江西寻乌县葫芦Dong火山穹隆岩相特征

寻乌县葫芦Ｄｏｎｇ火山穹隆是一保存较为完好的火山机构，河岭大型轻稀土矿床受控于该火山机构。作者根据１：５万区调资料及前人的勘查成果，阐明了火山穹隆的空间结构，岩性，岩相特征，并对其演化趋势作了初步分析。     

新疆伊犁晚古生代裂谷陆相火山岩型铜(银)矿的成矿规律及其找矿前景--以阿吾拉勒地区为例

伊犁晚古生代裂谷陆相火山岩型铜银矿产于碱性火山岩中,在区域上表现出层控特点,即沿着上、下二叠统过渡界面分布,且多产于火山旋回顶部层位,明显受火山穹隆、火山洼地和火山机构及其派生构造的控制。具有准斑岩型、火山沉积型、火山热液型配套的矿床类型。多以火山构造为成矿基础而构成铜银成矿集中区。其中,托斯巴火山穹隆区、阿克吐别克火山向斜区和特提达坂火山穹隆区的多矿点火山构造类型区具有最佳的找矿前景。     

北祁连清水沟－白柳沟地区铜、多金属成矿地质条件的分析

笔者在该文中着重表达了３方面研究成果：在陈述清水沟－白柳沟地区成矿地质背景基础上，描述了已知工业矿床的基本特征，并将其类比为两类矿床，其一为Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ－Ｃｕ型小铁山式矿床，以展布于郭密寺北火山穹隆北东和南西两侧的下柳沟、弯阳河、下沟及郭密寺矿床为代表；其二为Ｃｕ（－Ｚｎ）型白银厂式矿床，以出露在黑河古火山穹隆北翼近核部的香子沟矿床为实例。成矿前期、成矿时期，以及成矿后期地质条件的分析与概括表明，该地区与白银厂地区在海相火山岩的成岩环境─—裂谷岛弧、火山岩组合──双峰式、古火山机构类型──古火山穹隆，以及成矿机制──海底热液对流循环成矿等诸多方面都具相似性，是寻找铜多金属硫化物矿床的良好地段。提出了该区此类矿床的综合成矿模式，相信它在本地区扩大寻找小铁山式矿床和突破性寻找白银厂式矿床中具有重要指导意义和实际操作意义．     

内蒙古翁牛特旗二把伙银矿地质特征及成矿作用初探

通过深入研究二把伙银矿床的成矿地质背景、成矿作用及银矿化富集特征,结果认为,矿区发育在一个燕山（晚）期层状火山岩中叠加的岩浆穹隆的复式火山机构中。该火山机构及其后期断裂构造共同控制了二把伙银矿的形成。成矿后局部地段发生了明显的次生富集作用,由此而形成富银矿石。     

松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷下白垩统营城组火山机构类型与喷发模式研究

火山岩油气藏已成为我国东部中、新生代陆内裂谷盆地内一种重要的油气藏类型。松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩中形成大规模气藏,不同火山岩相对油气的储集性差异很大,因此探究断陷内火山机构类型和喷发模式成为天然气勘探开发的基础。徐家围子断陷发育中酸性火山岩,识别出层状火山、熔岩穹隆、破火山口等3种主要火山机构赋存类型。受区域垂向和斜向两期拉张作用控制,在断裂上盘、下盘和断裂带,火山机构分别以不同形式展布：断裂下盘的掀斜肩部火山机构发育、断裂带火山机构串珠状叠置、断裂上盘火山爆发强烈并形成大型徐东破火山口。徐东破火山口的形成说明岩浆侵位于地壳底部,形成扁平状的岩浆房。岩浆垂直上升喷发或沿断裂喷发,形成徐家围子断陷中心式-裂隙式火山喷发模式。     

