Key themes in the Working Group II contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th assessment report

Assessments conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are significant undertakings that require input from experts and practitioners in multiple scientific disciplines, integrating local to international information across spatial and temporal scales. An IPCC report is a unique collaboration between the scientific community and policymakers, with governments (through their Focal Points) providing guidance and input to the scientists conducting an assessment at several stages during the process. This commentary reviews the IPCC mandate and process; summarizes key themes to be addressed in the Working Group II contribution to the 5th assessment report; discusses challenges for the WGII report when assessing qualitative literature, incorporating local knowledge, and identifying particularly vulnerable groups; and touches on the expertise and commitment of the WGII authors. Active engagement of the wider scientific community in IPCC assessments through publication and review will enhance their relevance to decision- and policy-makers.     

IPCC SROCC的主要结论和启示

2019年9月,IPCC正式发布《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》（SROCC）,这是IPCC首次以高山地区与极区冰冻圈和海洋为主题的评估报告。报告全面评估气候变化背景下海洋和冰冻圈变化及其广泛影响与风险,其核心结论包括：气候系统变暖背景下高山地区和极区的冰冻圈普遍退缩,未来冰冻圈将继续消融,高山地区和极区将面临更高的灾害风险;20世纪70年代以来全球海洋持续增暖,未来海洋将继续变暖、加速酸化,影响海洋生物多样性并危及海洋生态系统服务功能和人类社会;近几十年全球平均海平面加速上升,未来数百年海平面仍将持续上升,极端海面事件频发将加剧沿海地区社会-生态系统的灾害风险。报告强调,采取及时、积极、协调和持久的适应与减缓行动,是有效应对海洋和冰冻圈变化,实现气候恢复力发展路径和可持续发展目标的关键所在。本研究认为,需要高度重视海洋和冰冻圈在气候系统变化中的长期和不可逆影响,强化应对气候变化紧迫性认识;高度重视我国冰冻圈和沿海地区面临的气候风险,强化适应能力建设;推动我国牵头的国际大科学计划,强化跨学科、跨领域协同创新,持续提升我国在相关领域的国际影响力和科技支撑能力。     

21世纪中国东北地区气候变化预估

利用各国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第4次科学评估报告中全球气候系统模式组考虑人类排放情景的计算结果,计算与分析了多个气候模式对21世纪中国东北地区气候变化的集成预估结果。多模式集成预估结果表明:到21世纪后期,由于人类排放增加的影响,中国东北地区气温将可能较目前变暖3.0℃或以上,降水将可能增加。需要注意这种气候变化对中国东北地区社会经济的长远影响。     

从全球到区域气候变化

尽管气候变化是全球性的现象,但其表现和结果随区域不同而不同,因此区域气候信息对于气候变化的作用和风险评估很重要。基于此,IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组（WGI）报告第十章对如何从全球链接到区域气候变化方面进行了评估。区域气候变化是对自然强迫和人类活动的区域响应、对大尺度气候系统内部变率的响应和区域气候本身反馈过程的相互作用结果。因此,本章重点关注如何从多套观测资料,不同模式的集合,物理过程的理解、专家判断和本地信息等多元信息中有效提炼出区域信息的方法。通过提炼方法指出人类活动是许多次大陆尺度上1950年代以来区域平均温度变化的主要驱动力,但参考时段和阈值的选择对人类活动信号是否出现和出现的早晚有影响。人类活动对一些区域的多年代际降水变化有一定贡献,但其不确定性相对全球平均而言更大。气候系统内部变率可以在很大程度上延迟和阻碍人类活动信号在区域气候变化中的出现。区域气候变化的评估给决策者提供了更多有用的信息,增加了评估报告的适用性。     

