的环流模式和筛选出诱发赤潮爆发的重要因子,并依此来作为预报赤潮生成的方法,依照此方法对2003年的赤潮进行预报,其效果是另人满意的。     

近10年珠江口海域赤潮发生特征及原因初探

对2000-2009年珠江口海域发生的各种赤潮灾害资料进行统计分析,研究珠江口海域赤潮发生的时空分布规律、赤潮种类的变化规律、海水营养限制的变化状况.结果表明,珠江口赤潮多发区为深圳湾海区,近年珠江口西部珠海沿岸海域频发大面积赤潮;赤潮灾害发生的持续时间呈上升趋势;赤潮多发种为中肋骨条藻,多发于深圳湾;定鞭藻类原球形棕囊藻引发的有毒赤潮明显增多且影响范围较大.研究发现,珠海沿岸海域频发大面积赤潮和深圳湾春季频发赤潮可能与出现潜在硅酸盐营养限制有关,冬季频发球形棕囊藻与季节骤然升温有关.     

我国近海赤潮灾害发生特征、机理及防治对策研究

近海赤潮灾害的频繁暴发严重破坏海洋生态平衡和海洋环境.根据2000～2009年的统计数据,从赤潮灾害发生时间、地域分布、赤潮生物优势种和规模变化4个方面分析了我国近海赤潮灾害的发生特征,同时探究了赤潮生物、营养物质(氮、磷、铁、锰、维生素、特殊有机物等)和外部环境(气象条件、水动力条件、海水理化因子等)引发赤潮灾害的机...     

2012年渤海湾赤潮监控区赤潮发生及富营养化状况

分析了2012年2次赤潮发生过程中水文气象因子、水质理化因子与浮游植物细胞的变化过程可知,水文气象因子和海水理化因子是赤潮发生的推动力量,诱发赤潮的发生,海水的富营养化促进了藻类的生长,最终导致赤潮的爆发;通过2009-2012年赤潮监控区富营养化分析可知,赤潮监控区在近4a来均处于"富营养化状态",且富营养化程度呈现增加趋势,浮游植物生长繁殖的主要限制因子为活性磷酸盐,到2012年赤潮监控区由磷限制状态逐渐转为氮磷均未限制的富营养化状态。     

表观增氧量在近岸海域赤潮快速评价与预警中的应用

本文根据浮游植物光合作用原理和氧的海洋生物地球化学过程,提出了"表观增氧量(AOI)"概念,并研究了赤潮发生期间,海水中表观增氧量与赤潮藻细胞密度的相关模式及其在赤潮评价中的应用.研究结果表明,表观增氧量可较准确、客观反映赤潮生物量,可作为具有光合作用能力藻的赤潮评价指标.判断赤潮发生的表观增氧量标准为2.0mg/dm3,预警值为0.5mg/dm3.本研究推荐按AOI值将赤潮强度分为轻度、中度和重度三级,轻度为2mg/dm3≤AOI≤5 mg/dm3,中度为5mg/dm3＜AOI≤10mg/dm3,重度为AOI＞10mg/dm3.用表观增氧量评价赤潮,具有简便、快速、可信等优点,在赤潮监测中,具有重要的应用价值.     

2007年2月汕头赤潮事件水文气象及海水理化因子影响分析

2007年2月2日～3月5日期间,广东省汕头附近港湾及南澳岛附近海湾发生了"球形棕囊藻"赤潮事件.由于持续时间较长,导致附近养殖场大量扇贝死亡,直接经济损失达300万元以上.这次赤潮事件主要表现有3个特点:(1)藻类密度不大.表层海水中只有零星破碎的胶囊体,底层海水中胶囊体密度约3～5个/升;(2)影响范围较大,从刚开始在汕头妈屿和莱芜湾发现,到广澳前江、南澳岛四周、牛田洋、海门、濠江等沿岸海域都出现藻类碎片;(3)持续时间长,从2月2日监测人员发现有赤潮藻类胶囊体,一直持续到3月5日才基本消亡.本文主要从海洋水文气象环境场及海水理化因子方面对这次赤潮事件进行分析.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.