略论中国海岸带综合管理的关键技术及其对策

海岸带 (Ｃｏａｓｔａｌｚｏｎｅ)是陆地与海洋相互作用的交接地区 ,一般由彼此相互强烈影响的近岸海域和滨海陆地组成 ,是人类社会繁荣发展最具潜力和活力的地区。近年来人类对海岸带资源与环境的掠夺 ,导致污染加重，大片湿地丧失 ,渔业资源退化 ,严重影响海岸带的可持续发展［３］。世界大多数国家认为 :地球上再没有任何一个地方比海岸带更需要综合管理了。然而 ,海岸带是地球上环境最复杂的区域之一 ,实现综合管理必须依靠一些先进的科学技术。１９９３年世界海岸大会宣言中认为海岸带综合管理的基本技术是数据和信息的收集、验证、检…     

海岸带综合管理框架体系研究

随着经济的发展,海岸带以其丰富而又独特的资源优势而成为开发的热点,环境压力随之出现由于海岩带生态系统的多样性和复杂性,原来的单因素管理已经不能适应发展的需要,必须要求一种全面的、综合的、系统的方法来进行管理,即海岸带综合管理（Ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄ Ｃｏａｓｔａｌ Ｚｏｎｅ Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ,即ＩＣＺＭ）。本文通过对海岸带综合管理的概念分析,从环境经济学的角度分别对资源的功能、利用和价值进行了论     

全球变化与海岸带和海岸带综合管理

１全球变化的发展与研究计划“全球变化”一词，最早是在２０世纪７０年代，由一些社会科学组织首先开始使用，用于指国际社会、经济和政治系统的变化，尤其是指国际安全的变化和生活质量的降低。２０世纪８０年代，自然科学家开始使用它，表征以地球环境为中心的一些事件，包括全球大气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩石圈等的变化状况。１９８３年，Ｇ伽伦德ＧｅｏｒｇｅＧａｒｌａｎｄ教授在国际科学联合会ＩＣＳＵ大会上提出了全球变化的概念，阐明了物理过程与生物过程相互作用的观点。自此，“全球变化”开始以地球环境为中心，更多地…     

沿海国家应致力于海岸带综合管理

1993年11月,国际海岸带管理大会在荷兰的诺得维基市召开。来自90多个国家,20多个国际组织及23个民间组织的代表出席了本次大会。 本次大会是“世界21世纪议程”工作计划的一部分,其宗旨是评价沿海国家对海岸带综合管理的需求程度并推进海岸带管理规划的实施。     

海岸带及其边界的确定

海岸带是陆地生态系统与海洋生态系统相互作用的生态过渡地带，也是人类赖以生存的非常独特的一种景观资源，具有非常重要的生态、社会以及经济效益，文章指出海岸带边界的确定是海岸带综合管理的前提与基础，阐述了海岸带的概念及各沿海国家对海岸带的界定，并对我国海岸带的界定提出了建议。     

区域实施海岸带综合管理的可能模式

海岸带是陆地与海洋的交接地带 ,它是跨区域的 ,但又分属于各区域管理。海岸带环境是十分脆弱的 ,任何不适当的海岸带资源的开发利用都将导致环境污染、自然生境破坏、资源过度消耗 ,并最终阻碍经济的发展。而强烈的社会经济活动和不恰当的部门和行业分割的管理方式往往会使海岸带地区处于环境污染和资源开发利用冲突明显的各种压力之下。在这种情况下 ,必须有正确的海岸带管理制度 ［１］。经过长时期的探索 ,海岸带综合管理被确定为解决目前和长期海岸带管理有关问题的有效方法 ,并被三分之一的沿海国家所采用。我国的海岸线长达３２００…     

为“第四纪海岸带演化（IGCP 274项目）”作序

为“第四纪海岸带演化（ＩＧＣＰ２７４项目）”作序Ｏ．ＶａｎｄｅＰｌａｓｓｃｈｅ等研究第四纪海岸带演化的ＩＧＣＰ２７４项目，开始于１９８８年９月２２日的阿姆斯特丹会议，当时由来自７０个国家的６００余名专家构成了国家工作组。在１９８８—１９９３年期间，除...     

东亚海区的海岸带综合管理经验:从地方性示范到区域性合作

本文阐述了东亚海区海岸带综合管理实践如何从地方性的示范发展到区域性的合作管理框架，如何实现海洋和海岸带资源的可持续利用．文中着重突出了厦门市政府在维持环境保护和经济发展的平衡，启动和实施海岸带综合管理，以及与沿海国在国际合作方面的经验，总结了厦门实施海岸带综合管理的主要经验，包括多部门间综合协调机制、海岸带综合管理法律框架、科技支撑体系的建立，海洋功能区划、环境剖面和战略环境管理计划的制定，以及实现海上联合执法等等．同时阐述了东亚海域环境管理区域合作计划（PEMSEA）与澳大利亚合作伙伴之间的关系在推动沿海城市的国际合作中将起到的作用．     

滨海旅游开发与保护的研究

滨海旅游业在带来巨大的经济利益的同时，对沿海地区的环境具有一定的负面作用。区域海岸带综合管理规划是解决滨海旅游业的开发与环境保护矛盾的有效方法。按照综合管理的原则在对海岸带地区资源承载力和生态承载力做出估计后确定其环境容量及旅游容量，在保证国家宏观调控和地区优先发展方向的大前提下，做出滨海旅游可能的最优发展规划，最终应在地区性法规体现以保证实施。同时旅游业行业管理条例中同样应做出规定，提倡生态旅游，真正地实现海岸带和旅游业的可持续性发展。     

韩国的海岸带综合管理

1992年，联合国21世纪议程提出了综合管理的概念，并认为它是海岸管理的最重要目标，而海岸管理的目的就是改进业已存在的管理实践的效率和效果。在21世纪议程的实施过程中，沿海国家面临着巨大的困难，即：为了使综合管理在实践中具有可操作性而建立适合的政府机构。韩国正是在国家范围和次一级区域进行这项工作的实验场所。这项工作的最重要成就是在1996年成立了具有综合协调各涉海部门职能的韩国海洋事务与渔业部（MOMAF）。这篇文章的内容主要来自于这些观察，即韩国政府为建立海岸带综合机制而进行了各种努力，特别是1992年联合国环发大会召开后到1997年初海洋事务与渔业部成立了海岸带管理处这段时间里开展的各种工作，文章重点在于评价在建立海岸带综合机制的过程中综合的概念是如何被应用并被挑战的。文章提出了在东亚地区沿海国家开展合作的可能区域的建议。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev