摄食水平和饵料种类对军曹鱼幼鱼生长及氮收支的影响

研究了不同饵料种类(小沙丁鱼肉-NSF,鳗鱼配合饲料-CEFF,海水鱼配合饲料-CMFF)和摄食水平(从饥饿至饱食)对军曹鱼 Rachycentron canadum 幼鱼(平均初始体重约28g)生长和氮收支的影响,并建立了不同饵料种类时的生长-摄食关系和氮排泄-摄食关系.结果表明,投喂3种不同饵料的军曹鱼幼鱼湿重、干重和氮特定生长率均随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势,其中,投喂NSF和CEFF组的特定生长率与摄食水平之间表现为减速增长曲线,投喂CMFF组的表现为直线;饱食时,投喂NSF和CEFF组的特定生长率接近而明显高于投喂CMFF组.投喂NSF和CEFF组的食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加而增长或呈先增长后下降的趋势,在饱食或次饱食(约为饱食量的70%)摄食水平组有最大值,而投喂CMFF组的食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加而持续增长,在饱食摄食水平时有最大值;除食物湿重转化效率外,投喂NSF组的食物转化效率最高,其次为投喂CEFF组,而两者均明显高于投喂CMFF组.3个饵料组的军曹鱼幼鱼摄食氮、排粪氮、生长氮和排泄氮均随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势;投喂NSF和CEFF组的摄食氮、生长氮和排泄氮明显高于投喂CMFF组,而投喂CMFF组的排粪氮最高,其次为投喂CEFF组,且两者明显高于投喂NSF组.军曹鱼幼鱼投喂NSF、CEFF和CMFF时饱食和次饱食摄食水平的氮收支方程分别为:100CN=1.1(0.9)FN+27.0(29.3)GN+71.9(69.8)UN、100CN=5.2(4.3)FN+27.0(28.7)GN+67.8(67.0)UN和100CN=9.9(8.4)FN+21.6(10.1)GN+68.5(81.5)UN(氮收支方程括号中的为次饱食数据);3个饵料组军曹鱼幼鱼饱时和次饱食时摄食氮中用于排粪的比例较小且变化不大,投喂NSF和CEFF组次饱食时摄食氮中用于生长的比例较饱食时略大而用于排泄的比例较饱食时略小,但投喂CMFF组饱食时摄食氮中用于生长的比例明显高于而用于排泄的比例明显低于次饱食摄食水平时.因此,军曹鱼幼鱼的氮排泄和氮收支方程受摄食水平和饵料种类双重因素的影响,但不管投喂何种饵料,摄食氮增大是导致鱼类氮排泄增加的主要原因.综合考虑生长、食物转化效率、氮排泄和氮收支方程各因素,军曹鱼由幼鱼优先选择投喂的饵料为NSF,其次为CEFF,在本实验的生长阶段,两者的适宜投喂水平以占饱食量的70%-100%为佳.     

投喂新鲜、冷冻、烘干菲律宾蛤肉对三疣梭子蟹摄食、代谢及生长的影响

研究了投喂新鲜、冷冻、烘干的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)肉对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus tritubercula-tus)摄食、代谢及生长的影响。实验结果表明:用干重表示的摄食不同蛤肉的三疣梭子蟹日平均摄食率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率有显著差异:投喂新鲜蛤肉、冷冻蛤肉、烘干蛤肉的蟹日平均摄食率分别为6.15%±0.98%,6.33%±0.91%,10.72%±1.18%,烘干蛤肉组显著高于其他两组(P0.05);日特定生长率分别为2.90%±0.37%,2.23%±0.46%,1.97%±0.30%,新鲜蛤肉组显著高于其他2组(P0.05);饵料转化效率分别为41.57%±5.67%,32.72%±6.60%,17.52%±1.04%,新鲜蛤肉组冷冻蛤肉组烘干蛤肉组(P0.05)。蜕壳率分别为169.23%,160.00%,166.67%。摄食代谢中,饱食后2~4 h内代谢率达到高峰,4~6 h代谢率仍较高但有下降趋势。摄食不同蛤肉的三疣梭子蟹在饱食后0~2 h和2~4 h内新鲜蛤肉组亚硝氮排泄率分别为(0.133±0.008)μg.g-1.h-1和(0.287±0.006)μg.g-1.h-1,显著低于冷冻蛤肉组[(0.180±0.013)μg.g-1.h-1,(0.334±0.007)μg.g-1.h-1]和烘干蛤肉组[(0.197±0.009)μg.g-1.h-1,(0.347±0.034)μg.g-1.h-1],而4~6 h内各组间差异不显著。各处理组氨氮排泄率、耗氧率在饱食后0~2h,2~4 h,4~6 h都有显著差异,冷冻蛤肉组烘干蛤肉组新鲜蛤肉组(P0.05)。新鲜蛤肉组蟹饱食后0~2 h,2~4h,和4~6 h内氨氮排泄率分别为平均每小时(0.689±0.007)μg.g-1,(0.959±0.048)μg.g-1,(0.752±0.028)μg.g-1;耗氧率分别为(0.073±0.003)mg.g-1,(0.099±0.005)mg.g-1,(0.072±0.006)mg.g-1。综合考虑,投喂新鲜蛤肉三疣梭子蟹特定生长率、饵料转化效率最高,氨氮排泄率最低,既有利于提高蟹产量,又有利于清洁生产。     

低盐水体下摄食水平对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长及能量收支的影响

为探讨斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)在低盐水体下最适的摄食水平,在水体盐度12、温度28℃±1℃的条件下,作者投喂人工配合饲料,研究了不同摄食水平(分别为体质量的2.36%、2.83%、3.31%、3.79%、4.25%及饱食)对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼(初始体质量为29.28 g±2.63 g)生长和能量收支的影响,并建立了生长-摄食关系和不同摄食水平下的能量收支方程。结果表明,在低盐下幼鱼鱼体粗蛋白及灰分含量在各摄食水平组间无显著差异(P0.05);脂肪含量在3.79%、4.25%及饱食组显著高于其他摄食水平组(P0.05);干物质含量在4.25%、饱食组显著高于其他摄食水平组(P0.05);能量含量随摄食水平降低而下降。摄食水平对幼鱼摄食率有显著影响(P0.05)且随摄食水平的降低而下降。幼鱼湿质量特定生长率、干质量特定生长率、蛋白特定生长率、能量特定生长率均随着摄食水平的增加而增加。特定生长率与摄食水平呈减速增长曲线关系,可用对数方程描述。幼鱼饲料湿质量转化效率、饲料干质量转化效率、饲料蛋白转化效率均随摄食水平的增加先增大后减少的变化,在3.79%组达到最大值,饲料能量转化效率随摄食水平的增加呈一直增加,在饱食组达到最大值。随着摄食水平的增加,生长能(G)呈先升后降的变化,在3.79%组有最大值,与摄食水平之间可用一元二次方程表述;排粪能(F)与排泄能(U)呈一直增大的变化,在饱食组有最大值,与摄食水平之间均可用线性方程表述;代谢能(R)则呈降低并逐渐趋于平稳的变化。在3.79%组,幼鱼获得最佳的能量收支方程为:100.00C=12.29F+13.73U+31.33R+42.65G。综合考虑认为,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼在低盐水体下最适的摄食水平为体质量的3.79%。     

