南海中尺度涡的季节和年际变化特征分析

以11a(1993—2003年)TOPEX/Poseidon、Jason和ERS1/2高度计的融合资料为基础,统计了南海中尺度涡的时空分布,分析了南海中尺度涡的季节和年际变化,并结合QuikSCAT、ERS1/2风场资料初步探讨了南海中尺度涡形成的可能机制。研究结果表明,南海中尺度涡存在明显的季节和年际变化,而季风强迫是这种变化的主要驱动因素。冬季冷涡(气旋涡)主要分布在吕宋岛西北和越南东南海域,而暖涡(反气旋涡)主要在18°N以北出现。春季暖涡在南海中部开始出现并得到充分发展。夏季暖涡明显多于冷涡,暖涡主要分布在越南东南和吕宋岛西北海域,而冷涡分布于越南以东和南海东北部。秋季冷涡主要分布在越南沿岸,暖涡则分布在南海东北部;11a海面高度异常均方根的时空分布变化也显示了南海中尺度涡存在较强的年际变化。     

卫星跟踪浮标和卫星遥感海面高度中的南海涡旋结构

选择4个南海卫星跟踪Argos漂流浮标及同期的TOPEX／Poseidon卫星遥感海面高度资料，研究了南海海域涡旋的活动及空间结构。这4个Argos漂流浮标的轨迹除了基本符合各季节海盆尺度环流趋势外，分别在菲律 宾以西、越南外海、南海中部等海域呈现出中尺度旋转轨迹。这些尺度涡旋现象在同期的TOPEX卫星遥感海面高度异常（SSHA）分布中得到了准确印证，并在诊断得到的地转流场中对应了一系列瞬变的中尺度涡旋运动。     

南海涡动能比季节变化特征及机理分析

基于1993-2012年Aviso海面高度异常资料识别中尺度涡,计算南海海域涡动能比,并结合涡旋移动轨迹对气旋涡、反气旋涡的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明,涡动能比能直观刻画区域涡旋活跃程度,结合涡旋移动轨迹后能有效反映涡旋演变过程。冬季季风期,南海中尺度涡最为活跃,反气旋涡、气旋涡交错分布在南海东部。台湾岛西南反气旋涡大多向西北方向移动,少数在气旋涡作用下向西南方向移动。越南东部涡旋呈偶极子分布,夏秋季北部是气旋涡,南部是反气旋涡,冬季北部是反气旋涡,南部是气旋涡。     

2011年夏季南海北部海区水团分析

根据2011年8月19日至9月12日南海北部开放航次的温、盐资料,采用模糊聚类分析方法,结合8、9月份的卫星高度计资料,研究了2011年夏季南海北部海区水团的特征和分布状况。在垂直方向上将南海北部水团划分为5类:近岸混合水团、南海表层水团、南海次表层水团、南海中层水团和南海深层水团,并对南海各个水团的分布,温、盐特性进行了细致的分析。结果显示,2011年夏季有黑潮水入侵南海,入侵范围止于119°E。结合卫星高度计资料反演的地转流场发现,流场内部有多个中尺度涡,主要包括东沙群岛东侧和吕宋海峡东侧的反气旋涡,以及东沙群岛南端的气旋涡,说明2011年夏季南海北部环流具有显著的多涡结构,并且该多涡结构对水团的垂向分布及黑潮入侵范围产生了一定影响。     

两个西边界流延伸体区域中尺度涡统计特征分析

黑潮和湾流是世界大洋中最典型的两支西边界流，黑潮延伸体（Kuroshio Extention，KE）和湾流延伸体（Gulf Stream Extention，GSE）区域中尺度涡活动十分活跃。本文综合利用卫星高度计资料和Argo浮标资料，对KE和GSE区域中尺度涡的表层特征及其对温盐影响进行了统计研究和对比分析。结果表明:黑潮和湾流主轴附近为涡旋频率的高值区，主轴南北两侧分别以气旋涡和反气旋涡数量占多，主轴附近的涡旋强度明显大于其他区域；两个区域的涡旋以西向移动为主，气旋涡和反气旋涡都具有向南（赤道）偏离的趋势；两个区域的涡旋数量都以夏、秋季较多，涡旋强度都在春、夏季较大，且GSE区域涡旋强度明显大于KE区域；气旋涡（反气旋涡）引起内部明显的温度负（正）异常，KE区域气旋涡（反气旋涡）内部呈"负-正"（"正-负"）上下层相反的盐度异常分布，GSE区域气旋涡（反气旋涡）在各层呈现较为一致的盐度负（正）异常；两个区域中尺度涡对温盐场的平均影响深度可达1 000×104 Pa以上。     