不同气候情景下华北平原蒸发与径流时空变化分析

基于中国气象局国家气候中心生成的IPCC第四次评估报告中23种气候模式的情景集成数据,采用Schreiber公式和Thornthwaite方法计算实际蒸发和径流,分析了2001-2060年SRES A1B、A2和 B1这3种情景下,华北平原气温、降水、蒸发与径流的时空变化。结果表明：未来华北平原气温呈升高趋势,且冬半年升温幅度大于夏半年;降水亦呈增加趋势,而冬半年降水增加幅度小于夏半年;与此相应,华北平原蒸发和年径流呈增加趋势,增幅和空间差异随时间推移而增大,到2041-2060年蒸发将上升7.1%～9.4%,径流将增加8.7%～10.7%。     

Analysis of climatic trends in data from the agrometeorological station of Bologna-Cadriano, Italy (1952–2007)

Agriculture is highly exposed to climate change, as farming activities directly depend on climatic conditions. Knowledge of the extent of such change and of related phenomena will help to answer the questions posed by society about adaptation strategies. The global situation is well described by the Fourth IPCC assessment report (IPCC 2007), but local studies are important to understand the impact and the priorities to adopt in adaptation strategies. In this study a historical set of meteorological data, collected during the period 1952–2007 at the University of Bologna (Italy) agrometeorological station, was analysed. Several indexes, such as Frost Severity Index, number of hot days, number of rainy days, etc., were calculated, and their trends in time were analysed. The results show a scenario of increasing temperatures and evapotranspiration, a decrease in rainy days and a deepening of the watertable. The effect of these changes on agriculture will be a decrease in water availability, an increase in heat stress in plants and an increase in drought risk.     

IPCC科学评估报告研究进展

各国政府间气候变化专门委员会（ＩＰＣＣ）第一工作组（ＷＧ１）在１９９０年和１９９５年先后出版两次科学评估报告,并且在１９９２年还出版了对第一次报告的补充报告．现在,ＩＰＣＣ又准备在２００１年出版第三次科学评估报告．本文着重分析与介绍近１０年来ＩＰＣＣ科学评估报告的研究进展．     

The Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations in the IPCC AR4 Coupled Models

This study evaluates the fidelity of Arctic and Antarctic oscillations (AO and AAO for short,respectively) in the coupled general circulation models participating in the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4).The AO and AAO during 1970-1999 in 24 models are analyzed and compared with that in ERA-40 and NCEP-1.Models'performance is seasonally dependent,with best reproducibility of both spatial structure and trend in winter.In most models,the spatial pattern and temporal trend of AAO during this period are more delicately simulated than AO.After picking out models with better performance according to the Taylor diagram,we find that their ensemble mean can obviously improve models'reproducibility.The AO and AAO in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B Projection during the 21st century are also briefly analyzed.The results reveal that both the AO and AAO indices keep increasing during 1970-2099,with a steadier pace of AO than AAO.The spatial difference of sea level pressure between 2060 2089 and 1970-1999 shows decreased values in polar regions,and increased values in midlatitudes.The results manifest that the ozone recovery during the mid 21st century may not weaken such a trend.     

Stories from the IPCC: An essay on climate science in fourteen questions

Women’s experiences as Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) authors, have been explored showing how gender, race, nationality, etc. increase barriers to participate in the production of climate science even for the best scientists. Recently, the IPCC Gender Task Force, conducted another survey exploring barriers to participation in the IPCC that included men as well as women. The Gender Task Force released a report on gendered barriers mostly focusing on quantitative responses. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the fourteen open-ended questions in the survey. In addition to qualitative analysis, storytelling and the concept of feminist objectivity are useful approaches to convey the complicated web of responses of over 500 scientists about their experiences participating in the IPCC and in climate science more broadly. Gender, race and nationality continue to be barriers. I stress the connection between exclusions of underrepresented scientists in the IPCC with the persistent western belief that science is an objective and impartial practice. The paper brings attention to exclusionary structures that prevent participation in the IPCC and in science more broadly, but also provides stories of how these are resisted. These stories go beyond recognizing people as disadvantaged toward addressing the intersecting structures that exclude people from participating in science. As climate science becomes more diverse, and evidence points toward the benefit of diversity for superior science, understanding barriers and opportunities for scientists participating in multidisciplinary and international reports such as the IPCC becomes increasingly important. The stories provide a theoretical and methodological catalyst for international science institutions who seek to increase the influence and presence of underrepresented groups in science and produce superior science.     

