平面P-SV波入射时非均匀饱和土 自由场地的响应

基于Biot多孔介质波动模型,研究了非均匀饱和土层对平面P-SV波入射时的动力响应.考虑饱和土地基的物理力学特性沿厚度方向连续变化,利用亥姆霍兹矢量分解原理和动力刚度法,分析了平面入射P-SV波在非均匀饱和土层中的反射和透射,并给出了基岩表面和自由表面处反射系数和透射系数的计算表达式.基于理论推导结果,数值分析了平面SV波入射下非均匀饱和土自由场地的动力响应,其中假设饱和土地基的物理力学性质沿土层深度按幂律梯度变化.数值结果表明,平面SV波入射所引起的地面位移与基岩位移之比均随土层厚度和土体的非均匀程度、波的入射角和入射频率的增加而减小,且其竖向位移比的减小更为显著,厚土层对地震波的耗散作用尤为明显.      

P-SV波斜入射时成层半空间自由场的时域算法

刘晶波和王艳提出了一种弹性水平成层半空间中平面P-SV波斜入射时平面内自由波场时域计算的一维化有限元方法,该方法采用黏性人工边界条件近似地模拟下部基岩半空间的辐射阻尼,可导致平面P-SV波以大角度入射时自由场计算精度降低.本文提出一种精确模拟基岩半空间辐射阻尼的人工边界条件.由于基岩半空间中外行波是传播方向已知的平面P波和SV波,利用弹性介质的应力-位移本构关系建立了人工边界处应力与速度的阻抗边界条件;采用该人工边界条件替代黏性边界条件,改进了P-SV波斜入射时成层半空间自由场的时域算法.数值试验表明,与采用黏性边界条件的自由场算法相比,改进方法具有更高的计算精度,其计算结果与理论解吻合更好.     

对多分量地震资料P-和SV-波场分解

在多分量地震勘探资料中,水平和垂直分量都记录有P波和SV波。本文研究了P波和SV波波场分解的方法。当上行P波和S波分别入射时,通过研究它们引起的水平和垂直位移,把地震记录的水平和垂直分量进行分解,得到纵波和转换波;在已知海底介质中纵横波速度和介质密度的情况下,可以在τ-P域内实现波场分解,然后变换到时间域,得到时间域内的纵波和转换波剖面。把本文研究的波场分解方法应用于合成资料,能够有效地分解得到纵波波场和转换波波场。最后,海上多分量实际资料的实例应用表明,本文研究的波场分解方法是可行有效的。本方法也适用于自由表面的资料。     

多分量地震记录P和SV波场的τ-p域分离方法

多分量地震观测记录到来自地下介质的全波场,利用分离的P和SV波场联合反演可以提供地下介质岩性、孔隙度、孔隙流体、裂隙和各向异性的重要信息.     

含黏滞流体各向异性孔隙介质中弹性波的频散和衰减

基于Biot理论,考虑液相的黏弹性变形和固液相接触面上的相对扭转,提出了含黏滞流体VTI孔隙介质模型.从理论上推导出,在该模型中除存在快P波、慢P波、SV波、SH波以外,还将存在两种新横波－慢SV波和慢SH波.数值模拟分析了6种弹性波的相速度、衰减、液固相振幅比随孔隙度、频率的变化规律以及快P波、快SV波的衰减随流体性质、渗透率、入射角的变化规律.结果表明慢SV波和慢SH波主要在液相中传播,高频高孔隙度时,速度较高;大角度入射时,快P波衰减表现出明显的各向异性,而快SV波的衰减则基本不变;储层纵向和横向渗透率存在差异时,快SV波衰减大的方向渗透率高.     

青藏高原东缘及东北缘S波速度结构和径向各向异性

青藏东缘和东北缘是高原生长和扩张的前缘,研究其地下物质及变形特征有助于理解青藏高原生长机制.本文收集187个固定地震台站记录的长达7年的三分量连续波形数据,辅以189个流动台站3年的数据,开展噪声瑞利波和勒夫波群速度层析成像工作.基于8～40 s周期瑞利波和勒夫波群速度,通过线性反演方法得到地下50 km深度范围的三维SH和SV速度结构.我们定义径向各向异性ψ=2(v_(SH)-v_(SV))/(v_(SH)+v_(SV)),以此来展示地下物质变形以水平方向(v_(SH)v_(SV))还是垂直方向(v_(SH)v_(SV))为主.径向各向异性显示青藏高原东缘和东北缘具有完全不同的变形机制.青藏东北缘以垂向变形为主,地壳流模型不太可能是该区域主要的变形机制.青藏东缘以水平变形为主,支持中下地壳流变模型.柴达木盆地和四川盆地下方径向各向异性差异显著,说明高原边缘稳定的地块在高原扩展中起到不同的作用.     