吕宋岛西侧中、深层环流的诊断分析

利用P矢量方法和第3版本的美国海军全球数字环境模式(GDEM)气候态月平均温、盐数据诊断分析了南海吕宋岛西侧中层与深层环流结构。结果显示在南海吕宋岛西侧中层存在一个反气旋涡,与前人在此处深层发现的气旋涡相反,且2个涡旋均与低盐中心位置相对应。诊断结果还表明中层反气旋涡从上到下流速逐渐减弱,深层气旋涡则随深度逐渐加强,在两涡旋之间的过渡层流速非常弱。中层反气旋涡的平均流速大小和低盐中心的平均盐度存在明显的季节变化,5—7月最强,这可能是中层环流在一定程度上受上层环流影响的表现。     

北太平洋中尺度涡时空特征分析

利用1993~2011年19 a的AVISO卫星高度计资料研究了北太平洋(10°~60°N,120°E~100°W)中尺度涡的时空分布特征,结果表明:北太平洋每年约产生1 800余个涡旋,其中气旋涡稍多。北太平洋东部沿岸、西北沿岸、黑潮延伸体北侧、副热带逆流区是中尺度涡的高发区,春、冬季是涡旋的高发季节。涡极性分布以35°N为界,北部多反气旋涡,南部多气旋涡。涡旋半径以100 km左右为主,并且基本随纬度升高而减小,涡旋数量随着周期增长而急剧下降。反气旋涡的平均半径和周期均大于气旋涡。利用Argo浮标剖面资料分析的6个个例涡旋的垂直结构显示,每个涡旋都有其独特的冷暖核结构,深度不同。研究结果对于分析北太平洋涡动能分布及传输具有一定的参考价值。     

南海中尺度涡旋海表温度特征统计研究

中尺度涡旋在海洋中无处不在,研究中尺度涡旋的海表温度(SST)对于研究中尺度涡旋上的海气相互作用具有重要意义。本文使用南海2000—2015年的SST和海面高度异常(SSHA)卫星观测数据,分析了南海不同振幅范围中尺度涡内SST的特征。研究表明,不是所有的反气旋涡(气旋涡)内的SST异常(SSTA)都是正(负)的,大约35%(29%)的反气旋涡(气旋涡)与SSTA呈正相关,且在不同振幅范围下表现出不同的空间和季节变化。中尺度涡旋内合成SSTA与SSHA表现出位相不一致,反气旋涡(气旋涡)内的SSTA的最大值(最小值)相对于涡心偏向于赤道(两极)方向。涡旋内SSTA与SSHA呈线性相关,反气旋涡(气旋涡)振幅每增加1 cm,涡旋内平均SSTA则增加(降低)0.02(0.01)℃。     

2015年6月南海北部陆坡气旋-反气旋涡对陆坡水文和环流影响的观测

利用2015年6月南海北部现场观测的水文数据,结合卫星高度计资料,分析了2015年6月13日—28日南海北部陆坡在气旋涡-反气旋涡的双涡结构影响下的水文和环流特征。结果表明,2015年6月南海北部陆坡调查海区表层50 m以浅盐度存在NE—SW向低盐区,表层盐度最小值低于32,这表明南海北部陆坡存在跨陆架海水输送。在观测期间,南海北部陆坡调查海区受气旋涡和反气旋涡双涡结构影响,使得南海北部陆坡表层100 m以浅存在跨陆坡流,流速最大值出现在两涡交汇区域。此外,通过潜标连续海流资料,发现南海北部陆坡环流呈现了“深入浅出”(100 m以深层为向岸的入侵、以浅层为离岸的出流)的“两层结构”。     