浙东南陆相火山岩型铅锌（银）矿床的成矿作用研究

浙东南地区火山岩型铅锌(银)矿床可进一步分为两个亚类:火山-次火山热液型和火山喷发沉积-热液叠加(改造)型,其中以前一类型较重要。硫、铅同位素组成及微量元素等研究表明:成矿主要与中生代火山作用有关,成矿物质主要来自与上地幔和下地壳有关的火山岩和次火山岩;火山机构控制着矿床类型及规模。火山-次火山热液型矿床主要受火山穹隆控制,而火山喷发沉积-热液叠加(改造)型矿床主要产于火山洼地中     

松辽盆地白垩系营城组古火山机构特征

在系统总结Hawaiian等7种喷发方式、互层状火山等3种火山机构的岩性岩相和垂向序列特征与识别标志基础上,通过剖面火山机构剖析及其与盆内埋藏火山机构对比,总结出营城组2类古火山机构特征。营城组玄武岩火山机构自下而上为枕状、渣状集块熔岩（占总厚度30%）,气孔杏仁和致密块状熔岩（70%）,喷溢相为主,火山口附近隐爆角砾岩发育,为夏威夷式喷发。火山机构厚度以200~500 m居多,顶面盾状,相对高差100~250 m,以坡角小于10°为特征,属于盾状火山。营城组流纹岩火山机构的纵向序列300~700 m,内部结构呈现上中下三段式：下部火山碎屑（熔）岩为主（30%）,爆发相为主,以基浪（base surge）沉积为标志,喷发方式主要表现为高粘度岩浆强烈气射作用的培雷式喷发;中部主要为气孔、石泡和流纹构造流纹岩（60%）,构成火山机构的主体,喷溢相为主,火山口附近常见侵出相珍珠岩穹隆,喷发类型接近于斯通博利式;上部主要为细粒（层）凝灰岩（火山灰湖相沉积,10%）,爆发相为主,以普林尼式喷发为主。流纹岩火山机构顶面呈丘状,相对高差200~300 m,以坡角多大于15°为特征,属于互层状火山。     

白银火山穹隆构造特征及隐伏矿预测

通过讨论白银火山穹隆的构造—地层模型,指出核部主体由前寒武系（震旦系为主）酸性火山岩—次火山岩组成;外环部分主体由寒武—奥陶系中基性—碱性火山—沉积岩系组成。二者以不整合面为界。晚期火山岩常复合于早期火山岩中,构成一向东倾伏的复合型火山穹隆体。已知矿床均产于核部。在总结白银矿床成矿模式及找矿准则的基础上,新提出位于火山穹隆东部外环部位之米心掌—大洞沟—黑石山沟一带为一有远景的隐伏矿预测区。     

四川义敦地区上三叠统曲嘎寺组岩相古地理研究

对四川义敦地区上三叠统曲嘎寺组9幅1：5万区调图幅和44条剖面和沉积等厚线的综合分析研究,认为该区曲嘎寺组主体部分发育了浅海陆棚-泻湖相、开阔碳酸盐台地相、扇三角洲与碳酸盐台地交互相、浅海陆棚相、局限台地相等5种相组合,并可划分为义敦弧后前陆盆地、义敦火山弧及弧内火山洼地、沙鲁里边缘海等3个次级火山-沉积盆地,在义敦初始火山弧内发育有果德火山穹隆、根隆火山穹隆、扎翁拉火山洼地等更次一级的古地貌单元。     

西安地矿所举行所庆30周年学术报告会

西安地质矿产研究所所庆期间,所科技处组织了所庆30周年学术报告会。部分来宾和我所领导、科技人员一起参加了学术报告会。会上任有祥副研究员在综合分析国内外典型火山机构与多金属矿产成矿特征的基础上,结合近年来在白银矿田新确认的火山穹隆构造与铜多金属矿床的产出关系,作了题为“火山机构与火山构造控矿”的学术报告;张二朋研究员以编制秦巴地区1:100万地质图所获成果,作了题为“秦巴主要地质构造特征的几点认识”的学术报告,对秦巴地区一系列关键性基础地质问题,作了精辟、合理的解释;徐培苍副研究员在成功地研究蒙脱石等矿物层间离子构型和水分子排布特征,并引伸解决高压电     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.