一种多波联合预测油气技术研究及应用

常规纵波(P波)油气检测利用单一纵波波场信息进行预测,预测结果多解性较强,而本文实现了多种波场信息综合预测,可减少预测的多解性,提高预测的准确性.多波多分量地震勘探比常规纵波地震勘探可获得到更多的波场信息,包括纵波(P波)波场信息和转换横波(P-SV波、P-SH波)波场信息,这为多波场信息综合运用减少勘探多解性提供了较好的资料基础.首先,对P波进行地震层位解释,可得到P波目的层顶、底时间;其次,对P-SV波进行地震层位解释,可得到P-SV波目的层顶、底时间;再次,对P波做P波AVO分析,可求得P波AVO截距;再次,对P-SV波做P-SV波AVO分析,可求得P-SV波AVO截距;最后,计算机编程研制多波流体因子计算程序,同时输入上述6个参数,计算得到多波多分量流体因子数据体,据此可进行多波多分量油气预测.根据实际工区应用,取得了较好的实际应用效果.实际应用结果表明:本方法技术是可行的、可靠的,可提高油气预测的精度和可靠性.     

响嘡钻井台阵场地土体动力特性反演分析

为了认识响嘡真实地震动下土体动力特征，分析场地响应，以及检验和提高工程钻探方法、现场测试及土工试验的精度，通过层转换矩阵永为实矩阵的成层场地地震反应分析， 结合遗传算法-单纯形法这一全局-局部混合优化方法，进行了同时考虑SH、P和SV波型的多分量实际波形的反演拟合. 最后给出了响嘡钻井台阵(2＃)3次中小地震反演结果，并提供了以往研究中没有涉及的纵波波速值、阻尼比值及与频率有关的阻尼频率因子b值. 结果表明，反演的响嘡2＃钻井台阵剪切波速值大于1994年单孔原位波速测试结果， 而更接近于距其200多米的3＃的剪切波速结果；并发现在峰值加速度60times;10-2m/s2量级的地震作用中就存在反演可以察觉的土体非线性. 另外， 该方法亦可用于其它钻井台阵的研究和分析.      

新疆地区地壳S波速度结构及径向各向异性研究

应用背景噪声层析成像方法对新疆地区地壳S波速度结构以及径向各向异性进行了研究。利用中国地震局数字地震台网和吉尔吉斯斯坦及哈萨克斯坦台网记录的2009年1月至9月的连续三分量背景噪声数据,对所有台站对之间进行互相关计算,通过时频分析和相位匹配技术得到了每个台站对8 s到50 s的群速度和相速度频散曲线,显示出明显的横向不均匀性,与研究区主要地质结构和构造单元具有良好的相关性。通过反演纯路径频散数据得到了地壳和上地幔顶部的S波速度结构和径向各向异性的结果;根据SH波和SV波速度结构差异得到研究区内的径向各向异性的分布特征;讨论了各向异性产生的机理。     

各向异性介质的矢量波场分离与应用

针对裂缝各向异性介质,本文提出一种非正交假设下的矢量波场分离方法.本文首先对多分量地震勘探中常见的波型泄漏现象进行了数学描述,提出在纵、横波波场分离的同时应该考虑恢复纵、横波的矢量振幅.为了对裂缝方位角与各向异性系数进行定量预测,本文将矢量波场分离拆分成三个步骤来实施：第一步,用Z、R两分量的仿射坐标系变换分离ZR平面内的P波投影与SV波;第二步,用ZR平面内的P波投影与T分量的仿射坐标系变换分离P波与SH波;第三步,用纯净的SV波与SH波的成像剖面分离快慢横波,并预测裂缝发育参数.模型数据与实际数据的试验结果表明,本文提出的纵、横波波场分离方法能够获得完整的矢量振幅信息,并提供裂缝预测的精度.     

美国中东部地震台阵波场的三分量波形梯度

波形梯度法是一种全新的台阵数据处理技术,该方法利用子台阵中的波形差异可以得到一些基本的地震波传播参数.本文首次将其应用于美国中东部地震台阵面波的三分量研究当中.首先通过垂向分量的面波进行波形梯度分析,得到垂直分量面波的相速度、传播方向、几何扩散和辐射花样.再通过垂向分量得到的传播方向进行坐标旋转,从而得到了径向分量以及切向分量的面波,再将其应用于波形梯度分析,分别得到径向分量以及切向分量面波的相速度、传播方向、几何扩散和辐射花样.利用2012年8月27日发生在中美洲西海岸地震事件的三分量地震数据的面波波形得到的结果显示,在相同周期,研究区域的三个分量面波的相速度分布横向差异显著.切向分量面波的相速度分布特征差异较大,可能是由于径向各向异性造成的.三个分量的传播方向变化都不大,且切向分量的传播方向变化大于垂直分量与径向分量,说明地震波的切线分量在传播过程中受到的影响更大,同时还可以看出传播方向的变化呈现出条带状的特征.几何扩散和辐射花样都是与地震波的振幅项有关的信息,三个分量的几何扩散特征基本一致.但是由于切向分量传播方向变化相对较大,可能导致了切向分量面波的辐射花样有所差异.     