孟加拉湾及其毗邻海域中尺度涡旋活动的冬、夏季差异

基于1993—2017年从卫星高度计资料中识别出来的中尺度涡轨迹数据集,对冬、夏季孟加拉湾涡旋的源地和性质进行了研究。研究表明孟加拉湾西部、安达曼海和孟加拉湾通往赤道的出口处的中尺度涡旋活动呈现显著的季节性差异。安达曼海在冬、夏季从北往南中尺度涡旋分别以“反气旋涡-气旋涡-反气旋涡”和“气旋涡-反气旋涡-气旋涡”的格局分布。不同源区涡旋的季节性生长过程有明显差异。孟加拉湾西部的涡旋在夏季生长迅速但消散缓慢,斯里兰卡冷涡生长缓慢但消散迅速。不同源区涡旋半径和振幅大小有不同的特征。孟加拉湾西部,无论冬、夏季,反气旋涡的振幅、半径都比气旋涡大;夏季季风漂流区,气旋涡半径比反气旋涡小但是振幅比反气旋涡大;安达曼海内无论冬、夏季都是最北侧聚集区涡旋的半径和振幅最大。孟加拉湾内生命史为30~40 d的涡旋数量最多,生命史在100 d以上的涡旋主要分布在孟加拉湾西部。     

Several significant hydrographic characteristics and their formation mechanism in the South China Sea during the spring and summer of 1998

INTRODUCTIONTheSCSisthelargestmarginseainthewestoftheNorthPacificOcean .Theprevailingwindinwinterisnortheast,whileinsummeritissouthwest .Itisstilluncertainthathowthecirculationandtemperature -salinityfieldassociatewiththemonsoonforcingandaccompanywithseveralkindsofvariationsbeforeorafterthesummermonsoonburst .DuringSECMEXin 1 998,twointensiveobservationperiods (IOP)havebeencarriedoutntheSCS (Fig 1 ) :IOP1 ,from 1 0Aprilto 5May ;IOP2 ,from 1 2JunetoJuly 6 ,inordertounderstandthe…     

2004年9月南海北部移动船载温盐剖面仪观测结果初步分析

在2004年9月南海北部开放航次中,中国科学院南海海洋研究所首次引进使用了民用移动船载温盐剖面仪（Moving Vessel Profiler,MVP）,并在珠江口外海和越南东岸外海2个断面进行了拖曳测量。通过对MVP和定点温盐深仪所测数据的比较分析,发现MVP下降阶段数据较为可信。对所获温、盐、深数据进行处理分析,发现2个断面的水团性质存在明显差异。越南东岸外海断面的混合层平均深度（27m左右）深于珠江口外海断面（17．5m左右）;在表层和近40m深度处,珠江口外海的盐度值都高于越南东岸外海,呈现高盐的特性。     

Diagnostic calculation of the circulation in the South China Sea during summer 1998

On the basis of hydrographic data obtained from 12 June to 6 July, 1998, the three-dimensional structure of circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is computed using a three-dimensional diagnostic model. The combination of sea surface height anomaly from altimeter data and numerical results provides a consistent circulation pattern for the SCS, and the main circulation features can be summarized as follows: In the northern SCS there are a cyclonic eddy C1 near Dongsha Islands and an anti-cyclonic eddy W1 west of Luzon Island. In the central SCS a strong anti-cyclonic eddy W3 and a cyclonic eddy C3 compose a quasi-dipole southeast of Vietnam. A coastal northward jet is present at the western boundary near the Vietnam coast above 300 m level. This northward coastal jet flows northward and turns eastward at about 14°N, and then flows southeastward into the area between eddies W3 and C3. In the southern SCS the current is weaker. The most important dynamic mechanism underlying the circulation in the SCS is the joint effect of the baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR), and the second dynamical mechanism is the interaction between the wind stress and relief (IBWSR). Comparison of the characters of circulation in the SCS during summer 2000 with that during summer 1998 reveals no obvious variability of the main characteristics.     