饵料粒度对玉筋鱼摄食、生长和生态转换效率的影响

在实验室大型玻璃钢水槽中,流水条件下投喂两种不同颗粒大小的卤虫,采用Eggers模型比较了黄海、渤海主要中上层小型鱼类玉筋鱼的摄食、生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征.结果表明:投喂颗粒小的幼体卤虫的排空率比投喂颗粒大的成体卤虫的大,分别为0.2136,0.1887.摄食小颗粒幼体卤虫的玉筋鱼的摄食率、生长率和生态转换效率分别为22.53g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或60.14kJ/(100g·d),3.63g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或14.86kJ/(100g·d),16.12%(以湿质量计)或24.70%(以能量计);而摄食大颗粒成体卤虫的玉筋鱼的摄食率、生长率和生态转换效率分别为27.54g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或51.69kJ/(100g·d),4.77g/(100g·d)(湿质量)或19.50(kJ/100g·d),17.31%(以湿质量计)或37.69%(以能量计).摄食成体卤虫的湿重比摄食幼体卤虫的多,而摄食幼体卤虫所含能量比成体卤虫的高;从玉筋鱼的生长情况来看,成体卤虫投喂的效果明显优于幼体卤虫,不管是用湿重还是用能含量来表示,摄食成体卤虫的生长都比摄食幼体的快,摄食成体的生态转化效率也都比摄食幼体的要高.     

摄食水平和性别对稀有鮈鲫生长和能量收支的影响

于1995年10月采集本所自繁有ju鲫（约1.03g/ind)，在30℃水温下进行摄食－生长实验，研究了从饥饿到饱食5个摄食水平对不同性别稀有ju鲫的生长和能量收支的影响，结果表明，鱼体干物和能量含量不受摄食率和性别的影响，随着摄食率的增加，雌鱼的湿重，干重和能量特定生长率均呈双对数增加，雄鱼湿重特定生长率呈双对数增加，而干物质和能量特定生长率呈指增加，雄鱼生长速度及摄食率低于雌鱼，随着摄食率的增加，食物能损失于粪便中的比例均呈上升趋势，损失于排泄物中的比例变化不大，呈下降趋势，用于代谢的比例呈下降趋势，用于生长的比例呈上升趋势，除饥饿组外，在各个摄食水平，雌鱼食物能用于代谢的比例较雄鱼低，而用于生长的比例较雄鱼高。     

军曹鱼人工育苗饵料投喂技术的初步研究

研究了军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum幼鱼(初始体重10g左右)的日摄食节律及不同摄食水平条件下鱼体的化学组成、特定生长率和食物转换率,以此确立人工育苗过程中军曹鱼幼鱼的适宜投饵时间和和投饵水平。研究结果表明,军曹鱼幼鱼具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,摄食主要在白天进行,以早晨(06:00—08:00)和傍晚(18:00—20:00)最为活跃,形成一天中的2个摄食高峰,夜间基本不摄食。由此可见军曹鱼幼鱼的摄食节律属白天摄食偏晨昏性类型。在饥饿、3%、6%、9%和饱食(指日投饵干重占试验鱼初始体重的百分比)摄食水平条件下,军曹鱼幼鱼鱼体蛋白质和脂肪含量随摄食水平的增加呈增长趋势,在6%摄食水平组脂肪含量出现大幅下降,在3%—饱食摄食水平时蛋白质含量变化不明显。军曹鱼幼鱼的湿重、干重和蛋白质特定生长率均随摄食水平的增加呈减速增长趋势,两者间的关系表现为对数函数形式:SGRw=3.876 ln(RL 1)-3.716,SGRd=5.107 ln(RL 1)-5.24,SGRp=5.561 ln(RL 1)-5.609,9%和饱食摄食水平组特定生长率无显著差异;脂肪特定生长率随摄食水平的增加而线性增长:SGRL=1.731RL-7.702。食物湿重、干重、蛋白质和脂肪转换率随摄食水平的增加均呈先升后降的变化趋势,9%摄食水平组有最大值,约为最大摄食水平的70%。因此,军曹鱼幼鱼投饵应在白天进行,适宜投饵时间为早晨和傍晚2个摄食高峰期,这个生长阶段的军曹鱼幼鱼当投喂鳗鱼配合饲料时其适宜投饵水平约为最大摄食水平的70%。     

摄食水平对梭鱼的生长和能量收支的影响

于 1 999年 8— 1 2月 ,在水温为 (2 4 .0± 0 .5 )℃ ,摄食水平分别为体重的 0 %、1 %、2 %、3 %、4%和饱食的条件下进行梭鱼的摄食 -生长实验。结果表明 ,梭鱼湿重、干重、蛋白质和能量的特定生长率 (SGR)与摄食水平呈直线关系 ,其转化效率与摄食水平的增加成正比 ;梭鱼的湿重、蛋白质、干重和能量的维持水平分别为体重的 1 .85 1、1 .85 3、2 .882和 2 .3 4 2 (% d) ;排粪率和排泄率随摄食水平的增加而增加 ,并呈直线关系。在最大摄食水平下 ,能量收支等式为 :1 0 0C =4.41F +1 1 .1 8U +47.0 6R +3 7.3 5G     

摄食水平对异育银鲫生长及能量收支的影响

于 1 995年 6月在中国科学院水生生物研究所关桥繁殖场采集异育银鲫自繁鱼种(体重为 1 .2 6± 0 .0 5g) ,采用生长实验的方法 ,在 30℃水温下 ,测定其从饥饿到饱食 6个摄食水平下的生长和能量收支。结果表明 ,随着摄食水平的增加 ,鱼体干物质和能量含量、表观消化率呈上升趋势 ;湿重特定生长率随摄食水平的增加呈线性上升 ,干重和能量特定生长率呈对数增加 ;饲料转化效率随摄食水平增加而增加 ,达到最大值后维持不变。排泄能和总代谢耗能占摄入食物能的比例不受摄食水平的影响。最大摄食水平下的能量收支式为 :1 0 0C =1 2 .32F 3.2 1U 63.74R 2 0 .72G ,式中 ,C为食物能 ,F为粪便能 ,U为排泄能 ,R为代谢能 ,G为生长能。     

流速对封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆生长、摄食及水质氮素的影响

在封闭循环水高密度养殖条件下(平均密度14.1 kg/m²±0.51 kg/m²), 设置4 个流速梯度(200, 400,600, 800 L/h,分别以A～D 组表示), 挑选相近体质量(200.3g±7.6 g)的大菱鲆进行42 d 养殖试验, 每个梯度设置3 个重复, 每个重复55 尾鱼, 研究流速对封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆生长、摄食以及水质氮素的影响。试验结果表明: (1) 大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L)特定生长率、增质量率、摄食量随流速增大先快速上升后缓升趋稳, 饲料系数则相反。B、C、D 3 组特定生长率、摄食量分别显著高于A 组30.77%～52.31%、17.30%～22.05%; 饲料系数则显著低于A 组13.83%～22.34%; (2) 养殖水体中总氨氮、非离子氨及亚硝酸氮浓度随流速的增大先快速下降后缓降趋稳。B、C、D 3 组水质总氨氮氨浓度均显著低于A 组53.70%～79.07%; (3) 根据流速对特定生长率、水体总氨氮二者的影响, 得出养殖的生态适宜流速为625 L/h。再结合流速对水循环动力的影响, 得出养殖的生态经济适宜流速为480 L/h。     

摄食对凡纳滨对虾耗氧率和氮、磷排泄率的影响

在实验室条件下测定了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannam ei在不同温度和体质量条件为空腹状态和饱食状态下的耗氧率和氮、磷排泄率,探讨了不同条件下因摄食引起的特殊动力作用(SDA)和外源性氮、磷排泄率。结果表明,温度和体质量对凡纳滨对虾的基础代谢和摄食代谢都有显著的影响。凡纳滨对虾摄食后的耗氧率平均提高44.5%,SDA平均为0.120 mg.(g.h)-1,摄食后氮排泄率平均提高42.9%,磷排泄率平均提高37.0%;氮、磷排泄率的比值(N/P)也显著提高,其内源氮排泄率/内源磷排泄率为11.11,外源氮排泄率/外源磷排泄率为27.71。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.