SV波全反射作用下地震动的合成及振动特性

越来越多的研究表明来自基岩的地震波并不是垂直地面向上传播的。地震波在斜入射与垂直入射时所产生的场地效应有很大不同,由于存在全反射现象,SV波在斜入射时产生的场地效应更为复杂。文章基于均匀弹性半空间地震波传播理论,分别推导得到SV波入射角在小于、大于等于临界角时地震动的计算表达式,通过模型算例研究SV波全反射作用下的地震动特性。研究发现：由SV波产生的地震动主要由入射波和反射波构成,滑行波作用可以忽略;地面运动轨迹具有面波旋转振动特点;随着入射角的增大,地面震动从以水平方向振动为主逐渐过渡到以垂直方向振动为主,两个方向的振动均小于入射波峰值的2倍。     

HVSR方法用于地震作用下场地效应分析的适用性研究

以美国Garner Valley Downhole Array(GVDA)竖向观测台阵的强震观测记录为基础,利用水平与竖向谱比(Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio,HVSR)方法与传统谱比方法研究了多次地震作用下竖向台阵场地的波动传播规律,探讨了该场地HVSR曲线与传递函数(Transfer Function,TF)曲线的差异,综合利用频域求解一维层状场地P、SV波入射情况下场地响应的土层地震反应分析方法和合成理论地震图的波数积分法解释了二者差异可能的原因,在此基础上研究了HVSR方法应用于地震作用下场地效应分析的适用性.研究结论表明:竖向地震动场地效应是HVSR与传递函数产生差异的主要原因,竖向地震动场地效应主要是由竖向地震动中的P波成分引起的.在场地竖向放大可以忽略的频段范围内,HVSR可以作为传递函数研究地震作用下的场地效应.     

地震体波斜入射下的断层台阶地震反应分析

应用显式有限元法对倾斜断层台阶在地震体波斜入射下的地震反应进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明，P波入射时的竖向运动分量和SV波入射时的水平向运动分量在台阶上角点处存在极大值、在台阶下角点处存在极小值，同时在上下台面还出现由角点激发、向台阶外传播的转换体波与面波。这一结果说明，在断层台阶场地建设重大工程时应离开上角点一定距离，并考虑上下水平表面地面运动的差异性。     

Detection of regional phases of seismic body waves using an array of three-component sensors

A small-aperture seismic array consisting of seven three-component seismometers carried out continuous measurements of regional seismicity in a selected area of the Nizhni Novgorod nuclear power plant during four months of 2013. Automatic signal detection using beamforming was applied separately for each motion component. Two horizontal components were transformed into radial and transverse components for the given values of the velocity and azimuth of the plane wave front. We have investigated the dependence of the coherence of microseismic noise on frequency, azimuth, and slowness, as well as determining the level of cross-correlation between signals on separate channels in order to estimate expected improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, which is crucial for signal detection. Most signals detected by the seismic array from regional sources are associated with quarry blasts. Using repetitive explosions at seven quarries, we have quantitatively estimated and compared the increase in detection efficiency of regional seismic phases using a three-component small aperture seismic array and a subarray of vertical sensors. Horizontal sensors showed a higher efficiency in the detection of transverse waves, while the subarray of vertical sensors missed S-waves from certain events. For one of the nearby quarries, the vertical subarray missed up to 25% of events (5 of 20). The results of the investigation point to the need for the use of three-component seismic arrays for the study of regional seismicity.     

The effectiveness of trenches in reducing seismic motion

The effect of placing barriers in the travel path of P, SV and SH seismic waves has been studied using time-domain solutions of plane-strain finite element programs for two-dimensional crustal models. The wavefields considered propagate parallel to the free surface of an elastic medium consisting of a single layer over a halfspace. Barriers take the form of open-air trenches. Effects of damping are assessed by considering representative viscoelastic conditions. Computations are presented as the ratio of spectral energy observed at a point with the barrier system in place in the model to the spectral energy observed at the same point without the barrier system in the model. These spectral ratios are dependent upon the direction of wave propagation. The calculations brought to light the marked role of surficial layering and attenuation properties of the surface rocks or soils on the effectiveness of seismic trench barriers. Barrier models without these features cannot in general reliably predict seismic wavefields at the surface. In the range of cases studied, trench depth d rather than width is the most sensitive parameter. When the ratio d/λ, the ratio of trench depth to the wavelength of shear waves, is greater than about 0·6, power spectral ratios of 0·06 and less are found for SH waves and the vertical component of SV motion for frequencies of 4–6 Hz. By contrast, for frequencies less than 3–4 Hz, power spectral ratios from unity to about two and greater are observed, indicating amplification for the horizontal component of wave motion. Spectral ratios calculated at some locations in front of the barrier system show over two-fold amplification. Spectral ratios also change significantly with the relative location of the free surface observation point.     

Back‐projection stacking of P‐ and S‐waves to determine location and focal mechanism of microseismic events recorded by a surface array

We present an automatic method of processing microseismic data acquired at the surface by a star‐like array. The back‐projection approach allows successive determination of the hypocenter position of each event and of its focal mechanisms. One‐component vertical geophone groups and three‐component accelerometers are employed to monitor both P‐ and S‐waves. Hypocenter coordinates are determined in a grid by back‐projection stacking of the short‐time‐average‐to‐long‐time‐average ratio of absolute amplitudes at vertical components and polarization norm derived from horizontal components of the P‐ and S‐waves, respectively. To make the location process more efficient, calculation is started with a coarse grid and zoomed to the optimum hypocenter using an oct‐tree algorithm. The focal mechanism is then determined by stacking the vertical component seismograms corrected for the theoretical P‐wave polarity of the focal mechanism. The mechanism is resolved in the coordinate space of strike, dip, and rake angles. The method is tested on 34 selected events of a dataset of hydraulic fracture monitoring of a shale gas play in North America. It was found that, by including S‐waves, the vertical accuracy of locations improved by a factor of two and is equal to approximately the horizontal location error. A twofold enhancement of horizontal location accuracy is achieved if a denser array of geophone groups is used instead of the sparse array of three‐component seismometers. The determined focal mechanisms are similar to those obtained by other methods applied to the same dataset.     

ON THE GENERATION OF P AND S WAVE ENERGY IN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS*

A seismic source consisting of a 700 kg weight that could be dropped vertically or projected down a ramp inclined at 45° to the vertical was tested as a source of P, SV and SH waves within a crystalline rock body at Chalk River, Ontario. The seismic energy was recorded by arrays of both horizontal and vertical-component geophones at distances between 30 and 600 m from the source, which was operated over glacial overburden varying in thickness from less than a meter to a few tens of meters. Seismic energy was more efficiently generated when the overburden thickness was at least several meters. The signals identified visually as S are generally true S, though some may be the converted wave PS. The SV amplitudes are generally larger than those of P, regardless of the type of shot, while the signal frequencies are roughly 60 Hz and 90 Hz, respectively. The horizontal-component seismograms for the inclined shots showed no evidence of SH polarization, and the SH amplitudes were only rarely enhanced relative to P and SV amplitudes on changing from vertical to inclined shots. These unexpected results are attributed to the combined effect of the high velocity and density contrasts and the irregularity of the boundary between the glacial overburden and the rock body.     

台基对地震波、干扰信号的选择性抑制及其抗干扰品质的实验研究

基于地震波及干扰信号在覆盖层与基岩分界面的衰减差异实验,分析了基岩类台基对地震波及干扰信号的选择性抑制的机理,提出台基抗干扰品质的概念。在此基础上,以昭通地震台的抗干扰改造为例,给出利用多套地震仪测定台基抗干扰品质的方法。     

Directional dependence of site effects observed near a basin edge at Aegion,Greece

We study site effects using 520 weak motion earthquake records from a vertical array in Aegion, Greece. The array is inside a basin, has four stations in soil, and one in bedrock (178 m depth). The site is marked by high seismicity and complex surface geology. We first use the records to establish the downhole accelerometer orientations and their evolution with time. Then we estimate site effects using empirical spectral ratios with and without a reference site (standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio). We find significant site amplification which cannot be accounted for by 1D model predictions, along with a significant difference in the amplification level between the two horizontal components. These are indications of 2D effects, namely surface waves generated at the basin edge. The difference in amplification between the horizontal components is maximised when these are rotated with respect to the orientation of the basin edge. The strongest amplification takes place in the direction parallel to the basin edge (SH, or out-of-plane motion), and is up to 2 times higher than in the perpendicular direction (SV, or in-plane motion). This directional effect on the amplification is corroborated by numerical 2D modelling using incident SH and SV waves, with the former possibly generating strong Love waves. In the records, the directionality is clear for windows containing the largest amplitudes of the records (S waves and strong surface waves), while it tends to vanish for coda-wave windows. This directionality is also observed when using response spectral ratios rather than Fourier ratios. We compute soil-to-rock amplification factors for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and find it is significantly higher than what is predicted by current design codes. We attribute this difference to the basin edge amplification, linear soil behaviour, and to the inability of simple scalar values like PGA to describe complex amplification effects. Finally, we analyse the earthquake records at a surface station near the slope crest and do not observe significant topographic amplification.