Hydrographic characteristics and its variation of the South China Sea before and after monsoon burst in 1998

The differences of temperature, salinity distribution characteristics and structure of circulation in the upper layer of the South China Sea (SCS) are analyzed, based on the CTD and ADCP data from the two intensive surveyed cruises (IOP1: April 10 - May 5; IOP2: June 12 - July 6) and carried out before and after the Asian monsoon burst (May 25) during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) in 1998. The results showed that field of temperature in the upper layer of the SCS distinctly changed before and after the monsoon burst, the average surface temperature increased by 0.75℃, with its influence down to the depth of 500 m. The interaction of the local circulation in some areas resulted in the complexity and variability of the temperature and salinity structure in the upper layer, and the alternating distribution of cold and warm water regions (blocks). The high salinity subsurface water obviously intruded into the SCS from the Northwest Pacific, but only limited to the area of southwest of Taiw     

Diagnostic calculation of the upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea during the winter of 1998

On the basis of hydrographic data obtained in November 28 to December 27, 1998 cruise, the calculation of the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is made by using the P-vector method, in combination with SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis. For study of the dynamical mechanism, which causes the pattern of winter circulation in the SCS, the diagnostic model (Yuan et al., 1982; Yuan and Su, 1992) is used to simulate numerically the winter circulation in the SCS. The following results have been obtained.(1) The main characteristics of the circulation systems in the central SCS are as follows: A coastal southward jet in winter is present at the western boundary near the coast of Vietnam; there is a stronger cyclonic circulation with a larger horizontal scale east of this coastal southward jet and west of 114°E; there is a weaker anti-cyclonic circulation in the central part of eastern SCS; there is a stronger and northeastward flow opposing the northeasterly monsoon between above a stronger cyclonic circulation and a weaker anti-cyclonic circulation.(2) The circulation systems in the northern SCS are as follows: 1)There is a cyclonic circulation system northwest of Luzon, and it has three centers of the cold water; 2) There is an anti-cyclonic eddy. Its center is located near(20°N, 116°40' E); 3)There is a warm and anti-cyclonic circulation south of Hainan Island; 4) There is a northeastward flow, the South China Sea Warm Current, in winter off Guangdong coast in the northern SCS.(3) In the southem SCS there is an anti-cyclonic circulation, and also there is a smaller scale cold water and cyclonic eddy.(4) The above pattern of winter circulation in the SCS agrees qualitatively with the horizontal distribution of temperature at 200 m level.(5) The dynamical mechanism which produces the above basic pattern of winter circulation is because of the following two causes: 1) The joint effect of the baroclinity and relief (JEBAR) is an essential dynamical cause; 2) The interaction between the wind stress and bottom topographic (IBWT) under the strong northeasterly monsoon is the next important dynamical mechanism.(6) Comparing the hydrographic structure and the horizontal distribution of velocity with the SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis in the SCS during December of 1998, it is found that they agree qualitatively.     

Diagnostic calculation of the upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea during the winter of 1998

On the basis of hydrographic data obtained in November 28 to December 27, 1998 cruise, the calculation of the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is made by using the P-vector method, in combination with SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis. For study of the dynamical mechanism, which causes the pattern of winter circulation in the SCS, the diagnostic model (Yuan et al., 1982; Yuan and Su, 1992) is used to simulate numerically the winter circulation in the SCS. The following results have been obtained. (1) The main characteristics of the circulation systems in the central SCS are as follows: A coastal southward jet in winter is present at the western boundary near the coast of Vietnam; there is a stronger cyclonic circulation with a larger horizontal scale east of this coastal southward jet and west of 114°E; there is a weaker anti-cyclonic circulation in the central part of eastern SCS; there is a stronger and northeastward flow opposing the northeasterly monsoon between above a stronger cyclonic c     