基于IPCC AR4耦合模式的南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟及未来变化预估

评估了参加政府间气候变化委员会第4次评估报告(IPCCAR4)的耦合模式对南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟能力。分析了24个模式对1970—1999年南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟效能,并与两套再分析资料ERA-40和NCEP-1进行了对比分析。结果表明,模式的模拟能力具有一定的季节依赖性,冬季模拟能力最好。大多数模式对南极涛动空间结构和时间序列趋势的模拟好于北极涛动。根据Taylor图选出具有较好模拟能力的模式并做集合分析,发现经过选取的模式集合可以明显改善模式的模拟能力。分析SRESA1B情景下的南极涛动和北极涛动的模拟、预估结果表明:1970—2099年,南极涛动和北极涛动指数均呈持续上升趋势,北极涛动指数增长略显平稳。相对于1970—1999年、2060—2089年两半球的海平面气压场均呈现极区气压降低、中纬度气压升高的形态,同样表明南、北极涛动在后一时段更强。因此,在气候变暖背景下,南、北极涛动将持续增强,21世纪中期的臭氧恢复可能不会显著影响这种趋势。     

IPCC第五次评估报告第一工作组主要结论对《联合国气候变化框架公约》进程的影响分析

IPCC评估报告对国际气候变化谈判进程有重要影响,目前正在陆续发布的第五次评估报告已明确作为气候变化新协议谈判的重要信息来源,对讨论2020年后应对气候变化国际合作机制的影响不容忽视。最先发布的第一工作组评估报告基于新的科学观测事实、更为完善的归因分析和气候系统模式模拟结果,进一步确认了气候变暖的事实,发现了人类活动与全球温升之间因果关系的新证据,以及温室气体累积排放与温升响应之间的定量联系。本文通过分析其中一些关键结论可能的政策含义,探讨了这些关键结论对目前国际气候变化谈判进程和新协议等相关问题的可能影响,探讨了科学信息在气候变化决策过程中的作用,以及如何更为科学地理解和利用这些重要结论。     

关于非政府间国际气候变化专门委员会（NIPCC）报告

NIPCC报告是一份与IPCC针锋相对的报告,报告主要想证明：是自然原因,而不是人类活动造成了全球变暖。本文的目的不是支持NIPCC的观点,而是要分析报告中提出来的各种问题与证据,看看在研究气候变暖时值得注意的事项。兼听则明,偏听则暗。认真听取不同的声音比单边主义更能推动科学的发展。在简要介绍了NIPCC报告的主要内容后,又讲述了代表IPCC观点的"哥本哈根诊断"的核心思想,以供读者自己作出判断。     

On Orderly Adaptation to Global Warming

Global warming during the last century has been a well-known fact. Despite arguments and uncertainties in explanations, most scientists agree that this century-scale warming trend is attributable to human activities. According to the recent assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC, 2007） based on worldwide scientific results,     

Projecting South Asian Summer Precipitation in CMIP3 Models:A Comparison of the Simulations with and without Black Carbon

Considering the importance of black carbon(BC), this study began by comparing the 20 th century simulation of South Asian summer climate in IPCC CMIP3, based on the scenario of models with and without BC. Generally, the multi-model mean of the models that include BC reproduced the observed climate relatively better than those that did not. Then, the 21st century South Asian summer precipitation was projected based on the IPCC CMIP3 projection simulations. The projected precipitation in the present approach exhibited a considerable difference from the multimodel ensemble mean(MME) of IPCC AR4 projection simulations, and also from the MME of the models that ignore the effect of BC. In particular, the present projection exhibited a dry anomaly over the central Indian Peninsula,sandwiched between wet conditions on the southern and northern sides of Pakistan and India, rather than homogeneous wet conditions as seen in the MME of IPCC AR4. Thus, the spatial pattern of South Asian summer rainfall in the future may be more complicated than previously thought.     

2050年前中国雾日变化趋势的预估

 利用1971-2005年中国591个气象台站的雾日资料以及逐日最低气温、相对湿度、平均风速资料,分析了35 a来中国各区域年雾日数与这些因子的相关关系,并利用IPCC第四次评估报告所提供的模式数据资料,针对3种不同的排放情景,对21世纪上半叶各区域年平均雾日进行预估。结果表明：对划分的9个雾区的年雾日数的回归方程的拟合效果较好,可以用来进行预估;未来50 a中国大部分地区雾日呈明显减少的变化趋势,在A1B,A2和B1情景下,雾日减少的平均幅度分别为16.2%,13.4%和12.9%。未来50 a中国雾日预估结果的空间分布显示：3种情景下未来中国大部分雾区雾日数都将减少,个别地区雾日数有增加趋势,其中A1B情景下雾日减少区的减少趋势最明显,而B1情景下雾日增加区的增加趋势最明显。     

气候变化的历史记录和可能原因—IPCC 1995第一工作组报告评述

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Projecting South Asian summer precipitation in CMIP3 models: A comparison of the simulations with and without black carbon

Considering the importance of black carbon (BC), this study began by comparing the 20th century simulation of South Asian summer climate in IPCC CMIP3, based on the scenario of models with and without BC. Generally, the multi-model mean of the models that include BC reproduced the observed climate relatively better than those that did not. Then, the 21st century South Asian summer precipitation was projected based on the IPCC CMIP3 projection simulations. The projected precipitation in the present approach exhibited a considerable difference from the multimodel ensemble mean (MME) of IPCC AR4 projection simulations, and also from the MME of the models that ignore the effect of BC. In particular, the present projection exhibited a dry anomaly over the central Indian Peninsula, sandwiched between wet conditions on the southern and northern sides of Pakistan and India, rather than homogeneous wet conditions as seen in the MME of IPCC AR4. Thus, the spatial pattern of South Asian summer rainfall in the future may be more complicated than previously thought.     

IPCC《气候变化与土地特别报告》对陆气相互作用的新认知

IPCC向全球正式发布了其最新的《气候变化与土地特别报告》（SRCCL）,从陆气相互作用、荒漠化、土地退化、粮食安全、综合变化和协同性、可持续土地管理等方面评估气候变化与土地的相互关联。报告是在IPCC 3个工作组共同主导下,首次系统评估气候变化与陆面过程和土地利用/土地管理之间的相关作用。报告的评估结果表明,全球陆地增温幅度接近全球海陆平均值的两倍,气候变化加重了综合土地压力,并严重影响全球粮食安全,而全球很多区域的极端天气气候事件频率/强度持续增加,加重了农业生产的灾害风险和损失。采取行业间和国家间协同一致的行动,通过可持续土地管理,可以有效地适应和减缓气候变化,同时减轻土地退化、荒漠化和粮食安全的压力。     

13个IPCC AR4模式对中国区域近40a气候模拟能力的评估

利用中国区域550个站点逐日地面气温及降水资料,评估了参与政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次报告（the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change,IPCCAR4）的13个新一代全球气候系统模式及多模式集合对中国近40 a（1961—2000年）地面气温和降水的模拟能力,结果表明：最新全球模式对中国地区地面气温年变化及空间分布的模拟结果均较好,但在整个模拟区域地面气温模拟值系统性偏低,东部地区模拟效果好于中西部;对于降水,大部分模式能模拟出中国降水的年变化及空间分布特征,但模拟的区域性差别较大,多数模式对中国东部季风区夏季雨带北抬的过程有一定的模拟能力,但模拟雨带位置偏北。新一代全球模式能模拟出温度的线性变化趋势,但对温度及降水的年际变率模拟能力较低。比较多种评估指标得出,模式集合对温度的模拟效果最好,模式UKMO-HadCM3对降水的模拟效果最好。