1998年夏季季风爆发前后南海环流的多涡特征

利用南海季风实验（SCSMEX－IOP1、IOP2）期间（1998年4月底－7月初）所获得的温盐深（CTD）、声学多普勒流速剖面仪（ADCP）资料及TOPEX／POSEIDON卫星高度计遥感资料，分析了南海表层、1．0MPa层和3．0MPa层得力势异常场的分布格局，探讨了夏季季风爆发前后南海的环流特征。结果表明：在夏季季风爆发前（IOP1期间）南海北部以气旋试流动为主，并在此气旋式环流的东部镶嵌着一个较小的反气旋型涡；南海中部和南部以反气旋式流动为主，其中越南以东海域存在着两个南北对峙分布的反气旋型涡，在它们的东侧伴随一气旋型涡。季风爆发后（IPO2期间），南海北部仍然以气旋式流动为主，黑潮水越过巴士海峡南北中线，一部分可能入侵南海北部，另一部分向东北折回黑潮主干；南海中部和南部仍以反气旋式流动为主，越南以东海域北部的反气旋型涡消失，但南西的反气旋型涡加强，与IOP1类似，仍伴随着一个气旋型涡。总体而方，强流区出现在巴士海峡西北侧和南海西部（尤其是越东南东沿岸），南海东部和东南部为弱流区。     

The role of meso-scale eddies in mixed layer deepening and mode water formation in the western North Pacific

Distributions of mixed layer depths around the centers of anti-cyclonic and cyclonic eddies in the North Pacific Ocean were composited by using satellite-derived sea surface height anomaly data and Argo profiling float data. The composite distributions showed that in late winter, deeper mixed layers were more (less) frequently observed inside the cores of the anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) eddies than outside. This relationship was the clearest in the region of 140°E–160°W and 35°N–40°N, where the temperature and salinity of the deep mixed layers were similar to those of the lighter variety of central mode water (L-CMW). A simple one-dimensional bulk mixed layer model showed that both strong sea-surface heat and momentum fluxes and weak preexisting stratification contributed to formation of the deep mixed layer. These conditions were associated with the anti-cyclonic eddies, suggesting that these eddies are important in the formation of mode waters, particularly L-CMW.     

Three dimensional diagnostic modeling study of the South China Sea circulation before onset of summer monsoon in 1998

The wind data from NCEP and hydrographic data obtained from April 22–May 24, 1998 have been used to compute the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) using three dimensional diagnostic models. The main numerical results with SSHA derived from T/P altimeter are as follows: most of intruded Kuroshio bypasses. However, a part of Kuroshio intrudes westward above 300 m levels. This intruded westward flow is narrowly confined to the continental slope south of China, in agreement with the findings of Qu et al. (2000). The basin-scale cyclonic gyre dominates in the northern SCS and consists of two cyclonic eddies, C2 and C3, above 300 m levels. However, it is separated into two parts by an anti-cyclonic eddy, W4, below 300 m. The basin-scale anti-cyclonic gyre dominates in the central SCS and consists of three anti-cyclonic eddies, W1, W2 and W3, above 300 m levels. However, below 300 m it consists of the anti-cyclonic eddies W1, W2 and W4 and extends northward to near 20°N. A northward coastal jet is present near the coast of Vietnam at depths above 300 m, and develops northward further to about a distance of 3°15′ N than that in cruise 2. The most important dynamical mechanism is due to the joint effect of the baroclinity and relief. The second dynamical mechanism is due to the interaction between the wind stress and relief. The topography effect is more important than the β effect. The Sverdrup relation cannot be satisfied in the SCS.     

秋季和春季黄渤海黄色物质空间分布特征

利用2013年秋季和2014年春季两个季节黄渤海现场数据对黄色物质的水平分布及垂向分布的变化进行研究,并初步分析了其主要控制因素。垂向黄色物质表现为底部高上层低的特征。其中,秋季混合作用加强导致上层40m黄色物质混合较为均匀;春季北黄海温盐跃层已经形成,黄色物质分布开始出现明显的分层现象,上下层浓度差约为2?g/L。春季南黄海盐度跃层尚未形成,水深小于50m的水层黄色物质垂向分布均匀,近岸和远岸海域浓度分界线明显。水平方向上,黄色物质在秋季和春季分布趋势一致,由渤海、北黄海至南黄海浓度依次降低,且呈现出由近岸向中央海区递减的趋势,但整体上春季浓度较秋季明显偏低。海表盐度与黄色物质浓度两者整体上呈现负相关关系,可以将黄色物质浓度分布作为研究黄海暖流走向、划分水团性质的重要指标。